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LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF 
CALIFORNIA 
SAN  DIE60 


m 


WARMAN'S 


PRACTICAL  OPOEPY 


AND 


CRITIQUE. 


"  Deeply  rooted  and  hitherto  indisputed  opinions  are  not  easily 
eradicated.    We  must  first  .prepare  the  mind  to  be  reasoned  withl" 


-BY- 


E.  B.  WARMAN,  A.M., 

AUTHOR  OF  "PRINCIPLES  OF  PRONUNCIATION"  IN  WORCESTER'S 

DICTIONARY.  SCHOOL-ROOM  FRIEND.  PRACTICAL 

GYMNASTICS,  ETC. 


CHICAGO,  ILL. 

W.  H.  HARRISON,  JR.,  PUBLISHING  Co. 

1889.- 


COPYRIGHT,  1887, 

BY 

W.  H.  HARRISON,  JR.,  PUBLISHING  CO. 


PUBLISHEKS'    NOTICE. 


It  gives  us  great  pleasure  to  present  to  the  public 
a  volume  from  the  pen  of  one  so  widely  and  so 
favorably  known  as  the  author.  Mr.  Warman  has 
achieved  an  enviable  reputation  as  an  orthoepist, 
and  a  master  of  phonetization. 

His  "  Principles  of  Pronunciation "  having 
been  adopted  by  the  publishers  of  Worcester's 
dictionaries,  and  issued  by  them  in  the  School 
edition  —  Warman  Series  —  prove  him  to  be  ac- 
knowledged authority.  His  "Critical  Survey," 
published  herein,  is  the  fruit  of  nine  years'  earnest 
labor.  It  is  a  bold,  vigorous  attack,  and  is  well 
worthy  the  perusal  and  study  of  every  student 
and  scholar  throughout  the  land.  We  most  heart- 
ily commend  this  valuable  work  for  its  originality 
and  utility.  THE  PUBLISHEKS. 

CHICAGO,  111. 


PKEFACE. 


Words  possess  three  special  characteristics: 
/  Eye-life  —  Orthography. 

They  have  their  <  Ear-life  —  Orthoepy. 

(  Soul-life  —  Significance. 

It  is  our  purpose,  in  these  pages,  to  deal  exclu- 
sively with  the  ear-life,  or  orthoepy.  This  little 
volume  is  neither  speculative  nor  theoretical,  but 
purely  practical.  It  is  a  companion  alike  for  the 
teacher  and  student. 

The  author  may,  here  and  there,  express  his 
opinion  considering  the  pronunciation  of  certain 
words,  but  in  no  case  does  he  assert  his  authority. 
There  are  many  changes  which  he  would  hail 
with  delight,  but  he  believes  that  the  standard  of 
pronunciation  can  never  be  established  unless  we 
abide  by  the  acknowledged  authorities  —  Worces- 
ter and  Webster.  'Tis  true,  our  dictionaries  need 
revising;  but  until  that  is  done,  or  a  new  one 
established,  we  should  accept  them  as  they  are. 
We  cannot,  therefore,  agree  with  the  compiler  of 
Worcester's  dictionary,  that  "  the  standard  of  pro- 
nunciation is  not  the  authority  of  any  dictionary, 
or  of  any  orthoepist,  but  it  is  the  present  usage  of 
literary  and  well-bred  men." 

Were  we  to  follow  very  many  of  our  "  literary 

5 


6  PREFACE. 

and  well-bred  men,"  we  would  be  obliged  to 
change  the  orthography  as  well  as  the  orthoepy 
of  many  words.  There  would  be  no  standard  for 
the  people.  Each  of  "  the  literary  and  well-bred 
men  "  would  have  his  own.  While  We  have  not 
interfered  with  the  standard,  we  have  been  bold 
enough  to  attack  the  standard-bearer.  Every 
assertion,  however,  that  we  make  in  our  "  Critical 
Survey,"  and  in  our  tables  and  notes,  will  be  found 
self-evident  and  self-supporting. 

The  matter  of  pronunciation  may  often  be  con- 
sidered a  question  of  taste.  Not  so  with  that 
portion  of  the  work  which  has  been  left  to  our 
revision  ;  it  is  wholly  a  matter  of  right  and  wrong. 
Our  mission  has  been  to  right  the  wrong.  "We 
especially  invite  careful  perusal  of  our  "  Critical 
Survey." 

Sincerely,  etc., 

E.  B.  WARMAN. 
CHICAGO,  111., 

March  15, 1888 


INDEX. 


Page. 

ACCENT 80 

AREA  FOB  PRONOUNCING  EXPLOITS 75 

ARTICULATION 65 

A  WORD  TO  TEACHERS  AND  STUDENTS 55 

COMPARATIVE  TABLE  OF  DIACRITICAL  MARKS 57 

CONSONANTS 63 

CRITICAL  SURVEY 9 

ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NOTES  IN  THE  UNABRIDGED 24 

CONSONANTS 44 

DIAGRAPHS 45 

DIPHTHONGS  AND  TRIPHTHONGS 40 

KEY  TO  PRONUNCIATION 11 

NOTE  ON  "  A  BEFORE  R  " 29 

NOTE  ON  LONG  U 28-36 

NOTE  ON  UNACCENTED  VOWELS 29 

RE\TEW  OF  CONSONANT  TABLE 17 

WORCESTER  AND  WEBSTER  REVIEWED.  . .   9 

CRUCIAL  TEST  FOR  ORTHOEPISTS 76 

DEAF-MUTE  SYSTEM 85 

DIACRITICAL  MARKS  (THE  OLD  AND  THE  NEW) 57 

DIGRAPHS 63 

DIPHTHONGAL- VOWELS 62 

ENUNCIATION 66 

LESSON  IN  ORTHOEPY 75 

7 


8  INDEX. 

Page. 

ORTHOEPY 66 

ORTHOEPICAL  HINTS 65 

ORTHOEPICAL  NUTS  TO  CRACK 78 

ORTHOEPICAL  TEST  No.  1 68 

ORTHOEPICAL  TEST  No.  2 71 

ORTHOEPICAL  TEST  No.  3 72 

ORTHOEPICAL  TEST  No.  4     73 

OUR  DICTIONARIES 9 

PRACTICAL  LESSONS  IN  ORTHOEPY 68 

PREFACE 5 

PRONUNCIATION 66 

PRONUNCIATION  PUZZLE 74 

PUBLISHERS'  NOTICE 3 

TEST  FOR  PRONUNCIATION  OF  LONG  U 62 

VISIBLE  SPEECH  SYMBOLS 80 

CONSONANT  DIAGRAM 94 

CONSONANT  SYMBOLS 95 

CONSONANT  SYMBOLS  EXPLAINED 96 

VOWEL  DIAGRAM 86 

VOWEL  SYMBOLS 87 

VOWEL  SYMBOLS  EXPLAINED 88 

VOWELS 58 

VOWELS,  DIPHTHONGAL- VOWELS,  CONSONANTS,  ETC.     .  58 

WORDS  USUALLY  MISPRONOUNCED 101 


OUR   DICTIONARIES. 


A   CRITICAL    SURVEY    THEREOF. 


AN  EARNEST  APPEAL  FOR  THE  REMOVAL  OP  ERRONEOUS  AND 
SUPERFLUOUS  MATERIAL  FOR  THAT  OF  A  MORE  PRAC- 
TICAL NATURE. 

We  have  two  acknowledged  authorities,  Worces- 
ter and  Webster.  Worcester  has  a  firm  hold  in 
the  East,  and  is  the  authority  in  Canada.  Webster 
has  the  field  in  the  West,  especially  among  the 
masses;  yet  on  the  table  of  nearly  every  scholar, 
and  in  our  most  progressive  schools,  will  be  found 
a  Worcester. 

Each  party  advocates  his  cause  with  arguments 
that  are  strong  and  in  a  measure  justifiable.  It  is 
not  our  intention  in  this  critique  to  state  our  pref- 
erence, but  to  point  out  errors  that  exist  in  both. 
By  referring  to  either  unabridged  dictionary,  you 
will  find  nine  pages  of  solid  matter,  beginning  with 
the  vowel  table  and  extending  through  conso- 
nants, diphthongs,  triphthongs,  digraphs,  etc., 
which  are  intended  as  a  key  of  information  for  the 
student,  or  for  even  the  casual  observer,  that  he 
may  get  a  deeper  insight  to  that  valuable  and 
indispensable  work.  It  is  upon  this  portion  of 

9 


10  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

the  Unabridged  that  we  make  our  main  point  of 
attack. 

While  the  remarks  in  reference  to  the  one 
authority  will  be  more  or  less  applicable  to  the 
other,  as  both  quote  largely  from  the  same  authors 
and  orthoepists,  we  prefer  the  reader  to  go  with 
us  through  the  tables  and  notes  of  "Worcester's. 
Improvements  have  been  made  from  time  to  time 
by  the  addition  of  words  of  more  modern  usage, 
and  the  changes  of  pronunciation  to  conform  to 
said  usage,  yet  very  little  change  has  been  made 
in  the  tables  that  are  intended  to  be  "A  key  to 
pronunciation" 

Ever  since  the  first  American  dictionaries  were 
published,  we  find,  with  very  little  exception,  the 
same  old  stereotyped  tables  staring  us  in  the  face, 
with  the  same  arbitrary  and  meaningless  diacrit- 
ical marks.  We  do  not  deem,  it  necessary  to 
change  those  marks,  though  we  do  think  it  advis- 
able. It  is  our  purpose  to  show  how  improve- 
ments can  be  made  in  this  as  well  as  in  other 
directions,  and  why  they  should  be  made. 

We  have  devoted  nine  years  of  the  most  ardu- 
ous study  and  toil  in  the  accomplishment  of  this 
object,  and  have  completed  a  comprehensive  and 
practical  set  of  tables  and  rules,  the  whole  of 
which  would  occupy  but  five  pages  in  place  of 
the  nine  now  in  use.  The  body  of  the  dictionary, 
in  order  to  apply  this  system,  needs  to  undergo  no 
change.  We  merely  wish  to  furnish  it  with  a 


OUR    DICTIONARIES.  11 

new  dress;  a  plain,  simple,  neat,  every-day  dress, 
suitable  alike  for  the  home,  the  office,  the  shop, 
the  street,  and  last  but  not  least,  the  school-room. 
It  is  an  old  but  trite  saying  that  "  whatever  does 
not  add  to  the  effect  will  detract  therefrom."  This 
is  especially  apropos to  the  many  pages  of  the 
Unabridged  to  which  we  refer.  The  dictionary, 
especially  Worcester's,  honors  the  opinions  of  the 
various  orthoepists  where  the  definitions  are  given ; 
hence  we  do  not  deem  it  either  necessary  or  advis- 
able to  use  valuable  space  for  rules  that  rule  not, 
and  explanations  that  explain  not.  It  is  for  this 
reason  that  we  would  suggest  the  remoyal  of  all 
superfluous  notes  found  in  both  dictionaries,  and 
place  in  their  stead  such  matter  as  will  aid  in 
defining  and  pronouncing,  thus  preserving  in  its 
full  sense  a  purely  "  pronouncing  dictionary." 

Our  years  of  labor  have  been  in  this  direction, 
and  the  results  are  such  that  we  would  occupy  no 
space  but  that  devoted  to  practical  purposes,  and 
of  such  a  nature  as  would  be  of  inestimable  value 
to  those  desiring  correctness  and  fluency  of  ex- 
pression. Now  for  the  attack. 

Open  your  favorite  dictionary  at  the  vowel 
table.  What  meets  the  eye  ?  That  which  has 
met  it  for  many  a  year,  viz.:  a  table  of  many  little 
marks  called,  "A  Key  to  Pronunciation,"  but 
which  falls  far  short  of  the  purpose  designed  by 
the  author.  It  is  more  of  a  combination  lock, 
without  the  key  to  the  combination.  The  table  is 


12  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

imperfect  and  incomplete,  as  we  will  readily  prove 
to  the  satisfaction  of  any  student  who  will  have 
the  patience  to  go  with  us  as  we  retrace  our  steps 
after  these  many  years  of  labor. 

In  the  Worcester  vowel  table,  the  vowels  are 
represented  in  no  less  than  thirty-two  forms,  each 
with  its  mark  of  notation.  In  the  Webster  vowel 
table  we  find  but  thirty-one  of  these  forms.  This 
difference  in  number  may  be  accounted  for  by 
referring  to  our  table  of  comparison  between 
Worcester  and  Webster  notation. 

The  entire  phonetic  system  rests-  upon  a  wrong 
basis.  We  should  not  expect  a  solid  structure 
on  a  weak  foundation.  Phonetic  means  sound ; 
yet  we  find  acknowledged  authorities  dealing 
almost  wholly  with  the  name  of  the  letter  instead 
of  its  sound.  Herein  lies  the  main  difficulty.  In 
order  to  learn  the  system  as  it  now  presents  itself, 
we  must,  in  the  one  case,  become  familiar  with 
thirty-two  representations,  and  in  the  other,  thirty- 
one.  This  might  be  well  enough  if,  by  this  num- 
ber, all  the  vowels  could  be  marked  according  to 
their  respective  sounds.  But,  alas!  Avith  the 
entire  list  of  the  two  dictionaries  combined,  we 
are  unable  to  find  representatives  for  vowels 
occurring  in  some  of  the  simplest  words  in  our 
language.  What  is  the  result  ?  The  words  must 
be  respelled  in  order  to  receive  their  proper  mark 
of  notation.  When  this  is  done  for  a  pupil  in 
school,  as  it  needs  must  be,  it  not  only  places 


OUK   DICTIONARIES.  13 

before  him,  but  forces  upon  him,  the  incorrect 
spelling.  Take,  for  example,  the  following  words : 
said,  been,  bury,  busy,  business,  again,  quay, 
and  a  host  of  others.  There  is  no  mark  in  either 
dictionary  ^o  designate  these  sounds  as  they 
appear  in  the  word.  What  is  wrong  ?  Must  we 
have  more  marks,  and  thus  increase  the  trouble  ? 
No.  There  are  already  too  many,  and  they  need 
simplifying.  But  can  we  do  with  a  less  number 
and  still  represent  every  vowel  sound  ?  Yes.  The 
system  which  we  advocate  will  mark  any  vowel 
sound  in  any  word  with  less  than  one-half  the 
number  of  characters  now  employed ;  and  with 
four  additional  characters  will  mark  all  the 
diphthongs  and  triphthongs  —  so-called. 

In  the  system  that  we  present  *  there  is  not  a 
vowel  sound  in  the  English  language  —  including 
diphthongs  and  so-called  triphthongs  —  that  can- 
not be  correctly  marked  as  to  its  phonetic  value, 
without  necessitating  the  respelling  of  the  word. 
And  this  with  only  EIGHTEEN  CHARACTERS.  This 
statement  is  sufficient  of  itself  to  substantiate  our 
assertion  in  the  beginning,  that  the  marks  now 
used  by  both  authorities  are,  in  a  measure,  mean- 
ingless, arbitrary  and  many  of  them  superfluous. 


*This  system  is  based  upon  Prof.  Alex.  Melville  Bell.'s  "Visible 
Speech  for  Deaf -Mutes,"  and  taught  to  us  by  Alex.  Graham  Bell. 
The  foundation  is  the  same  but  the  structure  differs  materially.  For 
this  difference  we  have  received  the  warmest  praise  of  the  inventor, 
and  of  his  son,  as  a  proof  of  which  a  set  of  charts  were  ordered  by 
Alex.  Graham  Bell  for  his  deaf-mute  school  in  Washington,  D.  C. 


14  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

On  the  bottom  of  every  page  of  the  unabridged 
dictionaries  where  the  definitions  are  given,  you 
will  find  a  guide  (?  ?)  to  pronunciation,  to  save 
time  by  not  obliging  one  to  refer  to  the  table  or 
key  in  the  front  of  the  book.  , 

Let  us  look  at  that  guide.  A  child  looks  in  the 
dictionary  for  the  word  merino.  In  Webster's  he 
finds  two  dots  over  the  i.  In  Worcester's  he  finds 
an  inverted  v  (the  caret). 

We  will  suppose  that  his  teacher  has  informed 
him  that  when  either  of  these  characters  appears 
over  i  it  has  the  sound  of  long  e.  The  child 
naturally  concludes  that  the  two  dots  or  inverted 
v  gives  to  the  letter  over  which  it  is  used,  the 
sound  of  long  e.  Oh,  no !  It  depends.  Depends 
on  what  ?  On  the  letter  it  is  over.  Hence  the 
conclusion  to  be  drawn  is,  that  the  character,  of 
itself,  signifies  nothing,  but  depends  wholly  upon 
the  company  it  is  in.  Let  us  leave  the  pupil  a 
moment  to  see  wherein  this  new  system  of  nota- 
tion differs  from  the  one  in  present  use. 

We  have  already  demonstrated  that  no  one 
character  can  be  advantageously  used  to  represent 
more  than  one  sound. 

By  this  new  system  the  pupil  is  taught  that  the 
character  we  use  over  i  designates  the  sound  to 
be  that  of  long  e.  But  it  matters  not  over  what 
letter  it  is  placed,  it  is  never  anything  else  than 
long  e  in  sound ;  consequently  the  pupil  learns 
that  each  character  has  its  individual  sound.  In- 


OUR  DICTIONARIES.  15 

stead  of  being  obliged  to  learn  the  significance  of 
over  thirty  characters,  he  learns  but  eighteen,  and 
he  also  learns  that  these  eighteen  are  purely 
significant,  and  not  one  of  them  is  duplicated,  and 
none  of  them  are  meaningless,  but  each  arranged 
and  classified  according  to  the  position  of  the 
tongue  when  forming  each  vowel.  We  spoke  of 
the  guide  at  the  bottom  of  the  page.  Let  us  ex- 
amine it.  The  discouraged  child  not  being  pos- 
itive of  the  sound  of  *  in  merino,  and  not  being 
able  to  retain  nor  apply  the  teacher's  instruction 
in  reference  thereto,  refers,  as  a  last  resort,  to  the 
aforesaid  guide.  If  he  is  using  "Worcester's,  he  is 
greatly  encouraged  on  learning  that  *  in  merino 
is  the  same  as  *  in  mien.  If  he  is  referring  to 
Webster's,  his  encouragement  is  almost  as  great, 
though  he  does  not  become  enthusiastic  over  the 
fact,  when  informed  that  i  in  merino  is  the  same 
as  i  in  pique.  How  much  enlightenment  is  this 
for  the  searcher  after  knowledge  ?  What  a  blind 
guide  to  the  child !  One  can  scarcely  find  two 
more  difficult  words  to  serve  as  a  key  to  pronunci- 
ation. It  is  true,  the  pupil  could  refer  back  to 
the  table  and  find  the  needed  information,  but 
the  object  of  the  space  used  is  to  avoid  this  trouble, 
and  these  key-words  are  intended  for  ready  refer- 
ence. 

The  number  of  marks  used,  and  the  impractica- 
bility of  those  marks,  will  convince  any  student 
that  there  is  something  wrong.  "Simplicity  is 


16  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

the  basis  of  all  excellence."  Let  us  have  as  few 
marks  and  as  few  rules  as  possible,  but  have  them 
practical.  They  will  be  the  longer  remembered 
and  the  sooner  applied. 

We  will  venture  the  assertion  that  not  more 
than  one  person  in  ten  thousand  in  daily  use  of 
the  dictionary,  ever  struggled  through  the  rules, 
exceptions,  diphthongs,  triphthongs,  digraphs,  tri- 
graphs,  terminations,  etc.,  that  occur  therein ;  and 
even  that  one  —  unless  making  a  specialty  of  his 
work  —  had  only  his  labor  for  his  pains,  and  ceased 
his  searching  more  bewildered  than  ever. 

The  fact  is,  that  with  the  rules,  or  notes,  as 
with  the  marks,  there  are  too  many,  for  practical 
purposes.  Boil  them  doAvn  and  let  us  have  what 
may  be  applied  to  every-day  use,  and  in  such  a 
form  that  we  can  have  them  at  our  tongue's  end. 

Knowledge  amounts  to  but  little  if  stored  away 
in  a  book  or  even  in  our  brain,  if  we  can  make  no 
application  of  it,  as  its  value  depends  upon  its 
destination  and  utility.  The  vowel  table,  as  it 
now  presents  itself,  is  imperfect  and  impracticable. 
In  order  not  to  dispense  with  the  system  now  in 
use,  however  much  we  may  think  it  advisable, 
our  system  of  notation  will  be  found  to  serve  as  a 
key  to  simplify  the  present  complicated  form,  and 
thus  put  it  in  a  practical  shape,  that  the  child  of 
six  may  readily  perceive  and  comprehend  it. 

Before  leaving  the  vowel  table,  however,  we 
desire  to  pause  long  enough  to  point  out  a  serious 


OUR   DICTIONARIES.  17 

error  occurring  in  Worcester's,  viz.:  it  teaches 
that  the  diphthong  ow  or  ou  has  the  same  initial 
sound  as  the  diphthong  oy  or  oi.  It  is  simply 
impossible  to  retain  the  position  of  the  organs  in 
the  initial  part  of  one  diphthong  and  correctly 
give  the  other.  The  initial  sound  of  ow,  as  in 
now,  is  Italian  a.  The  initial  sound  of  oy,  as  in 
boy,  is  broad  a. 

It  is  hard  to  understand  how  such  an  egregious 
error  has  been  allowed,  so  many  years,  to  pass 
uncorrected. 

Let  us  now  examine  the  consonant  table.  A 
mere  glance  will  be  sufficient  to  prove  its  inaccu- 
racy and  its  inefficiency.  Under  the  vowel  table 
we  find  all  the  vowels  in  the  language.  Should 
we  not  find  all  the  consonants  under  their  head, 
instead  of  being  obliged  to  look  in  the  notes  for 
them?  Neither  dictionary  gives  them,  but  both 
make  the  mistake  of  giving  only  those  consonants 
that  require  a  mark,  while  in  Worcester's  we  find 
some  thirteen  terminations  that  have  strayed  in 
under  this  heading.  These  terminations  are  com- 
posed as  largely  of  vowels  as  consonants,  yet  they 
receive  no  mark  to  distinguish  them.  Suppose 
you  send  two  pupils  to  the  dictionary  with  a 
request  that  one  of  them  copy  all  the  vowels  given 
in  the  vowel  table,  the  other  copy  all  the  conso- 
nants given  in  the  consonant  table.  The  former 
will  have  a  correct  list,  the  latter  a  very  incorrect 
one.  The  latest  edition  of  Webster's  presents  a 
2 


18 

more  perfect  consonant  table  than  Worcester, 
though  both  are  very  faulty  indeed.  We  have  said 
that  neither  authority  gives  us  all  the  consonants 
under  their  respective  heads.  In  Worcester  there  is 
an  omission  of  the  following :  P,  T.  K,  B,  D,  J,  V, 
F,  R,  L,  M,  N,  Ng.W,  Y,  Z.  These  sixteen  conso- 
nants would  look  much  more  at  home  under  the 
consonant  tabJe  than  the  thirteen  terminations. 
Out  of  the  whole  list  given,  the  only  consonants 
appearing  are:  C,  Ch,  G,  X,  S,  Th,  Wh,  and  Q. 
There  should  be  one  table  giving  a  complete  list 
of  consonants,  and  another  giving  those  having 
more  than  one  sound  and  requiring  a  mark  to  dis- 
tinguish them.  What  information  do  we  find  con- 
cerning the  consonants  ?  We  are  informed  that 
"  c  is  soft  like  s  in  acid  and  that  s  is  soft  like  z  in 
muse"  How  can  a  letter  be  soft  like  two  distinct 
sounds  ?  We  would  suggest  the  omission  of  the 
terms  "  hard  "  and  "  soft "  as  also  the  terms  "  aspi- 
rate "  and  "  sub- vocal."  The  use  of  hard  and  soft, 
in  connection  with  sound,  is  arbitrary,  and  tends 
only  to  confuse ;  for  what  to  the  French  ear  may 
be  soft,  to  the  German  ear  may  be  hard.  The  defi- 
nition given  for  "  aspirate  "  is  "  rough  breathing." 
This  is  not  very  definite.  JP,  t  and  k  are  generally 
taught  as  aspirates,  the  term  being  generally  under- 
stood to  mean  merely  breath  or  whisper.  The  dic- 
tionary teaches  us  that  "t  aspirated  is  sh."  The  term 
seems  to  signify  most  anything.  As  for  sub- 
vocal,  we  understand  it  to  mean  under-voice, 


OUR    DICTIONARIES.  19 

though  no  such  word  appears  in  either  Unabridged. 
We  would  suggest  that  all  consonants  be  termed 
vocal  and  non-vocal,  i.  e.  simply  voice  or  no  voice. 
We  wish  to  say  a  word  more  in  reference  to  the 
terminations  used  by  Worcester,  Inasmuch  as 
they  do  not  receive  any  diacritical  mark,  why  place 
them  under  the  ''key  to  the  sounds  of  the  marked 
letters  V  If  marked  there  would  be  no  need  of  the 
respelling  that  we  find  in  parenthesis  following 
all  such  words  as  partial,  social,  etc.  If  termina- 
tions such  &sgeous  in  gorgeous,  tialm  partial,  and 
tion  in  portion,  are  consonants,  then  terminations 
such  as  teous  in  righteous,  dial  in  cordial,  dious  in 
tedious,  are  consonants.  It  is  plainly  visible  that 
they  are  composed  as  much  of  vowels  as  conso- 
nants, and  should  appear  under  no  head  unless  that 
of  terminations"  and  if  these  are  to  be  given, 
where  will  be  the  limit?  These  endings  are  so 
numerous  and  so  complicated  that  we  do  not  object 
to  the  respelling,  but  can  perceive  no  benefit  being 
derived  by  placing  them  under  consonants,  and 
thus  crowding  out  genuine  consonants.  We  also 
learn  that  "qu  (unmarked)  is  kw  ;"  if  wmnarked, 
why  place  them  under  the  "  key  to  the  sounds  of 
the  marked  letters  ? "  The  same  may  be  said  of 
wh,  and  ph.  None  of  these  are  marked.  If  "wli 
(unmarked)  has  the  sound  of  hw"  why  respell  the 
word  whistle,  and  similar  ones?  If  il-wh  (un- 
marked) has  the  sound  of  hw"  why  not  mark  it 
when  it  has  only  the  sound  of  h,  as  in  the  word 


20  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

who,  and  many  similar  words?  If  these  were 
marked,  no  respelling  would  be  necessary ;  if  un- 
marked,  they  should  not  appear  in  the  table  of 
marked  consonants.  We  are  told  that  "ph  (un- 
marked) is/","  yet  we  find  that  ph,  in  the  word 
diphthong,  by  Worcester,  is  not/"  but  p;  and  by 
Webster,  it  is  either  for  p.  In  the  word  nephew, 
we  are  informed  by  both  authorities  that  it  is  either 
/  or  v,  but  in  the  word  Stephen  it  is  only  v.  As 
these  elements  qu  and  ph  now  appear  under  the 
"  key  to  the  sounds  of  the  marked  letters,"  they 
furnish  no  key  whatever.  Of  course  we  under- 
stand that  the  word  "  unmarked,"  as  it  is  used  in 
the  consonant  table  after  ph,  wh,  etc.,  is  intended 
to  convey  to  us  the  idea  that,  throughout  the  Una- 
bridged, the  words  containing  these  elements  are 
not  marked.  But  this  is  not  the  general  under- 
standing of  the  term ;  hence  many  are  misled. 

It  is  surprising  how  many  people  do  not  know 
how  to  pronounce  a  word  even  when  consulting 
the  dictionary.  Not  long  since  we  knew  quite  an 
eminent  gentleman,  a  scholar,  who  tried  to  con- 
vince us  that,  according  to  the  dictionary,  it  is  as 
correct  to  say  <%?theria  as  it  is  to  say  difthenn, 
as  the  word  is  neither  marked  nor  respelled.  Our 
answer  was  ph  (unmarked)  is  f;  if  it  is  anything 
else  it  is  respelled ; — for  example,  take  the  word 
diphthong.  We  take  exceptions  to  the  state- 
ment that  "qu  is  lew,  and  wh  is  hw"  but  we 
will  explain  more  fully  under  these  special  head- 


OUK  DICTIONARIES.  21 

ings  in  the  notes.  Every  consonant  in  the 
language  has  its  duplicate,  while  to  three  of  the 
consonants  we  find  triplicates.  This  is  a  fact 
never  before  stated  in  print  outside  of  the  "  Visible 
Speech"  system  as  taught  to  deaf-mutes.  By  this 
statement  we  mean  that  every  breath  consonant 
has  its  correspondence  in  voice,  and  to  three  of 
these  breath  consonants  (having  their  represent- 
ative voice  elements)  there  is  added  a  nasal  element. 
This  is  fully  illustrated  in  our  table  of  consonants. 
We  have,  then,  twenty-five  consonants,  there  be- 
ing none  other  but  that  are  combinations  formed 
from  some  of  these.  Hence  we  draw  the  follow- 
ing inference  :  If  from  three  positions  nine  con- 
sonants may  be  formed,  and  from  eight  positions 
sixteen  consonants  may  be  formed,  the  whole 
number  of  twenty-five  consonants  may  be  given 
from  eleven  positions.  All  the  consonants  are 
formed  at  four  distinct  points,  viz.:  lips,  point  of 
tongue,  center  of  tongue,  and  back  of  tongue. 

The  question  may  be  asked  as  to  what  improve- 
ment would  we  suggest  in  regard  to  the  present 
vowel  and  consonant  table. 

We  have  endeavored  to  show  that  the  present 
vowel  table  deals  with  entirely  too  many  dia- 
critical marks,  besides  being  otherwise  very  faulty; 
and  the  present  consonant  table  is  not  purely  a 
consonant  table.  In  our  system  of  notation  we 
have  given  under  the  vowel  table  the  eighteen 
vowel  sounds  and  their  eighteen  characters  to 


22  WAKMAN1S    PRACTICAL    ORTHOEPY. 

represent  them.  In  connection  with  this  table 
we  give  explicit  instruction  how  to  make  each 
vowel,  i.  e.  its  location,  the  position  of  the  organs, 
its  exact  phonetic  value,  and  a  monosyllabic  key 
word  as  a  standard  representative  sound.  All 
this,  the  table  and  the  instruction,  need  occupy 
but  one  page  of  the  Unabridged.  Under  the  con- 
sonant table  we  place  our  twenty -five  consonants 
and  follow  this  with  all  the  instruction  necessary 
in  teaching  the  same.  This  would  also  occupy 
but  one  page  of  the  Unabridged.  Under  the  con- 
sonant table  proper  we  would  give  all  the  conso- 
nants, but  would  give  no  mark  of  notation.  We 
give  a  separate  table  which  we  designate  marked 
consonants  and  their  respective  sounds;  i.  0.  a  table 
showing  consonants  of  one  form  but  two  or  more 
sounds,  that  require  marks  necessary  to  distinguish 
those  sounds.  On  another  page  ive  would  give 
what  we  term  a  comparative  table,  presenting  the 
present  system  of  notation  with  its  thirty  odd 
characters,  and  directly  opposite,  on  the  same 
page,  give  our  eighteen  characters,  showing,  there- 
by, wherein  the  marks  now  in  use  are  erroneous 
or  superfluous.  This  would  enable  us  to  retain,  if 
necessary,  the  present  system  of  notation  in  the 
dictionary,  readers  and  spellers,  but  furnishes 
through  the  medium  of  these  eighteen  characters 
a  stepping-stone,  as  it  were,  to  a  more  thorough 
knowledge  and  practical  application  of  the  present 
notation. 


OTTK   DICTIONARIES.  23 

There  is  not  a  child  of  ordinary  intelligence 
who  cannot  learn  this  new  vowel  and  consonant 
table,  marked  consonants,  and  all  the  diacritical 
marks,  during  his  first  term  in  school.  Can  this 
be  said  of  the  present  system,  or  of  any  system 
yet  introduced  ?  Time  and  again  we  have  proven 
that  in  many  of  the  leading  schools  of  our  leading 
cities,  from  first  to  eighth  grades  inclusive,  there 
is  not  a  child  who  can  give  the  exact  phonetic 
value  of  every  vowel  sound,  when  presented  in  its 
isolated  form.  We  have  practically  tested  our 
system  by  teaching  every  vowel  sound  and  its 
accompanying  diacritical  mark  on  lime,  and  have 
never  failed  to  do  so  inside  of  tliirty-jive  minutes, 
thus  accomplishing  what  the  teachers  had  failed 
to  do  in  eight  years.  "We  challenge  the  world  to 
produce  a  system  so  simple,  so  labor-saving  and  so 
efficacious.* 

This  system  is  not  alone  for  beginners,  but  is 
made  with  especial  view  of  being  used  in  every 
grade,  even  for  high-schools  and  colleges.  "VVe 
have  stepped  aside  a  moment  from  our  critical 
survey  for  the  purpose  of  comparing  the  systems 
and  showing  the  suggested  improvements. 

*  We  have  arranged  a  set  of  school  charts  giving  this  system,  and 
the  entire  plan  is  so  simple  in  its  structure  that  the  child's  first  day  in 
school  can  be  made  pleasant,  entertaining,  practical  and  profit- 
able, and  will  have  a  tendency  to  create  a  spirit  of  rivalry  among  the 
little  ones  that  will  prove  highly  beneficial  to  both  mental  and  bodily 
vigor,  especially  increasing  the  activity  and  usefulness  of  the  organs 
of  observation  and  causality.  To  the  teacher  this  work  needs  be  a 
task  no  longer,  but  a  pleasure. 


24  WARMAJST'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Having  carefully  examined  and  commented 
upon  the  present  vowel  and  consonant  table,  we 
will  now  take  a  hasty  glance  at  the  one  hundred 
and  four  notes  as  found  in  "Worcester's — the  same 
errors  pretty  generally  occurring  in  "Webster's, 
though  not  wholly  so  in  the  same  form.  We  have 
carefully,  critically  and  without  prejudice  conned 
every  note  occupying  pages  eleven  to  nine- 
teen inclusive,  and  find  very  few  indeed  that  it  is 
necessary  or  advisable  to  retain.  In  our  dissection 
of  this  entire  number  we  find  but  few  that 
do  not  possess  some  objectionable  feature.  To 
answer  all  practical  purposes  we  will  dwell  chiefly 
upon  those  deserving  special  criticism.  Begin- 
ning with  "Kemarks  on  the  Key,"  we  pause  a 
moment  at  note  one  to  say  that  the  words  in  the 
Key  do  not  "exhibit  accurately  the  respective 
sounds  of  the  different  letters."  The  e  in  the 
words  brier,  fuel,  college,  and  celery  are  given  as 
exhibiting  the  same  sound  of  e  in  each,  i.  e.  "  slight 
or  obscured." 

"  "When  pronounced  by  correct  speakers  "  there 
will  be  heard  three  distinct  sounds  of  e  in  the  ex- 
amples given.  'Tis  true,  they  are  all  obscure,  but 
only  so  in  a  degree,  as  they  are  different  elements 
obscured.  The  same  criticism  applies  to  the 
"•obscure"  y  as  given  in  the  examples  truly,  envy 
and  martyr. 

In  note  two  we  learn  that  "  when  the  marks  of 
pronunciation  are  affixed  to  words  in  their  proper 


OUR  DICTIONARIES.  25 

orthography,  without  respelling  them,  the  vowels 
which  are  not  marked  are  silent."  "We  then  are 
given  such  exceptions  as  ocean,  nation,  etc.  Is  not 
e  in  ocean  and  i  in  nation  just  as  silent  as  i  in 
heifer  or  o  in  famous  ? 

In  note  three  we  take  exceptions  to  the  state- 
ment that  "  the  present  system  is  better  than  one 
where  numbers  are  used."  Possibly  better  than 
the  system  where  numbers  were  used,  as  said  sys- 
tem was  imperfect.  Numbers  representing  but  one 
sound  are  more  easily  remembered  than  meaningless 
marks  intended  to  represent  many  sounds.  In  the 
same  note  we  read  of  "  space  being  saved  by  not 
respelling  words  when  properly  marked."  Then 
why  not  save  the  space  and  omit  the  respelling  of 
many  hundred  words  that  occur  throughout  the 
dictionary,  such  as  disease,  disoblige,  flaccid,  etc., 
etc.?  If  they  are  "  properly  marked  "  the  respell- 
ing is  unnecessary,  or  if  they  arerespelled  the  note 
is  superfluous. 

In  note  four,  in  reference  to  the  "  unaccented 
vowels  only  having  a  dot  placed  beneath  them," 
we  think  instead  of  its  being  an  "  advantage  "  it 
is  often  the  cause  of  much  slovenly  pronunciation. 
The  word  given  as  an  example  in  the  note  is 
indivisibility.  To  pronounce  this  according  to  the 
general  understanding  of  the  dot  placed  beneath 
the  unaccented  syllables,  would  at  once  jar  upon 
any  sensitive  ear.  We  would  give  as  a  rule 
for  the  pronunciation  of  every  Avord,  that  every 


26  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

vowel  should  have  its  distinct  mark,  but  place  the 
stress  or  accent  only  upon  the  syllable  or  syllables 
bearing  the  mark  of  accentuation.  If  in  the 
following,  and  all  similar  words,  indivisibility, 
atonement, peril,  darkness,  vowel,  etc.,\fG  would  give 
to  every  element  its  due  quantity  and  quality,  we 
would  secure  a  clear,  clean,  neat  and  distinct  pro- 
nunciation, in  marked  contrast  with  the  one  gen- 
erally heard.  Note  seven  informs  us,  in  substance, 
that  "the  long  vowel  sound  is  generally  indicated 
in  such  and  such  words,  except  quite  a  number  that 
have  other  sounds."  This  is  not  definite.  In  the  same 
note  we  read  that  "  the  vowels  have  regularly  the 
long  sound  if  final  in  an  accented  syllable."  This 
is  given  us  as  a  positive  rule,  yet  the  dictionary 
informs  us  that  "  the  word  legend  has  either  the 
long  or  the  short  sound  of  e."  Of  what  use  the 
rule?  Many  of  the  notes,  like  this  note  seven,  are 
entirely  useless.  When  pupils  are  old  enough  to 
use  the  dictionary,  they  are  credited  with  being 
possessed  of  some  degree  of  common  sense  ;  hence 
are  old  enough  to  know  how  to  pronounce  such 
words  as  mete,  mate,  met,  mat,  etc.  ;  and  even  did 
they  not,  the  so-called  rules  as  found  in  notes  seven 
and  eight  would  be  no  guide  to  them.  Kules 
and  their  exceptions  are  intended  as  guides,  yet 
are  not  needed  in  the  face  of  self-evident  facts. 
We  have  carefully  selected  and  placed  elsewhere 
the  rules  of  special  value. 

Note  nine  is  very  long,  but  gives  us  no  practical 


OUR   DICTIONARIES.  27 

information  concerning  the  short  vowels.  Very 
much  has  been  said  in  this  note  and  elsewhere 
concerning  the  effect  of  r  upon  the  vowels.  We 
suggest  the  following  simple  rule,  which  will  serve 
every  practical  purpose : 

The  r  immediately  following  and  in  the  same 
syllable  with  the  vowel  (as  in  the  word  carving) 
becomes  a  glide  r,  i.  e.  merely  glides  toward  the 
position  of,  but  does  not  complete,  the  r.  The 
effect  produced  upon  the  preceding  vowel  is  to 
prolong  it.  The  distinction  spoken  of  in  the 
note  is  simply  that,  prolongation  of  the  vowel,  but 
in  no  case  does  it  affect  its  location,  i.  e.  changing 
it  to  another  vowel.  Every  letter  immediately 
following  a  short  vowel  will,  in  a  greater  or  less 
degree,  modify  the  vowel  sound. 

Note  ten  is  as  useless  as  it  is  long.  "We  have 
already  dwelt  at  sufficient  length  with  regard  to 
the  dot  underneath  the  unaccented  syllables,  but 
will  stop  long  enough  with  this  note  to  prove  our 
assertion  of  the  utter  impossibility  of  making  a 
practical  application  of  the  rule.  "What  light  is 
to  be  gained  from  such  instruction  as  this :  "  The 
dot  underneath  the  vowels  in  some  cases  calls  for 
a  slight  stress  of  the  voice,  in  the  majority  of  cases 
an  indistinct  short  sound,  while  in  many  cases  it 
is  a  slight  or  unaccented  short  sound."  Thus  this 
apparently  insignificant  dot  has  as  many  as  three 
sounds,  but  the  note  merely  acquaints  us  with  the 
fact,  but  gives  no  rule  as  a  guide. 


28  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

We  also  read  in  the  same  note  that  "  the  vowel 
u  in  some  words  marked  with  a  dot  underneath  is 
pronounced  like  yu,  slightly  articulated."  When 
and  how  are  we  to  make  the  distinction  ? 

When  the  u  is  marked  merely  obscure,  by  what 
means  are  we  to  ascertain  whether  it  is  long  u  ob- 
scured, or  the  u  as  heard  in  rule  f  Take,  for  in- 
stance, the  word  sinew.  We  are  shown  in  the  vowel 
table  that  ew,  when  marked,  is  equivalent  to  the 
long  u,  and  at  the  same  time  furnishes  us  a  mark 
for  both,  "  to  save  space  in  respelling  words  that 
are  properly  marked.1'  This  quotation  is  from 
note  three,  which  same  they  again  fail  to  apply. 
Where  is  the  advantage  to  be  gained  by  not 
marking  the  unaccented  syllable,  as  stated  in 
note  four  ?  The  word  sinew,  was  really  in  better 
shape  -unmarked  than  in  its  present  form,  whereas, 
if  the  dash  were  placed  over  the  w,  as  the  vowel 
table  indicates,  no  one  would  be  at  a  loss  to  pro- 
nounce it.  The  respelling  of  the  word,  as  it  is  in 
the  dictionary,  sinnu,  and  placing  the  dot  under 
the  u,  leads  to  confusion,  for  there  is  now  nothing 
definite  as  to  whether  it  is  long  u  obscured,  or  the 
u  as  in  rule.  It  is  for  this  reason  we  hear  the 
two  pronunciations  sinyu,  and  sinnoo  ;  the  mark- 
ing is  so  indefinite  as  to  sanction  either.  The 
same  remarks  are  apropos  to  the  word  deputy. 
Usage  gives  us  two  pronunciations,  dep-u-ty  and 
dep-u-ty,  one  of  which  is  heard  as  much  as  the 
other.  The  dictionary  leaves  us  entirely  in  the 


OUK   DICTIONARIES.  29 

dark  as  to  which  is  correct,  for  again  there  is 
nothing  to  designate  which  sound  of  u  is  ob- 
scured. 

In  the  same  note  much  is  said  of  a,  unaccented, 
and  added  to  this  a  long  note  from  the  eminent 
orthoepists,  Walker  and  Smart ;  yet  even  from 
them  nothing  positive  is  to  be  gleaned. 

It  has  always  been  our  custom  in  teaching,  to 
apply  the  simple  rule  previously  stated  in  refer- 
ence to  every  vowel  having  its  due  quantity  and 
quality,  and  each  its  distinct  mark,  but  not  to  be 
given  with  such  stress  as  to  detract  from  the 
accented  vowel.  This  rule  applies  not  only  to  a, 
but  to  all  vowels.  The  words  element  and  Amer- 
ican furnish  good  illustrations.  By  applying  this 
method  we  meet  with  no  exceptions  in  pronuncia- 
tion, secure  neatness  Avithout  pedantry,  and  such  a 
clearness  that  puts  beauty  in  the  utterance  of  any 
and  every  word  in  the  language.  We  have  watched 
its  practical  application  with  most  gratifying  re- 
sults wherever  it  has  been  our  pleasure  to  teach  it. 

In  note  eleven,  "  a  before  r"  there  has  been  much 
endeavor  to  throw  light  upon  this  misunderstood 
vowel.  WJiy  misunderstood?  Because,  as  we 
said  at  the  very  outset,  these  rules  are  dealing 
with  the  name  of  the  letter  instead  of  its  sound. 
Go  to  any  teachers'  institute  in  this  country  where 
are  gathered  those  who  should  be  positive  of  all 
the  vowel  sounds,  and  we  venture  the  assertion 
that  those  whose  minds  are  fully  at  rest  on  this 


30  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OBTHOEPY, 

one,  are  not  so  numerous  but  they  may  be  fully 
represented  by  the  fingers  of  one  hand.  The  note 
informs  us  that  "  it  is  the  long  sound  of  a  qualified." 
Here  is  the  stumbling-block.  "With  as  much  or 
more  truth  and  consistency,  might  we  say  that  i 
in  police  is  the  long  sound  of  i  qualified.  If  we 
could  put  this  in  mathematical  form,  by  saying 
that  the  long  sound  of  i  is  to  the  i  in  police  what 
the  long  sound  of  a  is  to  the  a  in  care,  we  could 
better  illustrate  the  error,  as  the  value  is  in  this 
proportion.  The  fact  is,  we  should  recognize  in  a 
word  a  particular  vowel  sound,  irrespective  of  the 
name.  In  the  word  care,  we  see  the  a,  but  we  hear 
no  sound,  nor  qualification,  nor  modification  of 
that  letter.  In  the  word  there,  we  see  the  e,  and  we 
hear  the  sound  of  e.  In  all  these  words,  care,  there, 
fair,  fare,  ere,  air,  etc.,  the  vowel  sound  is  exactly 
the  same,  but  in  no  case  does  it  bear  the  slightest 
relation  to  long  a;  not  even  to  any  sound  of  a. 
The  vowel  sound  in  all  these  words  is  short  e,  and 
in  every  case  it  is  followed  by  the  glide  r,  which 
gives  to  it  the  peculiarity  spoken  of  by  Smart ;  as 
the  effect  of  the  r  is  such  as  to  blend  itself  with  the 
vowel,  thus  producing  the  apparent  prolongation. 
The  distinction  spoken  of  in  the  note,  between  the 
vowel  heard  in  prayer  and  preyer,  is  so  evident  as 
to  admit  of  no  argument ;  for  no  one  would  think  of 
giving  them  the  same  sound. 

It   will  be  observed  that  the  change  is  one 
of  sound  as  well  as  of  sight;  it   is  not   simply 


DUE   DICTIONARIES.  31 

"  long  a,  qualified,"  or  the  difference  would  not 
exist.  The  a  takes  the  sound  of  short  e,  followed 
by  voice  and  glide  r,  while  the  e  takes  the  sound 
of  long  a. 

Again  we  sa}^  deal  with  the  sound,  not  with  the 
name,  and  the  smallest  child  will  not  be  confused. 

Some  time  since  the  publishers  of  Webster's 
issued  a  little  circular  devoted  wholly  to  diacritical 
marking,  which  same  received  free  distribution  at 
various  county  and  state  institutes.  One  of  these 
was  handed  to  us  by  a  superintendent  of  schools, 
who  commented  upon  it  as  follows :  "  Here  is  the 
very  latest  thing  on  diacritical  marking.  I  at  first 
hailed  it  with  delight,  feeling  assured  that  so  late 
a  work  would  furnish  the  much-needed  informa- 
tion. After  many  hours  of  study  I  am  more  be- 
wildered than  ever,  and  would  have  been  much 
more  satisfied  had  I  never  seen  it.  Why  cannot 
this  diacritical  marking  be  more  simplified  instead 
of  making  it  more  complicated?"  This  superin- 
tendent but  spoke  the  minds  of  tens  of  thousands 
who  are  battling  with  these  arbitrary  marks.  We 
surely  should  expect  to  find  some  light  in  such  a 
late  effort,  but  we  will  leave  the  reader  to  be  the 
judge.  We  will  quote  but  one  remark,  which  will 
serve  to  show  the  progress  made  in  this  direction, 
and  which  is  pat  to  the  subject  we  were  just 
touching  upon,  i.  e.  "  the  long  sound  of  a,  quali- 
fied." 

The  quotation  is  as  follows :    "  Not  wishing  to 


32  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

add  to  the  number  of  diacritical  marks  already 
given,  the  a,  as  heard  in  any,  so  seldom  occurs 
that  we  will  not  give  it  any  special  mark." 

"So  seldom  occurs," do  they  say.  How  brill- 
iant! Again  and  again,  in  our  language;  yes, 
right  here  in  the  words  we  have  just  used  (again 
and  again)  we  have  this  .letter  by  name  in  the 
same  form  in  which  it  presents  itself  in  the  word 
any,  but  by  sound  it  is  merely  short  e. 

Any  one  will  readily  see  the  difficulty  in  trying 
to  give  a  mark  to  every  element  as  it  appears  to 
the  eye,  instead  of  as  it  appears  to  the  ear.  If,  as 
by  our  system,  the  dictionary  had  a  character  for 
the  sound  of  short  e,  that  always  represented  that 
sound  and  that  sound  only,  the  difficulty  would  at 
once  be  removed.  We  place  our  character  over  a 
in  any,  the  second  am  again,  and  over  any  vowel, 
or  so-called  diphthong,having  the  sound  of  short  e, 
so  that  the  pupil,  or  teacher,  or  student,  would 
readily  distinguish  it  and  would  never  mistake  it, 
inasmuch  as  the  one  character  represents  but  one 
sound.  "Tis  true  both  dictionaries  have  a  mark  of 
notation  for  short  e.  When  the  letter  itself  ap- 
pears, but  neither  of  them  have  a  mark  when  its 
sound  appears  in  any  other  form.  Again  we  say, 
go  back  to  the  first  principle  established  by  us, 
deal  only  with  the  sound  of  the  letter,  leaving  the 
name  to  care  for  itself.  When  the  teachers  read 
that  little  circular  of  which  we  spoke,  how  their 
hearts  must  have  rejoiced  to  find  that  troublesome 


OUR   DICTIONARIES.  oo 

element  left  out  in  the  cold  with  no  mark  to  dis- 
tinguish it,  not  even  the  mark  of  favor.  With  the 
table  as  we  have  arranged  in  our  system  of  nota- 
tion, every  vowel  sound  is  so  plainly  given,  and 
its  phonetic  value  so  visible  in  each  word,  that  any 
child  of  ordinary  intelligence  can  see  and  readily 
comprehend  the  same.  We  will  cite  a  practical 
illustration  of  the  superiority  of  this  system  we 
present,  over  that  of  any  other  now  in  use.  Some 
years  ago,  ere  we  had  perfected  it,  we  were  very 
desirous  of  testing  its  merits,  even  in  its  crude 
state ;  consequently  we  labored  one  wrhole  scholas- 
tic year,  confining  ourselves  to  the  first,  second, 
third  and  fourth  grades  of  some  twenty -eight  city 
schools.  Owing  to  the  number  of  schools,  and  the 
territory  to  cover,  our  visits  occurred  in  each  room 
only  once  in  twelve  days,  and  the  length  of  each 
visit  only  twenty  minutes. 

In  the  lowest  grade  of  one  of  these  schools 
where  were  gathered  the  children  for  their  initia- 
tory work,  we  furnished  the  teacher  with  a  home- 
made chart  of  our  vowel  and  consonant  table, 
which  was  placed  in  a  conspicuous  position  in  the 
school-room.  The  scholastic  year  began  the  first 
Monday  in  September.  We  made  our  usual  visits 
every  twelve  days,  and  with  the  aid  of  the  teacher 
in  the  meantime  closely  following  our  instruc- 
tions, the  pupils  made  very  rapid  progress.  Dur- 
ing the  month  of  November,  the  city  superin- 
tendent called  at  this  school  and  in  this  room. 
3 


34  WARHAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

He  printed  on  the  board  the  word  pentagonal, 
marking  it  with  our  notation,  and  syllabifying  it, 
at  the  same  time  saying  to  the  teacher,  with  the 
intention  of  having  the  little  ones  hear  him,  that 
in  the  course  of  two  or  three  weeks  he  would  call 
again  to  see  if  any  of  the  children  could  pro- 
nounce that  word,  without  giving  them  any  direct 
aid  upon  it.  He  did  not  even  have  an  opportunity 
to  leave  the  room  till  one  of  the  little  ones  raised 
his  hand,  saying,  "  I  can  speak  it  now"  So  he 
did,  and  that  correctly.  By  the  present  system 
of  notation  in  its  present  form,  it  were  impossible 
to  accomplish  such  results.  Eight  here  allow  us 
to  say  that  we  do  not  want  the  idea  to  go  forth 
that  our  system  of  notation,  if  adopted,  must 
needs  supplant  the  other,  but  that  through  it  the 
present  system  is  quickly  understood,  readily  ap- 
plied and  easily  retained  ;  besides,  it  is  mastered  in 
an  almost  incredible  space  of  time.  Our  system 
serves  as  does  the  picture  to  the  reading-lesson :  it 
photographs  it  on  the  mind  of  the  child,  and  forms 
a  connecting  link. 

With  this  somewhat  of  a  digression  we  pass  to 
note  twelve,  which  is  exceedingly  long,  yet  we  fail 
to  see  any  use  in  its  retention  unless  it  be  to  show 
what  various  orthoepists  say.  "We  do  not  think 
this  necessary,  especially  in  Worcester's,  as  all 
authorities  are  quoted  therein  where  the  definition 
of  each  word  of  disputed  pronunciation  is  given  ; 
besides,  we  are  each  of  us  governed  in  our  choice 


OUK   DICTIONARIES. 


35 


of  pronunciation  by  our  preference  in  authority, 
Worcester  or  Webster,  and  we  seldom  go  back  of 
these  two  authorities.  Notes  thirteen  and  four- 
teen are  of  no  special  value  save  the  portion  which 
\ve  have  gleaned  concerning  clerk  and  sergeant. 
JSoiQ  fifteen,  concerning  such  words  as  blessed,  be- 
loved, etc.,  is  sufficiently  definite  to  be  of  value. 
Xote  sixteen  merely  states  a  fact,  but  gives  no 
rule  to  guide  us.  Note  seventeen  concerning  words 
derived  from  the  French  and  the  Latin  is  of  suf- 
ficient value  to  be  retained.  ISTote  nineteen  is  a 
repetition  of  many  others,  merely  showing  that 
orthoepists  disagree,  hence,  of  no  value.  In  note 
twenty  we  again  find  controversy  among  acknowl- 
edged authorities.  In  such  words  as  dilate,  di- 
verge, divine,  etc.,  we  fail  to  see  why  the  i  should 
not  have  its  proper  sho'rt  sound  instead  of  hunting 
around  after  other  vowels  when  the  proper  sound 
and  the  proper  vowel  is  already  given  in  the 
word.  In  note  twenty-one  we  cannot  for  a  mo- 
ment countenance  the  various  opinions  regarding 
the  sounds  of  long  o  and  short  o.  Why  add  to 
the  difficulties  with  which  we  are  contending, 
when  palpable  errors  are  allowed  to  pass  unheeded 
and  uncorrected  \  In  other  words,  why  try  to 
draw  a  distinction  between  the  sound  of  o  in  coat 
and  o  in  goat  f  If  we  acknowledge  a  difference 
in  the  vowel  sound  of  these  words,  where  will  our 
language  drift  ?  How  will  we  ever  effect  a  stand- 
ard? 


36  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Notes  twenty-two  and  twenty-three,  like  all  other 
notes  of  the  same  character,  should  be  more  defi- 
nite to  be  of  any  value.  Note  twenty -four  deals 
with  the  vowel  u.  The  main  part  of  this  long 
note  is  devoted  to  opinions  of  orthoepists,  without 
giving  anything  definite  as  a  guide.  "Walker 
states  that  "  some  critics  claim  that  nature  should 
be  pronounced  as  if  written  nateyure"  Herein 
we  agree  with  said  critic.  But  Walker  further 
states  that  "  this  comes  so  near  the  one  adopted 
by  me,  nachur,  as  scarcely  to  be  distinguished 
from  it."  It  seems  to  us  that  the  ear  must  be 
sadly  deficient  that  cannot  readily  distinguish  be- 
tween nateyure  and  nachur. 

Smart  dwells  quite  at  length  upon  the  sound  of 
u,  when  preceded  by  I,  and  j,  though  we  think 
him  in  error  in  not  recognizing  the  correct  sound 
and  location  of  y,  when  thus  blended  with  oo. 
He  calls  it  "a  slight  semi-consonant  sound  between 
e  and  y."  In  our  system  of  notation  we  have  ar- 
ranged, what  would  occupy  but  two  pages  in  the 
Unabridged,  a  set  of  tables  whereby  a  complete 
mastery  can  be  had  in  a  very  short  time  over  any 
and  all  words  in  the  English  language  containing 
long  u.  We  will  briefly  state  a  portion  of  our 
work  to  show  something  of  its  nature.  Every 
one  will  naturally  give  the  correct  sound  of  long 
u,  when  preceded  by  p  as  in  pure,  c  as  in  cure,  5  as 
in  bureau,/  as  in  fury,  etc.,  but  when  preceded  by 
d  as  in  due,  t  as  in  tutor,  I  as  in  lunatic,  n  as  in  news, 


OUR   DICTIONARIES.  37 

s  as  in  suit,  and  also  as  occurring  in  such  words  as 
educate,  graduate,  institute,  situation,  literature, 
congratulate,  etc.,  we  readily  perceive  a  distinction 
in  the  sound  of  this  vowel,  as  they  are  generally 
spoken.  There  is  no  distinction  in  the  long  u, 
when  these  words  are  correctly  pronounced ;  hence 
the  distinction  frequently  and  generally  heard 
must  be  the  error.  Of  what  does  this  error  con- 
sist ?  First,  let  us  ascertain  of  what  long  u  con- 
sists, i.  e.  the  u  with  the  dash  or  macron  over  it, 
as  marked  by  both  "Worcester  and  Webster. 

Long  u  is  always  the  combination  of  y  and  oo. 
Yes,  always ;  there  not  being  a  single  exception  in 
the  language.  There  are  several  little  works  on 
orthoepy  that  cite  the  following  as  an  exception : 
"  "When  long  u  is  preceded  by  r,  sh,  or  ch,  it  drops 
the  initial  sound  y  and  becomes  only  oo."  It  is 
only  long  u  that  has  the  initial  y,  and  as  the  u, 
when  preceded  by  r,  sh,  or  ch,  is  never  long  u,  nor 
never  marked  as  such,  it  has  no  initial  y  to  drop  ; 
hence  is  no  exception.  There  is  but  one  slight 
modification  of  the  sound  of  long  u,  and  that  is  so 
slight  as  to  be  scarcely  discernible,  except  to  a 
close  student  of  phonetics;  but  inasmuch  as  it 
does  occur  we  give  a  rule  to  cover  it.  When  r,  y, 
I,  and  w,  immediately  follow  and  are  in  the  same 
syllable  with  a  non-vocal  consonant  (p,  t,  Jc,f,  s,} 
they  become  non-voiced,  i.  e.  only  breath  elements. 
For  example,  take  the  word  tune  /  we  do  not  hear 
the  initial  y  of  the  long  u,  as  in  due  •  nevertheless 


38  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHO£PY. 

the  y  is  there  and  retains  its  position,  but  loses  its 
voice,  because  it  is  preceded  by  the  non-voiced 
consonant  t,  whereas  in  due,  the  y  of  the  long  u 
retains  its  voice  because  it  is  preceded  by  the 
voiced  consonant  d.  Now  for  the  error  that  ex- 
ists in  words  containing  long  u.  "We  will  first  en- 
deavor to  prove  that  the  fault  does  really  exist,  as 
"  the  recognition  of  a  fault  is  half  way  toward 
cure."  The  error  is  the  result  of  one  of  three  causes 
depending  on  the  situation  of  the  u.  The  errors 
may  be  classified  as  follows :  first,  in  wholly  omit- 
ting the  y  in  the  long  u,  as  in  due,  dupe,  tune, 
tutor.  These  words  are  generally  pronounced 
doo,  doop,  toon,  footer,  instead  of  dyoo,  dyooj), 
tyoon,  tyooter.  Second,  the  error  consists  in  sub- 
stituting ch  for  the  initial  y  in  the  long  u,  as 
in  situation,  nature,  statue,  etc.  These  words  are 
generally  pronounced  sit  choo  ation,  nacher,  slat- 
choo,  instead  of  sit  yoo  ation,  nat  yure,  stat  yoo. 
Third,  the  error  is  caused  by  substituting^'  for  the 
initial  y  in  the  long  u,  as  in  educate,  individual, 
graduate,  thus  causing  them  to  be  pronounced  ed 
joo  cate,  individ  joo  al,  grad  joo  ate,  instead  of  ed 
yoo  cate,  individ  yoo  all,  grad  yoo  ate.  Then  we 
have  the  errors  summed  up  as  follows: 

1st,  the  omission  of  the  y. 

2d,  substituting  ch  for  y. 

3d,  substituting^'  for  y. 

We  should  speak  such  words  as  educate  and 
situation  as  we  would,  or  rather  as  we  should,  the 


OCR   DICTIONARIES.  39 

sentences  would  you  do  it,  and  sit  you  there. 
There  need  be  no  affectation  or  pedantry  in  the 
utterance  of  these  words.  Compare,  then  mark 
the  contrast  in  the  correct  and  incorrect  expres- 
sion of  the  following  sentence : 

DlD    YOU    GET    YOUR    CENTURY  I    SENT  YOU  ?      Not 

once  in  ten  thousand  times  is  this  sentence  cor- 
rectly spoken,  even  by  scholars,  "  the  literary  and 
well-bred  men"  who  aim  to  give  us  the  standard 
of  pronunciation.  What  do  we  hear  ? 

DlD  JOO  GET  CHOOR  CENT  CHOORY  I  SENT  CHOO  \ 

Our  language  is  so  Jewed  and  chewed  that  it 
ought  to  make  us  ashamed  of  the  manner  in  which 
it  is  spoken.  Get  'choor  slate,  fold  joor  arms,  sit 
choo  there,  stand  joo  there,  add  joor  figures,  I  will 
aidjoo.  These  are  common  faults  heard  in  almost 
every  school-room  in  our  land  to-day,  and  such  is 
the  conversation  that  passes  current  in  our  social 
life. 

In  our  work  on  the  vowels  we  give  a  table  or 
key  of  exercises  for  training  the  vocal  organs  with 
a  special  reference  to  the  sound  of  long  u.  By 
the  assiduous  and  judicious  practice  of  these  tables, 
the  vocal  organs  will  become  as  active,  accurate, 
and  pliable  in  the  performance  of  their  work  as  do 
the  fingers  of  a  skillful  pianist  in  his.  Before 
leaving  this  subject  of  the  long  u,  we  will  speak 
of  an  error,  and  almost  a  decided  vulgarism,  in- 
dulged in  by  many  of  our  "  well-bred  and  literary 
men,"  and  it  arises  somewhat  from  having  been 


40  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

taught  by  some  orthoepists  that  y  is  equivalent  to 
long  e,  having  the  same  sound  and  made  by  the 
same  organs.  This  is  a  gross  error.  These  ele- 
ments, one  a  consonant  and  the  other  a  vowel, 
are  as  distinctively  different  as  any  other  two.  Y 
takes  the  center  of  the  tongue  to  the  roof  of  the 
mouth,  forming  a  complete  arch ;  while  long  e 
draws  the  front  half  of  the  tongue  (midway  be- 
tween the  point  and  the  center)  up  and  forward. 
Through  such  teaching  as  aforesaid,  we  hear  the 
affected  pronunciation  of  deoo  for  due,  teoon  for 
tune.  This  also  tends  to  such  pronunciation  as 
ske  i,  for  sky,  and  ge  ide,  for  guide. 

Note  twenty-five,  the  last  of  the  notes  on  the 
vowels,  is  of  no  value. 

The  next  in  order  that  presents  itself  is  that  of 
the 

"  SOUNDS  OF  THE  DIPHTHONGS  AND  TRIPHTHONGS." 

This  subject,  occupying  two  whole  pages  in  the 
Unabridged,  will  require  but  little  time  and  space 
for  the  disposition  thereof.  There  are  thirty  of 
these  combinations  given,  yet  we  will  make  the 
nssertion  that  only  two  of  the  thirty,  rightfully 
belong  to  this  classification ;  while  there  are  two 
that  should  appear,  but  do  not.  If  we  are  to  be 
governed  by  letters  that  meet  the  eye  as  they  are 
grouped  together,  it  were  indeed  a  vain  endeavor 
to  formulate  rules,  or  find  marks  for  their  proper 
significance.  The  dictionary  informs  us  that  "a 


OUK   DICTIONARIES.  41 

diphthong  is  the  union  rof  two  vowels  pronounced 
by  a  single  impulse  of  the  voice."  We  also  learn 
from  the  same  source  that  "  a  triphthong  is  the 
union  of  three  vowels  pronounced  by  a  single 
impulse  of  the  voice."  The  union  as  here  given 
is  only  inform,  not  in  sound.  When  we  hear  the 
union  of  two  sounds,  then,  and  then  only,  is  it  a 
diphthong.  Such  a  thing  as  a  triphthong  does  not 
in  reality  exist.  There  is  not  a  word  in  the  Eng- 
lish language  containing  a  triphthong,  i.  e.  "  the 
coalition  of  three  vowels  in  one  sound."  The 
words  buoy,  beauty,  meiv,  etc.,  are  cited  as  exam- 
ples, but  they  fail  to  "  coalite  "  in  one  sound.  In  the 
word  buoy  the  u  becomes  a  consonant  w,  or  is 
wholly  dropped,  and  the  digh thong  oy,  remains. 
In  beauty,  the  e  and  the  a  do  not  coalesce  with  the 
u,  but  remain  silent,  leaving  the  sound  of  long  u. 
In  view  the  i  is  silent,  leaving  ew,  the  equivalent 
of  long  u.  The  only  two  proper  diphthongs  given 
in  the  dictionary  ("union  of  two  sounds")  are  ow 
or  ou,  and  oi  or  oy.  The  two  omitted  are  long 
i,  and  long  u.  Long  i  and  long  u  are  pure  diph- 
thongs, for  they  are  each  the  coalescence  —  by 
sound  —  of  two  other  sounds,  just  as  distinctly  as  ou 
and  oi.  They  are  erroneously  classed  with  long  a, 
and  long  o.  These  last  named  vowels  cannot  be 
said  to  combine  two  other  sounds  to  form  the  one, 
for  the  name  of  each  is  the  initial  part  of  each. 
But  in  case  of  long  i  and  long  u  an  entirely  differ- 
ent element  is  required  for  the  initial  sound  of 


42     .  WARM  AN"  S    PRACTICAL    ORTHOEPY. 

each.  These  are  fully  explained  in  our  vowel 
tables.  "We  are  told  that  "  a  proper  diphthong  is 
one  in  which  both  vowels  are  sounded."  Then 
the  four  quoted  above  are  the  only  ones  in  the 
language  which  may  be  termed  proper  diphthongs. 
Yet  we  are  informed  that  "ea  in  ocean,  io  in  notion" 
and  many  similar  ones  are  "  proper  diphthongs," 
i.  e.  in  which  "  both  vowels  are  sounded."  Who 
can  catch  the  sound  of  the  two  vowels  in  either 
of  these  ?  It  is  also  stated  that  "  an  improper 
diphthong  has  only  one  of  the  vowels  sounded." 
Hence  no  diphthong  at  all,  but  a  digraph,  i.  e. 
twice  written,  instead  of  twice  sounded.  Admitting 
that  the  definition  of  proper  and  improper  diph- 
thongs is  correct,  out  of  the  entire  thirty  there  are 
twenty-eight  of  them  improper.  Herein  we  agree ; 
improper  indeed. 

Think  of  calling  ay  in  pay,  aw  in  paw,  ai  in 
pain,  eo  in  leopard,  etc.,  diphthongs.  In  the  words 
just  quoted,  and  hundreds  of  similar  words,  there 
is  not  one  but  that  contains  a  vowel  which, 
with  its  proper  mark  of  notation,  would  give 
us  the  correct  sound  for  pronunciation,  and  also 
save  respelling.  The  letter  having  no  sound 
should  have  no  attention.  In  the  word  pay,  the 
a  is  long  and  the  y  is  silent.  In  the  word  paw, 
the  a  is  broad  and  the  w  is  silent.  In  the  word 
leopard,  the  e  is  short  and  the  o  is  silent.  These 
letters  that  are  silent  because  they  are  in  company 
with  another  vowel  need  not  be  affected  by  them, 


OUR    DICTIONARIES.  43 

but  should  be  treated  the  same  as  silent  e  in  hea- 
ven, listen,  etc.  If  such  combinations  as  we  have 
named  are  called  diphthongs  and  triphthongs, 
why  not  conjure  up  some  name  and  occupy 
several  pages  for  words  ending  in  en,  ine,  ique, 
etc.? 

In  order  to  have  the  name  consistent  with  the 
present  complicated,  voluminous,  meaningless  and 
arbitrary  terms  now  in  use,  we  would  kindly  and 
gratuitously  suggest  the  name  semi-diphthongal 
consonantal  vowel  terminations.  We  think  the 
name  would  cover  the  point  —  at  least  a  good  por- 
tion of  the  page. 

One  word  more  before  leaving  the  diphthongs. 
We  are  informed  that  "  the  proper  diphthong  ea, 
as  heard  in  ocean,  seldom  occurs."  Bear  in  mind 
that  a  "proper  diphthong  is  one  having  both 
vowels  sounded."  We  pause  a  moment  for  the 
reader  to  get  his  breath.  In  another  place  we 
learn  that  "  cean  as  heard  in  ocean,  is  a  termination 
having  the  sound  of  shun"  Here  we  have  the 
same  sound  in  the  same  word,  represented  first  as 
"  a  diphthong,"  then  that  it  "  seldom  occurs,"  then 
as  "  a  termination."  Out  of  all  the  notes  under 
the  heading  we  have  just  considered,  which  same 
embraces  notes  twenty-six  to  fifty -nine  inclusive, 
we  find  but  part  of  one  note  (fifty-eight,  concern- 
ing words  ending  in  ague)  that  is  of  any  value 
whatsoever. 

Our  weary  steps  at  last  bring  us  to  two  and  a 


44  WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OETHOEPY. 

half  pages  more  of  almost  useless  and  in  a  great 
degree  erroneous  matter,  viz.:  "  CONSONANTS." 

"We  are  informed  that  "  these  are  divided  into 
mutes  and  semi-vowels."  Mute  signifies  no  voice. 
How  then  can  £>,  d  and  g  be  mutes?  Semi- 
vowels signify  half-vowels.  A  consonant  cannot 
c-f  itself  be  any  part  of  a  vowel  except  as  you 
name  it.  Here  again  is  the  error  of  dealing  with 
the  name  of  the  letter  instead  of  the  sound.  The 
note  further  states  that  "a  mute  cannot  be 
sounded  without  the  aid  of  a  vowel."  Then  why 
call  them  mutes  ?  Why  not  call  them  semi-vowels 
also  f  The  fact  is  that  neither  a  so-called  mute, 
nor  a  so-called  semi-vowel,  depends  in  the  least 
upon  a  vowel  for  its  utterance.  "We  admit  this 
is  a  strong  contradiction,  but  is  self-supporting. 
They  may  depend  upon  a  vowel  for  their  name, 
but  never  for  their  sound.  It  is  also  stated  that 
"  the  semi-vowels  have  an  imperfect  sound  of 
themselves."  Again  we  are  forced  to  contradict. 
The  only  perfect  sound  they  have  can  be  readily 
given  in  every  case  without  the  aid  of  any  other 
element.  They  need  another  element  only  when 
naming  them. 

Another  error  is  in  quoting  j  as  a  dental  ele- 
ment, and  at  the  same  time  classing  it  and  other 
dentals  with  palatals.  No  element  can  be  prop- 
erly produced  at  the  teeth  at  one  time,  and  at  the 
palate  at  another.  J  has  but  one  sound.  It  is 
equivalent  to  what  is  called  soft  g,  as  in  the  word 


OUR   DICTIONARIES.  4:5 

George,  and  in  the  word  judge.  Its  component 
parts  are  dsh,  and  the  sound  is  produced  by  the 
point  of  the  tongue  coming  in  contact  with  the 
upper  gum  and  so  closely  approximating  the  teeth 
as  to  properly  bear  the  name  of  dental ;  hence 
it  is  impossible  for  it  to  be  a  palatal.  In  this 
same  note  we  find  some  of  the  same  elements  ap- 
pearing under  palatals  and  gutturals.  Again  we 
say,  impossible  to  correctly  classify  these  in  this 
manner.  We  are  next  introduced  to  the  term 
digraph.  "A  digraph  is  the  union  of  two  con- 
sonants or  two  vowels,  representing  a  single  sound 
of  the  voice."  One  of  the  examples  given  is  gh,  in 
ghost.  There  is  no  union,  except  as  in  the  vowels 
given  as  diphthongs,  i.  e.  a  union  of  letters,  but  not 
of  sound.  Digraph  signifies  two  written ;  tri- 
graph  signifies  three  written.  But  this  has  refer- 
ence only  to  sight,  not  sound.  If  we  call  gh  a 
digraph,  why  not  call  gld,  in  right,  a  trigraph  ? 
It  is  the  union  of  three  consonants,  and  only  one 
has  sound,  and  is  just  as  consistent  as  calling  the 
union  of  three  vowels  a  triphthong.  We  are  also 
informed  that  in  some  cases  these  letters  are 
silent,  in  others  they  are  not,  yet  we  are  given  no 
rule  as  a  guide.  How  can  gh  be  called  a  digraph 
when  we  are  told  that  "  a  digraph  is  the  union  of 
two  letters,  one  having  sound,"  when  in  many 
cases  the  g  and  the  h  are  both  silent  f  "  At  the 
end  of  words  both  letters  are  commonly  silent." 
This  quotation  is  from  note  seventy-six.  The 


46  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

exceptions  given  completely  destroy  the  value  of 
the  rule.  Why  not  throw  away  all  useless  diph- 
thongs, triphthongs,  digraphs,  trigraphs,  tetra- 
graphs,  etc.,  and  deal  with  facts,  with  sound,  and  let 
the  silent  letters  rest  in  silence,  and  thus  dispense 
with  many  pages  of  unnecessary  and  unsatisfac- 
tory talks  about  nothing  ?  Anything  that  can  be 
definitely  given  as  a  rule  for  pronunciation,  with- 
out endless  exceptions,  may  be  of  some  value.  Note 
sixty-eight  may  be  of  some  importance,  as  there 
are  but  three  exceptions  given  in  it.  The  latter  part 
of  the  note  is  especially  valuable.  The  latter  part 
of  note  seventy  may  be  of  some  advantage  when 
taken  in  connection  with  note  fifteen.  Part  of  note 
seventy-two,  giving  but  one  exception,  is  worthy  of 
retention.  The  latter  part  of  note  seventy-eight 
may  also  be  of  some  service.  In  note  eighty-two 
we  find  much  controversy  over  the  consonant  n. 
It  states  that  "n  has  two  sounds:  one  simple  and 
pure,  the  other  compound,  i.  e.  n  as  in  not,  and  its 
nasal  sound  as  heard  in  king"  This  implies  that 
one  is  nasal,  the  other  is  not.  Both  are  nasal  ele- 
ments. Any  element  is  nasal  whose  entire  cur- 
rent of  air  naturally  passes  through  the  nostrils. 
There  are  only  three,  viz.  m,  n  and  ng,  and  one 
of  these  is  as  purely  nasal  as  is  the  other.  Any  ele- 
ment may  be  made  nasal  by  simply  dropping  the 
soft  palate  and  allowing  it  to  pass  through  the  nos- 
trils. N  and  ng  are  widely  different  sounds.  N 
is  made  with  the  point  of  the  tongue  coining  in  con- 


OUR    DICTIONARIES.  47 

tact  with  the  upper  gum,  the  current  of  air  passing 
through  the  nostrils.  Ng  is  made  with  the  back 
of  the  tongue  coming  in  contact  with  the  soft 
palate,  the  current  of  air  passing  through  the  nos- 
trils. It  should  be  observed  that  the  n,  as  heard 
in  ng,  bears  not  the  slightest  relation  to  the  n 
proper,  but  that  ng  is  a  peculiar  combination  of  its 
own,  and  not  compounded  of  n  and  g,  as  made 
with  the  back  of  the  tongue.  There  is  just  the 
same  difference  between  n  in  no  and  ng  in  sing,  as 
there  is  between  d  in  do  and  g  in  dog.  In  the 
same  note  concerning  n  we  find  "  a  list  of  words 
in  which  n  has  its  mixed  or  ringing  sound."  This 
list  is  only  partial,  consequently  of  little  value ; 
besides,  one  will  naturally  expect  to  find  the  cor- 
rect sound  where  each  word  appears  in  its  proper 
place  in  the  dictionary.  We  give  a  practical  rule* 
wherein  n  loses  its  individual  sound  and  becomes 
ng,  as  in  uncle,  banquet,  tranquil,  conquest,  etc.,  etc. 
Under  this  note  of  n  we  also  read  that  "  it  may  be 
hardly  necessary  to  respell  most  of  the  words  of 
this  class,  tank,  thank,  etc.,  in  order  to  give  their 
pronunciations,  as  in  their  common  orthography 
they  are  naturally  pronounced  correctly,"  etc. 
This  is  the  most  sensible  note  of  all.  "Why  not, 
with  the  same  good  judgment,  assume  that  those 
who  use  the  dictionary  will  use  their  mental  fac- 
ulties in  such  a  way  as  to  render  all  such  notes 
superfluous?  The  words  just  quoted,  in  refer- 

*  See  "  angular  "  in  list  of  words. 


4:8  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

ence  to  which  this  note  speaks,  are  all  included 
in  the  rule  we  have  given  concerning  the  sound 
of  n  becoming  i\g.  We  are  now  brought  to 
confront  another  digraph,  qu.  There  is  not  a 
word  in  the  English  language  where  q  and  n 
are  so  associated  as  to  be  grouped  and  coupled 
under  one  term,  any  more  than  any  other  two 
letters,  where  the  one  immediately  follows  the 
other.  If  qu  in  queen  is  a  digraph,  then  gu  in 
guelfph  is  a  digraph,  and  so  on  with  an  endless  list 
of  combinations.  The  u  is  no  more  united  to  q 
than  to  any  other  element  that  precedes  it.  What 
is  the  relation  existing  between  q  and  u  in  the 
word  mosque  f  The  note  informs  us  that  "  qu  is 
kw"  In  the  word  mosque  the  u  does  not  become 
w.  Again  we  formulate  a  practical  rule,  which 
commends  itself.  If  the  q  is  separated  from  the 
u  in  pronunciation,  as  in  the  word  liquidate,  the 
q  becomes  k,  and  the  u  becomes  w,  but  bearing  no 
relation  whatever  to  each  other.  If  the  q  is  not 
separated  from  the  u  in  pronunciation,  as  in  queen, 
the  q  becomes  k,  and  the  u  becomes  the  breath  of 
w  (wh),  i.  e.  having  no  voice.  This  last  example 
comes  under  our  rule  heretofore  stated,  viz.:  when 
r,  y,  I  and  w  immediately  follow  and  are  in  the 
same  syllable  with  a  non-vocal  consonant  (p,  t,  Tc, 
f  and  s),  they  become  non-voiced.  One  more 
illustration  of  the  q  and  u : 

In  the  word  antique,  the  u  has  no  more  relation 
to  the  q  than   has  the  e-  the  u  is  silent,  and 


OUR   DICTIONARIES.  49 

again  the  q  becomes  Ic.  We  have  cited  the  only 
three  forms  in  which  the  q  and  the  u  appear  to- 
gether, hence  out  of  the  foregoing  illustra- 
tions we  formulate  the  foil  owing,  viz. :  q  is 
always  k,  by  sound,  while  the  u  becomes  w,  or 
breath  of  w,  or  silent.  This  rule  admits  of 
no  exception.  The  word  in  which  the  qu 
occurs  will  plainly  indicate  to  which  class  it 
belongs.  Our  attention  is  called  a  moment  to 
note  eighty-seven,  concerning  r,  though  we  have 
previously  spoken  of  it  in  its  connection  with  the 
vowels.  "Walker  is  good  enough  as  far  as  he  goes, 
but  does  not  go  far  enough  in  merely  designating 
it  as  "  rough  and  smooth  rT  We  think  it  better 
to  make  more  of  a  distinction,  or,  at  least,  be  more 
explicit  in  the  distinction.  What  Walker  terms 
as  "  rough  r  "  is  the  full  consonant  r,  and  will  be 
found  only  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  or  syllable. 
The  "  smooth  r "  is  a  glide  r,  i.e.  gliding  toward 
but  not  completing  the  sound  of  r.  The  word 
roar  furnishes  us  an  example  of  both.  It  begins 
with  the  full  consonant  r,  or  "  rough  r"  and  ends 
with  the  glide  r,  or  "  smooth  r"  Smart  aims  at  the 
key-note  but  does  not  strike  it  fairly  when  he 
states  that  "  r  is  a  consonant  when,  if  it  should 
be  so  circumstanced,  that,  ending  one  syllable  it 
also  begins  the  next,  as  in  arid,  tarry"  etc.  In 
the  examples  given  the  r  does  not  end  the  first 
syllable;  the  vowel  ends  it,  and  consonant  r  begins 
the  next.  We  suggest  another  of  our  rules  to 
4 


50  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

meet  this  case.  When  the  vowel  occurring  in  the 
first  syllable  is  prolonged^  it  is  followed  by  a  glide  r, 
and  the  next  syllable  begins  with  a  consonant  /•/ 
but  if  the  vowel  occurring  in  the  first  syllable  is 
short,  the  glide  r  does  not  occur,  as  the  vowel  ends 
the  syllable.  This  is  well  illustrated  in  the  fol- 
lowing words,  viz.:  merry,  marry,  Mary.  The 
first  two  are  without  the  glide  r,  the  last  one 
receives  it. 

After  a  long  article  on  s  (note  ninety-one)  and  its 
various  combinations,  we  read  :  "  It  is  impossible  to 
give  rules  which  will  enable  one  in  all  cases  to 
determine  how  s  is  to  be  pronounced,"  etc.  "We 
would  stop  right  here  and  ask,  why  occupy  so 
much  space  when  nothing  definite  can  be  accom- 
plished ?  In  the  word  sugar  the  s  takes  the 
sound  of  sh,  but  there  is  no  mark  to  indicate  it, 
neither  is  there  any  required.  It  were,  indeed,  a 
useless  and  an  endless  task  to  give  a  distinct 
mark  to  every  variety  of  sound  into  which  the 
consonants  are  transformed.  If  we  begin  by  say- 
ing that  s  has  sometimes  the  sound  of  sh,  as  in 
sugar  •  zh,  as  in  measure/  sh  as  in  passion  j  zh,  as 
in  vision,  etc.,  etc.,  where  and  when  will  we 
cease  ?  Who  would  be  likely  to  give  these  words 
any  other  sound  ?  There  is,  however,  a  part  of 
the  rule  so  definite  concerning  the  sh  and  zh 
that  we  deem  it  worthy  of  retention.  The  next  to 
which  our  attention  is  especially  called  is  in  note 
ninety-four  concerning  t.  It  states  that  "  t  is  aspi- 


OUR   DICTIONARIES.  51 

rated,"  etc.,  *'.  e.  becomes  sh.  It  were  better  to 
say  that  t  becomes  sh,  and  omit  the  term  "  aspi- 
rated," as  the  general  acceptation  of  that  term  is 
merely  breath,  not  a  complete  change  of  the  con- 
sonant. The  note  in  reference  to  th  is  wholly  un- 
satisfactory as  any  guide  to  pronunciation.  Wh 
has  been  previously  spoken  of  as  the  breath  of  w, 
but  not  hw,  i.  e.  h  and  w,  as  is  often  taught. 
There  is  a  part  of  note  one  hundred  and  one, 
which  may  be  utilized  as  a  rule,  yet  the  note  is 
somewhat  at  fault  concerning  x.  It  is  given 
as  being  ks  and  gz.  We  find  many  words 
in  which  x  is  only  k.  If  x  is  Tcs  in  excel,  what 
becomes  of  the  cf  If  it  were  silent,  it  should 
be  so  marked.  The  fact  is  x  is  k  and  the  c  be- 
comes s.  In  the  word  extricate  the  x  becomes 
ks,  while  in  the  word  examine  the  x  becomes  gz. 
In  glancing  through  the  dictionaries,  many  words 
may  be  found  where  x  is  given  as  the  sound  of 
gz;  but  we  find  it  to  be  g  and  z.  We  cannot  see 
the  consistency  in  dividing  g  and  z  in  exist,  and 
not  in  example.  In  short  we  cannot  see  how  a 
letter  can  be  correctly  given  as  a  combination  of 
two  sounds,  and  then  have  those  sounds  divided. 
Instead  of  adding  to  the  notes  that  "  x  has  also 
the  sound  of  Jcsh"  why  not  say  that  x  is  ks,  ancU1, 
and  gz,  as  the  case  may  be,  and  have  the  sh  placed 
where  it  belongs,  i.  e.  with  the  vowel ;  it  is  so  di  • 
vided  in  the  dictionary,  where  the  definition  is 
given.  The  word  luxury  is  not  pronounced  luksh- 


52  WAKMAN'S  PKACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

ury,  but  luk-shu-ry.  Complexion  is  not  pronounced 
complcksh-un,  but  complek-sliun.  X  having  the 
sound  of  z  should  appear  in  the  table,  and  so 
stated.  In  the  last  note  (one  hundred  and  four) 
we  are  informed  that  "  z  has  the  same  sound  as 
flat  or  soft  s"  Immediately  after  we  are  fur- 
nished a  list  of  words  where  it  has  the  sound  of 
zh.  As  a  note,  this  last  one  will  rank  well  with 
many  of  the  preceding  useless  ones. 

Thus  we  end  the  one  hundred  and  four  notes, 
retaining  only  those  previously  spoken  of,  all  of 
which  might  be  placed  on  one  page  in  the  Un- 
abridged. These  would  become  useful  because 
they  are  practical,  and  thus  singled  out  from  the 
useless  ones  would  be  of  still  greater  value.  In 
order  not  to  change  the  body  of  the  dictionary  we 
would  conform  to  the  present  system  of  marking 
the  consonants ;  but  were  it  changed,  or  a  new  dic- 
tionary to  be  established,  we  would  suggest  a  sys- 
tem that  would  be  much  more  uniform.  Through- 
out the  dictionary  we  would  omit  the  respelling 
of  all  the  words  that  could  be  properly  marked,  or 
else  respell  all  of  them. 

We  will  now  sum  up  the  result  of  our  crit- 
ical examination  of  the  nine  pages  of  tables 
and  notes.  If  the  explanations  given  under 
their  various  headings  are  an  aid  to  pronun- 
ciation, retain  them ;  if  not,  of  what  use  are 
they  ?  "What  intelligence  is  to  be  gained  as  to 
pronunciation  in  the  mere  statement  that  "there 


OUR   DICTIONARIES.  53 

are  as  many  as  seven  pronunciations  given  to 
words  ending  in  ough  "  f  Each  correct  pronun- 
ciation is  found  where  the  definition  is  given. 
What  more  is  essential  unless  a  rule  can  be  given 
us  as  a  guide  ?  "We  have  clearly  shown  that  the 
present  diacritical  system  is  very  faulty.  What  is 
the  meaning  of  the  word  diacritical  f  "  To  dis- 
tinguish by  a  mark."  Then  let  us  distinguish. 
What  is  the  object  of  diacritical  marks?  To 
enable  us  to  distinguish.  Ever  since  the  dictionary 
was  first  published  people  have  been  traveling  in 
the  same  old  beaten  paths,  staring  at  those  dia- 
critical marks  as  at  so  many  ghosts,  and  at  last, 
tread-mill  fashion,  have  brought  up  just  where 
they  started.  A  cloud  has  been  hanging  over  the 
entire  work.  ISTow  and  then  a  single  new  idea 
has  been  advanced,  but  like  some  lone  star  visible 
in  the  edge  of  a  cloud,  its  little  light  shone  so 
faintly  in  contrast  with  the  great  darkness.  The 
cloud  is  still  there  to  the  mass  of  humanity  strug- 
gling for  light  in  this  direction.  At  this  very 
hour,  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of  earnest 
men  and  women  are  watching  with  anxious  eyes 
to  see  that  cloud  disappear,  and  will  bless  as  a 
benefactor  him  who  dispels  it.  The  silver  lining  of 
tli  at  great  dark  cloud  is  already  visible;  the 
entire  cloud  can  be  dispelled,  as  the  means  are  at 
hand.  £AaZ£  it  be  ? 


NOTE.—  Since  writing  the  foregoing  critique  Messrs.  J.  B.'  Lippin- 
cott  &  Co.  have  published  the  WARMAN  SCHOOL  CHARTS,  and  have 
issued  a  set  of  SCHOOL  DICTIONARIES,  known  as  the  WARMAN  SERIES. 


A  WORD  TO  TEACHERS  AND  STUDENTS. 


"When  we  thought  to  revise  the  systems  of  pro- 
nunciation usually  adopted  by  orthoepists,  and  in- 
troduce therein,  for  the  convenience  of  learners, 
our  new  practical  system,  we  were  fully  conscious 
of  the  arduous  task  we  were  about  to  undertake, 
and  that  many  obstacles  would  beset  us  in  our 
pathway. 

"With  all  due  deference  to  the  labor  and 
thoughts  of  those  who  have  preceded  us,  and  to 
those  great  and  grand  monuments  of  their  indus- 
try, the  Unabridged  Dictionaries,  upon  which  so 
many  useful  lives  have  been  spent,  and  whose 
bright  intellects  wrought  many  years  at  the  men- 
tal forge  ere  we  made  our  debut  in  the  busy  whirl 
of  life,  we  took  up  the  pen  where  they  laid  it 
down,  as  others  will  take  it  up  when  we  shall 
have  fulfilled  our  mission,  and  they,  having 
gleaned  from  the  thoughts  that  we  all  shall  have 
left,  will  create  new  images  out  of  the  crumbled 
dust  of  our  old  ones. 

After  nine  years  of  research,  study  and  toil 
we  are  able  to  look  upon  our  efforts  with  most 
gratifying  results,  and  to  present  a  simplified  sys- 
tem for  representing  the  sounds  of  the  letters  of 
the  alphabet,  which  will  be  found  co  be  of  inesti- 

55 


56  WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

mable  value. to  those  desiring  correctness  and  flu- 
ency of  expression.  It  will  enable  teachers  to 
thoroughly  master  phonetics,  and  will  furnish  the 
key  that  will  unlock  the  door  that  has  so  long 
barred  them  from  the  advantages  to  be  gained  by 
a  perfect  acquaintance  with  the  diacritical  marks. 

It  places  in  their  hands  new  and  practical 
tables  for  daily  use  in  the  school-room,  and  will 
furnish  a  fund  of  information  and  useful  exer- 
cises, such  as  can  nowhere  else  be  found. 

Having  introduced  the  new  work  to  your 
worthy  notice,  we  leave  it  in  your  hands,  with  a 
certain  degree  of  confidence  that  it  will  receive 
the  patronage  and  hearty  support  of  earnest,  in- 
telligent and  progressive  people.  In  conclusion, 
we  desire  to  say,  that,  to  many  authors,  to  many 
helpful  friends,  to  hard,  earnest  toil,  to  much  ex- 
perience, and  especially  to  our  friend  and  teacher, 
the  inventor  and  scholar,  Mr.  Alex.  Graham  Bell, 
are  we  indebted  for  light  in  dark  places.  And  to 
Him  who  rules  the  universe,  do  we  most  thank- 
fully and  heartily  acknowledge  our  indebtedness 
for  health,  strength,  and  a  clear  understanding. 

E.  B.  WABMAN. 
CHICAGO,  ILL. 


GENERAL  REFERENCE  TABLE  COMBINING  AND  COMPAR- 
ING ALL  THE  DIACRITICAL  MARKS  OF  WORCESTER 
AND  WEBSTER. THE  OLD  AND  THE  NEW. 

THIRTY-TWO    -f-    THIRTY-ONE   VS.    EIGHTEEN. 


WORCESTER. 

WEBSTER. 

WARMAN. 

E       I 

E       I 

1  or  E  in  Me 

r    Y 

I        Y 

2  or  I  in  Miss 

A 

A       E 

3>  lor  A  in  Mate 

E      A      E 

E      i      A 

4  or  E  in  Met 

A 

A 

5  or  A  in  Mat 

00  U 

u 

00    0      U 
Ot)    0      U 

6  or  00  in  Boon 
7  or  U  in  Bull 

0 

0 

8>  6  or  0  in  Bone 

A       0 

6      A 

9  or  A  in  Ball 

0 

0      A 

10  or  0  in  Box 

E      1        U     Y 

E     i     u 

11  or  TJ  in  Urn 

i 

A 

12  or  A  in  Ask 

A 

tj    6 

A 

u     0 

13  or  A  in  Ah 
14  or  TJ  in  Up 

r    Y 

I       Y 

13  >1  or  I  in  Ice 

ou  6\V 

These  diphthongs  unmarked 

13>6orOuinOur 

01    OY 

These  diphthongs  unmarked 

9>1  or  Oi  in  Oil 

U      EW 

U 

Y+  6  or  U  in  Used 

NOTE.—  It  will  be  observed  that  no  number  is  duplicated.  Not  so 
with  either  the  Worcester  or  Webster  notation.  Each  number  repre- 
sents one  sound  and  only  one.  Each  diacritical  mark  represents  from 
one  to  sir  sounds,  if  placed  over  or  under  a  letter.  Place  a  "  macron," 
"  breve,"  "  caret,"  etc.,  by  themselves,  and  what  do  they  signify  ? 
Nothing.  A  macron  has  as  many  as  five  sounds ;  a  breve  has  as  many 
as  six  sounds ;  a  NUMBER  has  but  ONE  sound. 

57 


VOWELS,  DIPHTHONGAL-VOWELS,   CON- 
SONANTS, ETC. 


VOWELS. 

The  fourteen  vowels  and  four  diphthongal 
vowels,  derive  their  numbers  from  the  positions 
of  the  tongue ;  hence  the  numbers  used  are  neither 
arbitrary  nor  meaningless. 

There  are  five  vowels  made  by  the  front  half 
of  the  tongue,  as  indicated  by  the  little  marks 
drawn  on  the  diagram  accompanying  the  chapter 
on  visible  speech.  These  vowels  are  e,  i,  a,  e,  a, 
as  they  occur  in  the  words  "  me,"  "  miss,"  "  mate," 
"  met,"  "  mat." 

There  are  five  vowels  made  by  the  back  half 
of  the  tongue,  as  indicated  in  the  same  diagram. 
These  vowels  are  oo,  u,  o,  a,  5,  as  they  occur  in 
the  words  "  boon,"  "  bull,"  "  bone,  "  "  ball/'  «  box." 

There  are  two  other  vowels  made  with  the 
back  half  of  the  tongue,  but  are  not  placed  with 
them  in  that  scale,  as  they  would  destroy  the 
uniformity  which  now  exists,  i.  <?.  those  already 
mentioned  as  appearing  in  the  back  half,  are  all 
made  with  tho  lips  round  or  rounded,  while  the 
two  that  are  omitted  —  #,  as  in  "  arm,"  and  u  as  in 
"up" — are  made  with  the  lips  flat.  We  still  have 
t  \vo  vowels  remaining  to  complete  the  list.  These 
vowels  —  u,  as  in  "  urge,"  and  a  as  in  "  ask  " —  are 

58 


VOWELS,    DIPHTHONGS,    ETC.  59 

made  with  the  center  of  the  tongue.  Thus  we 
have  the  fourteen  vowel  sounds,  there  being  none 
other  in  the  English  language  except  the  four 
diphthongal  sounds.  There  is  a  harmony  existing 
betAveen  the  vowels  made  with  the  front  half  of 
the  tongue  and  those  made  with  the  back  half  of 
the  tongue,  viz.: — the  third  sound  a  glides  to- 
ward the  highest  position  in  that  scale,  which  is  e. 
So  the  third  sound  6  glides  toward  the  highest 
position  in  that  scale,  which  is  00.  We  do  not 
teach  either  of  these  as  compound  elements,  else 
we  would  place  them  with  the  diphthongal  sounds. 
The  a  does  not  join  the  e,  but  glides  toward  its 
position  without  completing  it.  In  the  same 
manner,  the  6  does  not  join  the  oo,  but  glides 
toward  its  position  without  completing  it. 

The  most  difficult  vowels  with  which  we  have 
to  contend  are  short  o  and  intermediate  a.  These 
can  be  thoroughly  mastered  by  following  the  in- 
struction as  given  in  the  tables  of  the  dictionary 
to  which  we  referred.  Some  orthoepists  speak  of 
a  in  ask  as  "  short  Italian."  We  cannot  sec  the 
need  of  seeking  any  better  name  than  that  by 
which  it  has  so  long  been  known,  i.e.  intermediate. 
Being  made  with  the  center  of  the  tongue,  it  lies 
between  short  a,  made  by  the  front  half  of  the 
tongue,  and  Italian  a,  made  by  the  back  half  of 
the  tongue,  hence  "  intermediate."  We  call  special 
attention  to  the  vowel  u,  which  we  treat  as  a 
diphthong. 


60  WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

"Wherever  you  find  a  u  with  a  macron  over  it, 
rest  assured  that  it  should  have  the  sound  of  y-j-(5b. 
If  in  pronouncing  the  word  "duty"  you  say 
"  dooty,  then  you  drop  the  y.  If  you  say  "  jobty," 
you  also  drop  y  and  substitute  ^  for  d.  If  you  say 
"deooty,"  you  substitute  e  for  y.  If  you  say 
"dyobty "  you  will  speak  it  correctly,  giving  the 
same  sound  that  you  naturally  give  and  will  readily 
recognize  in  the  word  "  beauty."  By  carefully  re- 
peating, "  bue  —  due,"  "  bue  —  due,"  "  bue  —  due," 
many  times  in  succession  (and  many  times  for 
many  days)  you  will  unconsciously  give  the  cor- 
rect sound  in  all  similar  words  during  your  gen- 
eral conversation. 

If  in  pronouncing  the  word  "literature"  you 
say  "  literachobr,"  you  substitute  ch  for  y.  If  you 
say  "  literatoor  "  you  omit  the  y.  If  you  say  "  lit- 
eratec5or,"  you  substitute  e  for  y.  To  pronounce  it 
correctly  you  must  give  the  breath  of  y,  i.e.  yh, 
just  as  wh  is  the  breath  of  w,  which  is  always 
the  case  when  immediately  preceded  by,  and  in 
the  same  syllable  with,  a  non-vocal  consonant. 
The  correct  pronunciation  is  perfectly  smooth,  and 
unless  the  ear  is  quite  acute  you  will  not  notice 
the  breath  of  y,  yet  you  would  quickly  discern  its 
absence.  The  u  should  be  the  same  as  heard  in 
the  word  pure.  Train  the  organs  for  this  class  of 
words  by  repeating  carefully  in  quick  succession 
the  words,  "  pure-ture,"  "  pure-ture,"  "  pure-ture," 
until  you  can  recognize  the  same  vowel  sound  in 


VOWELS,    DIPHTHONGS,    ETC.  61 

each  word,  just  as  it  occurs  in  the  proper  pro- 
nunciation of  the  words  impure  literature. 

If  when  you  speak  the  word  educator^  you  say 
ed-joo-ca-tor,  you  substitute  j  for  y.  The  word 
should  be  spoken  as  should  the  words  did  you 
cater,  i.e.  ed  u  cator  and  did  you  cater,  not  ed 
joo  cator  and  did  joo  cater. 

To  overcome  the  difficulty  arising  in  this  and 
similar  words,  repeat  the  words,  "would  you," 
"  could  you,"  "  did  you," — not  "would  joo,"  "could 
joo,"  "did  joo"-— until  you  entirely  eliminate  the  j. 

If,  when  speaking  the  word  situation,  you  say 
sit-choo-ation,  you  substitute  oh  for  y.  The  vowel 
u  in  this  word  should  be  spoken  just  the  same  as 
the  word  you  in  the  following  sentence:  Sit 
you  there.  You  should  not  say  Sit  choo  there 
nor  sit-choo-ation,  but  Sit  you  there  and  "sit-u- 
ation."  We  suggest,  as  an  exercise  to  train  the 
organs  to  speak  fluently  this  class  of  words, 
that  you  carefully  repeat  won't  you,  can't  you, 
don't  you"  and  continue  in  this  practice  till  you 
avoid  saying  won't  choo,  can't  choo,  don't  choo.  By 
careful  practice  on  the  four  styles  of  errors,  as 
they  appear  in  du  and  tu,  there  will  be  no  diffi- 
culty in  the  remaining  combinations,  lu,  nu  and 
su.  We  will  give  a  sentence  including  all  the 
combinations,  which  should  be  read  without  jew- 

NOTE.— We  give,  herewith,  an  outline  of  our  work  as  spoken  of 
in  our  Critique.  Those  who  require  a  complete  analysis  thereof,  to- 
gether with  explicit  instructions  for  teaching  the  same,  will  find  it  in 
the  WORCESTER'S  SCHOOL  DICTIONARY  — Warman  Series. 


62  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

ing,  chewing,  tooting,  or  even  without  use  of  noose 
or  soot : 

A  TEST  FOR  PRONUNCIATION  OF  LONG  U. 

The  newspaper  said  the  lunatic  was  well  suited 
with  his  situation,  and  congratulated  himself  on 
being  so  highly  educated  as  to  constitute  one  of  a 
number  who  were  favored  with  such  beautiful 
furniture,  handsome  statues,  and  such  pure  litera- 
ture as  the  Century, 

Let  us  again  impress  you  with  the  thought  that 
long  u  is  y  and  oo,  and  in  no  case  should  the 
y  be  dropped  or  any  other  element  substituted 
for  it.  If  the  syllable  containing  the  u  is  ac- 
cented, it  should  be  spoken  quite  clearly,  other- 
wise slightly  obscured.  The  pronunciation  here 
spoken  of  need  not  in  the  least  smack  of  ped- 
antry. True,  it  will  invite  attention  to  the  result 
as  in  marked  contrast  with  even  many  of  our 
"  well-bred  and  literary  men,"  but  the  attention 
should  never  be  invited  to  the  mechanism. 

DIPHTHONGAL  VOWELS. 

As  we  state  in  our  Critique,  there  are  only  four 
"  proper  diphthongs,"  viz.: 

I.     OU  or  OW.     OI  or  OY.     U. 

There  are  no  wwproper  diphthongs.  It  is  im- 
proper to  say  that  any  others  exist.  Neither  are 
there  any  triphthongs,  proper  or  improper.  All 
other  combinations  than  the  four  mentioned  are 


VOWELS,  DIPHTHONGS,  ETC.  63 

either  digraphs  or  trigraphs.  Diphthong  and 
triphthong  imply  sound.  The  terms  are  indis- 
criminately used.  The  four  diphthongs  noted  by 
us  are  unlike  the  vowels  a  and  o,  with  which  two  of 
the  diphthongs,  I  and  u,  are  often  classed.  A  and 
o  each  begins  with  its  naine  sound.  Xot  so  with 
the  diphthongs.  I  has  for  its  initial  sound  Italian 
a,  and  vanishes  toward  long  e  ;  ou  or  ow  also  has 
the  initial  sound  of  Italian  #,  but  vanishes  toward 
oo ;  oi  or  oy  has  broad  a  for  its  initial  sound,  and 
vanishes  toward  long  e.  U  is  composed  of  a  con- 
sonant and  a  vowel,  and  unlike  the  others,  its 
greatest  force  is  on  the  last  element,  y  +  oo. 

DIGRAPHS. 

In  our  Critique  we  fully  express  ourselves  con- 
cerning this  term,  given  to  a  combination  of  letters 
which  are  represented  by  one  sound.  It  is  prop- 
erly treated  by  us  by  placing  it  where  it  properly 
belongs,  i.  e.  in  the  consonant  table,  where  every 
consonantal  digraph  is  represented  by  one  conso- 
nant, as  "every  improper  diphthong"  is  repre 
sented  by  one  vowel. 

CONSONANTS. 

There  are  twenty-five  consonants.  These  re- 
quire but  four  shut  positions.  Seven  of  them  are 
made  with  the  lips,  thirteen  with  the  point  of  the 
tongue,  two  with  the  center  of  the  tongue  and 
three  with  the  back  of  the  tongue.  The  entire 
twenty-five  may  be  made  with  only  eleven  adjust- 


64  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

ments.  The  consonants  require  more  study  and 
are  more  essential  toward  acquiring  correctness  in 
pronunciation  and  fluency  of  expression  than  are 
the  vowels.  The  articulation  depends  wholly 
upon  the  consonants.  If  the  public  reader  or  the 
actor  were  as  deficient  in  his  articulation  as  is  the 
public  singer,  he  would  not  be  tolerated  even  for 
one  evening.  There  is  as  much  need  for  a  libretto 
to  interpret  the  English  tongue  as  for  the  interpre- 
tation of  a  foreign  tongue.  There  should  be  no 
distinction  in  this  regard  between  the  lyric  and 
the  dramatic  stage.  As  we  give  an  outline  of  the 
visible  speech  vowel  table,  so  we  will  give  a  simi- 
lar outline  of  the  visible  speech  consonant  table. 


OKTHOEPICAL  HINTS. 


What  is  Orthoepy  ? 

What  is  Articulation  ? 

What  is  Enunciation  ? 

What  is  Pronunciation  ? 

Time  and  again  have  we  propounded  the  fore- 
going questions  at  many  of  our  State,  County  and 
Normal  Institutes.  We  have  yet  to  receive  a 
correct  answer  to  them  all.  The  terms  are  used 
indiscriminately.  Seldom  do  we  hear  an  answer 
to  articulation  that  does  not  include  the  words 
"distinct  utterance."  We  utter  vowels.  We 
articulate  consonants.  One  may  articulate  very 
indistinctly.  Enunciation  is  generally  given  as 
"a, pleasing  utterance."  We  may  enunciate  in  a 
very  unpleasant  manner.  Pronunciation  is  quite 
as  frequently  given  as  "  correct  utterance."  We 
may  articulate  distinctly,  enunciate  pleasantly, 
yet  pronounce  incorrectly.  The  best  definition 
we  have  ever  seen  or  heard  of  articulation  is  given 
in  Worcester's  Unabridged,  u  an  appulse,  or  close 
contact  of  two  organs  of  speech  represented  by  a 
consonant." 

From  our  experience  of  many  years  as  an  or- 
thoepist,  we  formulate  the  following  definitions : 
ARTICULATION    is  the  function  of  the  organs  of 
speech  in  the  formation  of  a  con- 
sonant. 
5  65 


66  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

ENUNCIATION      is  the  audible  result  in  the  produc- 
tion of  a  vowel. 

PRONUNCIATION  is  the  utterance  of  a  word ;   the 
combined  act  of  articulation  and 
enunciation. 
ORTHOEPY  treats  of  correct  pronunciation,  i.e. 

how  the  word  should  be  spoken. 
We  articulate  consonants. 
We  enunciate  vowels. 
We  pronounce  words. 
We  express  thoughts. 
The  consonants  are  the  bones. 
The  vowels  are  the  flesh  and  blood. 
The  word  is  the  body. 

Breathe  into  it  your  spirit  and  it  "  becomes  a 
living  soul." 

What  the  skeleton  is  to  the  body,  the  consonant 
is  to  the  word.  As  Richard  Grant  White  ex- 
presses it,  "  Bone  the  words." 

Illustration  of  the  value  of  consonants.  Some 
geologists,  on  an  exploring  expedition,  found  in 
the  rocks  the  Prince  of  Wales  (prints  of  whales) . 
They  must  have  excavated  him  and  placed  him 
upon  a  throne. 

f  have  a  shut  position. 
Consonants  •<  are  non-syllabic. 
(  are  obstructive. 
(  have  an  open  position. 
Vowels  •<  are  syllabic. 

( are  non-obstructive. 


OETHOEPICAL   HINTS.  67 

There  are  some  consonants,  however,  that  serve 
in  the  place  of  vowels,  and  in  this  way  become 
syllabic,  *.  e.  when  they  form  the  only  sound  given 
to  the  syllable. 

Examples.  Eaten — final  e  being  silent,  the  n 
takes  the  place  of  a  vowel 
and  becomes  a  syllable. 
Battle  —  the  e  being  silent,  the  1 
takes  the  place  of  a  vowel 
and  becomes  a  syllable. 

If  you  desire  good  articulation,  enunciation, 
and  pronunciation,  give  to  every  element  its  due 
quantity  and  quality. 


PKACTICAL  LESSONS  IN  ORTHOEPY. 


TEST  No.  1. 

Geoffrey,  surnamed  Winthrop,  sat  in  the  depot 
at  Chicago  waiting  for  his  train,  and  reading  the 
Tribune,  when  a  squadron  of  street  arabs  (incom- 
parable for  squalor)  thronged  from  a  neighboring 
alley,  uttering  hideous  cries,  accompanied  by 
inimitable  gestures  of  heinous  exultation,  as  they 
tortured  a  humble  black-and-tan  dog. 

"  You  little  blackguards  ? "  cried  Winthrop,  step- 
ping outside  and  confronting  them,  adding  the 
inquiry,  "  Whose  dog  is  that  ? " 

"  That  audacious  Caucasian  has  the  bravado  to 
interfere  with  our  clique,"  tauntingly  shrieked 
the  indisputable  little  ruffian,  exhibiting  combat- 
iveness. 

"What  will  you  take  for  him?"  asked  the  len- 
ient Geoffrey,  ignoring  the  venial  tirade. 

"  Twenty-seven  cents,"  piquantly  answered  the 
ribald  urchin,  grabbing  the  crouching  dog  by  the 
nape. 

"  You  can  buy  licorice  and  share  with  the  in- 
decorous coadjutors  of  your  condemnable  cru- 
elty," said  Winthrop,  paying  the  price  and  taking 
the  dog  from  the  child.  Then  catching  up  his 
valise  and  umbrella  he  hastened  to  his  train. 
Winthrop  satisfied  himself  that  his  sleek  protege 

63 


PRACTICAL    LESSONS    IN    OKTHOEPY.  69 

was  not  wounded,  and  then  cleaned  the  cement 
from  the  pretty  collar  and  read  these  words : 

"Leicester,  Licensed,  No.  1880." 

Hearing  the  pronunciation  of  his  name,  the 
docile  canine  expressed  gratitude  and  pleasure, 
and  then  sank  exhausted  at  his  new  patron's  feet 
and  slept. 

Among  the  other  passengers  was  a  magazine 
contributor,  writing  vagaries  of  Indian  literature ; 
also,  two  physicians,  a  somber,  irrevocable,  irre- 
fragable allopathist,  and  a  genial  homeopathist, 
who  made  a  specialty  of  bronchitis.  Two  per- 
emptory attorneys  from  the  legislature  of  Iowa 
were  discussing  the  politics  of  the  epoch  and  the 
details  of  national  finance,  while  a  wan,  dolorous 
person  wearing  concave  glasses  alternately  ate 
troches  and  almonds  for  a  sedative,  and  sought 
condolence  in  a  high,  lamentable  treble  from  a 
lethargic  and  somewhat  deaf  and  enervate  com- 
rade not  yet  acclimated.  Near  three  exemplary 
brethren  (probably  sinecurists)  sat  a  group  of 
humorous  youths ;  and  a  jocose  sailor,  lately  from 
Asia,  in  a  blouse  waist  and  tarpaulin  hat,  was 
amusing  his  patriotic  juvenile  listeners  by  relating 
a  series  of  the  most  extraordinary  legends  extant, 
suggested  by  the  contents  of  his  knapsack,  which 
he  was  calmly  and  leisurely  arranging  in  a 
pyramidal  form  on  a  three-legged  stool.  Above 
swung  figured  placards  with  museum  and  lyceum 
advertisements,  too  verbose  to  be  misconstrued. 


70  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

A  mature  matron  of  medium  height  and  her 
comely  daughter  soon  entered  the  car  and  took 
seats  in  front  of  Winthrop  (who  recalled  having 
seen  them  on  Tuesday  in  February,  in  the  par- 
quet of  a  theater).  The  young  lady  had  recently 
made  her  debut  into  society  at  a  musical  soiree 
at  her  aunt's.  She  had  an  exquisite  bouquet  of 
flowers  that  exhaled  sweet  perfume.  She  said  to 
her  parent,  "  Mamma,  shall  we  ever  find  my  lost 
Leicester  ? " 

Geoffrey  immediately  addressed  her,  saying,  as 
he  presented  his  card  : 

"  Pardon  my  apparent  intrusiveness,  but  prithee 
have  you  lost  a  pet  dog  ? " 

The  explanation  that  he  had  been  stolen  was 
scarcely  necessary,  for  Leicester  on  awakening 
vehemently  expressed  his  inexplicable  joy  by 
buoyantly  vibrating  between  the  two  like  the 
sounding  lever  used  in  telegraphy  (for  to  neither 
of  them  would  he  show  partiality)  till,  succumbing 
to  ennui,  he  purported  to  take  a  recess,  and  sat  on 
his  haunches,  complaisantly  contemplating  his 
friends.  It  was  truly  an  interesting  picture. 

They  reached  their  destination  ere  the  sun  was 
beneath  the  horizon.  Often  during  the  summer 
Winthrop  gallantly  rowed  from  the  quay  with 
the  naive  and  blithe  Beatrice  in  her  jaunty  yacht- 
ing suit;  but  no  coquetry  shone  from  the  depths 
of  her  azure  eyes.  Little  Less,  their  jocund  confi- 
dante and  courier  (and  who  was  as  sagacious  as  a 


PRACTICAL  LESSONS  IN  ORTHOEPY.  71 

spaniel)  always  attended  them  on  these  occasions, 
and  whenever  they  rambled  through  the  wood- 
land paths.  While  the  band  played  strains  from 
Beethoven,  Mendelssohn,  Bach  and  others,  they 
promenaded  the  long  corridors  of  the  hotel.  And 
one  evening,  as  Beatrice  lighted  the  gas  by  the 
etagere  in  her  charming  boudoir  in  their  suite  of 
rooms,  there  glistened  brilliantly  a  valuable  soli- 
taire diamond  on  her  finger. 

Let  us  look  into  the  future  for  the  sequel  to  per- 
fect this  romance,  and  round  a  cheerful  hearth  we 
again  see  Geoffrey  and  Beatrice,  who  are  paying 
due  homage  to  their  tiny  friend  Leicester. 

TEST  No.  2. 

"The  menagerie  opened  with  music  from  the 
calliope.  Two  Bedouin  Arabs,  a  picture  of  Belial 
by  Angelo,anda  tiny  chameleon,  were  first  exhib- 
ited. My  faithful  coadjutor,  a  great  connoisseur, 
stood  for  some  time  wrapt  in  the  empyrean  beauty 
of  Angelo's  brush.  Next,  we  saw  a  man  with 
swollen  jugulars  suffering  from  asthma  and  bron- 
chitis, who  lived  mostly  on  morphine  and  cayenne 
pepper,  which  seemed  a  great  luxury  to  him.  In 
the  afternoon  we  attended  a  matinee.  The  hero, 
full  of  the  vagaries  of  youth,  being  financially  em- 
barrassed, took  for  his  ally  a  docile  young  lady, 
whose  white  garments  clung  to  her  person  like 
cerement ;  they  were  married  with  the  customary 
eclat  of  the  country.  Even  the  great  viscount 


72  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

was  present,  in  his  gray  surtout.  Everything 
sacrificable  was  provided  for  the  occasion  and 
burned  on  the  hymeneal  altar,  making  it  the  great- 
est fete  of  the  season.  The  marriage  certificate 
was  in  the  most  unexceptionable  caligraphy  ex- 
tant. The  second  act  was  a  duel  scene :  the  com- 
batants, so  well  matched,  fought  for  hours,  when 
a  powerful  blow  in  the  abdomen  of  his  adversary 
left  the  hero  victor;  surely  such  extraordinary 
chastisement  was  wrong,  there  being  no  provoca- 
tion. In  an  isolated  corner  of  the  stage,  among 
the  general  debris,  we  noticed  a  pyramidal  heap 
of  cannon  balls.  The  death  of  the  wounded  duel- 
ist has  since  been  announced  ;  the  victor  not  only 
assisted  at  the  obsequies,  but  ornamented  the  grave 
of  his  victim  with  a  beautiful  fuchsia." 

TEST  No.  3. 

The  cement  failed  to  cement  the  apparatus,  but 
the  damage  is  still  reparable. 

The  allopathist  in  full  dress,  riding  in  his  car- 
riage, was  awarded  precedence  over  the  hydrop- 
athist,  who,  dressed  in  a  blue  blouse,  was  com- 
pelled to  walk. 

The  truths  of  science,  like  all  other  truths,  are 
indisputable. 

The  youths  of  the  village  propose  to  get  up  an 
excursion  to  the  woods,  and  then  go  into  camp, 
with  one  of  their  number  as  commandant. 


PRACTICAL    LESSONS    IX    ORTHO*EPY.  73 

The  contestants  showed  their  usual  combative- 
ness,  engaging  in  unseemly  altercations. 

The  literati  seem  to  be  long-lived  and  to  enjoy 
themselves  the  live-long  day,  but  have  no  sympa- 
thy with  the  blustering  bravo  who  is  continually 
brawling  out  bravo. 

o 

It  was  a  scene  worth  being  seen,  to  see  the  boys 
catching  fish  with  their  seine. 

A  laundry  has  been  started  by  a  man  of  cleanly 
habit,  who  may  be  expected  to  do  cleanly  what- 
ever he  does.  It  is  strange  he  should  permit  his 
family  to  live  in  squalor. 

Some  who  think  themselves  orthoepists  deem  it 
obligatory  on  them  to  indulge  in  labored  pronun- 
ciation. 

This  statement  of  the  equation  won't  satisfy 
the  conditions. 

TEST  No.  4. 

A  sacrilegious  son  of  Belial  who  had  suffered 
from  bronchitis,  having  exhausted  his  finances, 
resolved,  in  order  to  make  good  the  deficit,  to 
ally  himself  to  a  comely,  lenient  and  docile  young 
lady  of  the  Malay  or  Caucasian  race.  He  accord- 
ingly purchased  a  calliope  and  a  coral  necklace  of 
a  chameleon  hue,  and  having  engaged  a  suite  of 
rooms  at  a  leading  hotel  near  the  depot,  he  se- 
cured the  head  waiter  as  his  coadjutor.  He  then 
dispatched  a  letter  of  the  most  unexceptionable 
caligraphy  extant,  inviting  her  to  attend  a  mati- 


74:  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

nee.  She  revolted  at  the  idea,  refused  to  consider 
herself  sacrifi cable  to  his  designs,  and  sent  a  polite 
note  of  refusal,  on  receiving  which  he  said  that  he 
would  not  now  forge  letters  hymeneal  with  the 
queen.  He  then  procured  a  carbine  and  a  bowie 
knife,  went  to  an  isolated  spot  behind  the  abode 
of  squalor,  severed  his  jugular  vein,  and  discharged 
the  contents  of  the  carbine  into  his  abdomen. 

The  debris  was  reviewed  by  the  coroner,  who, 
from  leading  a  life  of  belles-lettres  and  literature, 
had  become  the  sergeant-at-arms  in  the  legislature 
of  Arkansas. 

The  following  tests  were  prepared  by  Rev.  Her- 
rick  Johnson,  D.D.: 

A   PRONUNCIATION    PUZZLE. 

An  old  dominie  spied,  across  a  bayou,  a  tortoise 
fetid  with  slime.  With  buoyant  spirit  he  forth- 
with began  to  harass  and  exacerbate  the  con- 
course assembled  to  hear  his  tirade  against  shell- 
fish. Whether  for  his  own  delectation  or  for  the 
molestation  of  others,  a  harlequin  and  conjuror 
near  by^attempted  a  series  of  tricks,  to  the  utter 
detestation  of  the  dominie.  Repeating  a  hemi- 
stich, which  he  read  from  a  palimpsest,  he  began 
to  construe  it  like  an  imbecile,  though  he  wore  a 
tiara  of  diamonds  and  onyx  and  the  sobriquet  of 
a  philosopher.  He  went  into  details.  He  did 
not  desire  or  design  to  desert  his  purpose  to  des- 


PRACTICAL    LESSONS   IN    ORTHOEPY.  75 

ignate  who  shall  desist  from  magic,  which  has 
now  gone  into  desuetude.  But  in  a  kind  of  per- 
emptory, though  dolorous,  way,  he  ordered  every- 
thing concave  changed  to  convex,  denied  that  a 
psalmist  is  a  conservator  of  psalmody,  declared  a 
viscount  equal  to  a  marquess,  said  there  was  more 
bombast  than  bomb  in  this  talk  about  dynamite, 
and  claimed,  as  a  pharmaceutist,  that  he  could 
cure  asthma  with  thyme. 

AN   AREA   FOR   PRONOUNCING    EXPLOITS. 

No  tenet  of  diocesan  bishop  in  his  sacristy 
would  suffice  to  demonstrate  that  truths,  and 
oaths,  and  cloths,  and  moths,  and  myths,  and 
wreaths,  were  alike  worthy  of  presentation  in  the 
abode  of  squalor.  With  a  misanthrope  this  would 
be  nauseous  to  the  point  of  nausea ;  and  no  pro- 
test of  exquisite,  comely  and  decorous  discourse, 
in  its  progress  and  process,  could  be  an  offset  to 
the  sombre  contents  of  this  obligatory,  yet  sacri- 
legious, vagary  of  sacerdotal  celibacy.  Inquiry 
would  show  that  amid  the  chameleon  hues  of 
prophecy  there  is  no  presage  or  placard  in  Isaiah, 
Daniel  or  Habakkuk,  in  booth  of  wandering 
Israel  or  temple  alcove,  pointing  to  this  usage  as 
a  prelude  precedent  to  Christianity. 

A    LESSON   IN   ORTHOEPY. 

He  who  finds  leisure  to  examine  this  example 
in  pronunciation  will  not  disrelish  the  task,  though 
it  lasts  from  Ash  Wednesday  to  Whitsunday ;  nor 


76  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

will  he  indulge  in  languor  or  grimace,  unless  he 
exhaust  himself  and  become  enervated  with  sub- 
tile distinctions,  or  burst  his  nephew's  jugular 
vein  with  piquant  and  jocund  raillery.  He  then 
would  be  either  a  comrade,  a  coadjutor,  or  an  ac- 
cessory in  the  heinous  crime ;  and  he  would  dis- 
cern to  his  dismay,  that  he  could  neither  disarm, 
discourage,  dislodge  nor  disband  the  sergeant's 
force  sent  to  isolate  him  in  gaol,  and  place  him  at 
last  beneath  the  gallows.  Whatever  deficit  of 
irony  there  is  in  this  suggestion  is  neither  refer- 
able nor  inferable. 

A   CRUCIAL   TEST    FOR   ORTHOEP1STS. 

The  best  cement  extant  often  fails.  How  can 
you  unite  telegraphy  and  hydropathy,  or  gunwale 
and  granary,  or  bellows  and  finance  ?  A  courtesy 
may  go  with  a  quadrille,  but  not  duty  with  dyna- 
mite. However  humble  the  homage  you  pay  to 
the  warrior,  the  commandant,  the  poetaster,  the 
Epicurean  or  the  pedant,  to  Caucasian  or  Malay ; 
whatever  the  apparatus  of  sacrifice  wherewith 
you  sacrifice  to  them ;  however  exemplary  and 
docile  the  approach,  the  result  will  give  rise  not 
to  thoughts  hymeneal,  but  to  thoughts  of  Belial. 
You  may  exhort  to  lenient  judgment,  but  tiny 
discrepancy  will  be  no  name  for  the  difference 
between  them.  Nothing  sacrificable  will  meet 
this  need.  The  warrior  will  remain  immobile,  the 
commandant  crustaceous,  the  poetaster  scalloped, 


PRACTICAL    LESSONS   IN    ORTHOEPY.  T< 

the  pedant  glacial,  though  not  a  real  glacier,  and 
the  Epicurean  splenetic  and  a  victim  of  sloth.  To 
cement  these,  to  make  them  allies  in  common 
paths,  is  impossible.  You  might  as  well  hough 
horses  Avith  a  stereoscope,  or  cure  an  invalid  with 
chamomile  and  quinine,  or  locate  bronchitis  in  the 
abdomen,  or  call  a  gladiolus  a  calliope,  or  the 
number  five  at  dice  sice,  or  confound  Bethany 
with  Bethpage,  or  bedizen  an  ancient  mamma, 
parent  of  the  past,  witli  withes  from  the  Philis- 
tines and  a  chrysoprase  from  Colosse,  or  with 
pomegranates  and  a  queue. 


ORTHOEPICAL  NUTS  TO  CRACK. 


What  is  the  difference  between  a  bell  fast  in 
Chicago,  a  Belfast  in  Maine,  or  a  Belfast  in  Ire- 
land? 

If  a  man  in  court,  or  at  time  of  courting,  were 
to  make  a  courtesy,  for  the  sake  of  courtesy,  would 
he  be  so  courteous  as  to  be  called  a  courtier  f 

If  a  cow  sticks  in  the  mud,  or  a  coo  sticks  in  the 
throat  of  a  dove,  it  would  be  correct  to  say  a  cow 
sticks,  or  a  coo  sticks,  but  not  so  when  speaking  of 
the  acoustics  of  a  room. 

If  there  were  a  deficit  with  a  deaf -man.,  should  he 
defer  with  deference  to  a  deafer  one,  or  to  a  de- 
ferrer  ? 

If  a  student  is  elated  because  he  is  so  late,  and 
exclaims:  "Isolate!"  should  he,  therefore,  iso- 
late himself  ? 

If  I  refer  to  a  transfer,  am  I  to  infer  that  it  is 
referable,  or  transferable,  or  inferable  f 

Would  you  tell  a  graphist  that  a  telegraphist 
cannot  tell  a  graphic  description  by  telegraphy  ? 

Will  a  low  me-ni-al  or  a  high,  rne-ni-al  have  the 
better  hymeneal  prospects  ? 

If  I  orate  till  I  become  an  orator^  I  may  be 
famous  for  my  oratory.  Or  a  Tory,  knowing 
nothing  of  oratory,  may  become  famous  in  history 
when  his  story  is  related. 

78 


ORTHOEPICAL  NUTS  TO  CEACK.  79" 

If  a  man  is  known  by  the  path  he  chooses,  the 
result  is,  he  will  manifest  his  homeopathic  princi- 
ples by  choosing  a  homeopathist  instead  of  an 
allopathist;  or  his  prejudice  may  be  so  strong 
against  homeopathy  and  allopathy  that  he  will 
show  his  preference  for  hydropathy  by  using 
hydropathic  remedies. 

It  was  not  Anna's  forte  to  play  the  piano-forte, 
for  she  said  that  the  strains  of  Bach,  the  com- 
poser, did  not  harmonize  with  the  strains  of  a 
hack  that  did  not  compose  her. 

Sitting  near  the  alley,  on  the  hank  wet,  he  talked 
to  his  ally  of  the  hanquet,  telling  him  that  he 
should  have  been  more  chary  when  he  was  so 
cheery,  and  not  taken  that  c/Wry-cobbler. 

Yery  conservative  was  the  conservator  with  the 
curator  as  they  went  up  the  elevator,  and  heard 
the  irrefragable  statements  concerning  the  incom- 
parable and  irreparable  loss  caused  by  the  oleo- 
margarine. 

Would  a  sane  man  be  sanable  if  he  were  seen 
using  a  seine  in  the  river  Seine  f 

Though  I  have  seen  your  pleasant  home, 
Seignior,  and  have  seen  you  real  happy,  yet  these 
lands  are  not  seigneurial. 


ACCENT. 


From  Worcester's  Unabridged. 

The  following  dissyllables,  when  used  as  nouns 
or  adjectives,  have  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable, 
and  when  used  as  verbs,  on  the  second  : 

Nouns 
or  adjectives. 

Ab'ject 
Ab'sent 

Verbs. 

Ab-ject' 
Ab-sent' 

Nouns 
or  adjectives. 

Con'sort 
Con'test 

Verbs. 

Con-sort' 
Con-test' 

Ab'stract 

Ab-stract' 

Con'tract 

Con-tract' 

Ac'cent 

Ac-cent' 

Con'trast 

Con-trast' 

Affix 

Af-fix' 

Con'vent 

Con-vent' 

Aug'ment 
Bom'bard 

Aug-ment' 
Bom-bard' 

Con'verse 
Con'vert 

Con-verse' 
Con-vert' 

Cem'ent 

Ce-ment' 

Con'vict 

Con-vict' 

Ccl'league 
Collect 

Col-league' 
Col-lect' 

Con'voy 
Des'ert 

Con-voy' 
De-serf 

Com'pact 
Com'plot 
Com'pound 
Com'press 
Con'cert 
Con'crete 
Con'duct 

Com  -pact' 
Corn-plot' 
Corn-pound' 
Corn-press' 
Con-cert' 
Con-crete' 
Con-duct' 

Des'cant 
Di'gest 
Dis'count 
Es'cort 
Es'say 
Ex'port 
Ex'tract 

Des-cant' 
Di-gest' 
Dis-count' 
Es-cort' 
Es-say' 
Ex-port' 
Ex-tract' 

Connect 

Con-feet' 

Ex'ile 

Ex-ile' 

Con'fine 

Con-fine' 

Fer'inent 

Fer-ment' 

Con'flict 

Con-flict' 

Fore'cast 

Fore-cast' 

Con'serve 

Con-serve' 

Fore'taste 

Fore  -taste' 

80 


ACCENT. 


81 


Nouns 
or  adjectives. 

Verbs. 

Nouns 
or  adjectives. 

Verbs. 

Fre'quent 
Im'port 
Im'press 
In'cense 

Fre-quent' 
Im-port' 
Im-press' 
Iu-cense' 

Prod'uce 
Proj'ect 
Prog'ress 
Pro'test 

Pro-duce' 
Pro-ject' 
Pro-gress' 
Pro-test' 

In'crease 

In-crease' 

Keb'el 

Ee-bel' 

In'lay 
In'sult 

In-lay' 
In-sult' 

Rec'ord 
Eef'use 

Ee-cord' 
Ee-fuse' 

Ob'ject 
Out'law 
Per'fume 

Ob-ject' 
Out-law' 
Per-fume' 

Re'tail 
Sub'ject 
Suffix 

Ee-tail' 
Sub-ject' 
Suf-fix' 

Per'mit 
Per'vert 

Per-mit' 
Per-vert' 

Sur'vey 
Tor'ment 

Sur-vey' 
Tor-ment' 

Pre'fix 
Prel'ude 

Pre-fix' 
Pre-lude' 

Traj'ect 
Trans'fer 

Tra-ject' 
Trans-fer' 

Prem'ise 
Pres'age' 
Pres'ent 

Pre-mise' 
Pre-sage' 
Pre-sent' 

Trans'port 
Un'dress 
Up'start 

Trans-port' 
Un-dress' 
Tip-start' 

Of  the  words  in  the  preceding  table  cement, 
complot,  essay,  increase,  perfume,  permit,  retail,  sur- 
vey and  undress,  when  used  as  nouns  are  often 
pronounced  with  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable. 
The  words  consult,  contents  and  detail,  as  nouns, 
are  often  pronounced  in  accordance  with  this 
analogy,  with  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable. 

The  following  trisyllables,  and  a  few  others, 
when  nouns,  are  accented  on  the  first  syllable,  and 
when  verbs,  on  the  third : — 


82  WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Nouns.  Verbs. 

Coun'ter-charge  Countercharge' 

Coun'ter-charm  Countercharm' 

Coun'ter-check  Countercheck' 

Coun'ter-mand  Countermand' 

Coun'ter-march  Countermarch' 

Coun'ter-mine  Countermine' 

Coun'ter-plot  Counterplot' 

Coun'ter-poise  Counterpoise' 

Coun'ter-sign  Countersign' 

Coun'ter-vail  Countervail' 

In'ter-change  Interchange' 

In'ter-dict  Interdict' 

O'ver-charge  Overcharge' 

O'ver-flow  Overflow' 

O'ver-match  Overmatch' 

O'ver-throw  Overthrow' 

O'ver-turn  Overturn'  * 

Rep'ri-mand  Reprimand' 

A  similar  analogy  has  influence  in  changing 
the  accent  of  many  other  words  which  are  used 
as  verbs  and  also  as  nouns  or  adjectives.  Thus 
counterbalance  and  overbalance,  when  nouns,  have 
the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  and  when  verbs, 
on  the  third :  attribute  as  a  noun  is  accented  on 
the  first  syllable,  and  as  a  verb  on  the  second ; 
and  misconduct  as  a  noun  is  accented  on  the  sec- 
ond syllable,  and  as  a  verb  on  the  third.  A  class 
of  words  with  the  termination  ate,  have  the  dis- 
tinct sound  of  long  a  when  used  as  verbs,  and  the 
indistinct  or  obscure  sound  of  a  when  used  as 


ACCENT.  83 

nouns  or  adjectives  ;  of  this  class  are  deliberate,  in- 
timate, mediate,  moderate,  etc. 

The  words  interest  and  compliment,  when  used 
as  verbs,  are  pronounced  with  a  more  distinct 
sound  of  short  e  in  the  last  syllable,  .than  when 
used  as  nouns.  The  verb  prophesy  has  the  full 
sound  of  long  y;  and  the  noun  prophecy  the  ob- 
scure sound  of  y  or  e.  So  the  whole  class  of 
verbs  ending  in  fy  are  pronounced  with  the  dis- 
tinct sound  of  long  y. 

The  pronunciation  of  the  following  words  when 
used  as  nouns  or  adjectives,  is  different  from  what 
it  is  when  used  as  verbs : 


Nouns  or  adj. 

Verbs. 

Nouns  or  adj. 

Verbs. 

Abuse 

Abu§e 

Grease 

Grea§e 

Advice 

Advi§e 

House 

Hou§e 

Close 

Clo§e 

Mouse 

Mouge 

Device 

Device 

Prophecy 

Prophesy 

Diffuse 

Diffuse 

Rise 

Ri§e 

Excuse 

Excuge 

Use 

Use 

The  following  words  when  used  as  nouns  nave 
an  accent  different  from  their  accent  as  adiec- 
tives : 


Nouns.  Adjectives. 

Au'gust         August' 
Champaign'  Cham'paign 
Com'pact       Compact' 
Ex'ile  Exile' 


Nouns.  Adjectives. 

Gallant'  Gallant 

In'stinct  Instinct' 

Min'ute  Minute' 

Su'pine  Supine' 


There  is  a  class  of  words  ending  in  or,  when 


84:  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

used  in  law  language,  in  connection  with  their 
correlative  terras,  have  the  accent  on  the  last  syl- 
lable. The  following  words  with  their  correla- 
tives are  of  this  class : 


Appellor    *  Appellee 
Assignor       Assignee 
Bargainer      Bargainee 
Consignor     Consignee 
Devisor         Devisee 
Donor  Donee 


Grantor  Grantee 

Guarantor  Guarantee 

Legator  Legatee 

Mortgageor  Mortgagee 

Obligor  Obligee 

Recognizor  Recognizee 


Some  of  these  words  when  not  used  in  immedi- 
ate connection  with  the  correlative  word,  do  not 
have  the  accent  on  the  last  syllable,  as  devisor, 
do'nor. 

The  reference  of  one  word  to  another  in  a  sen- 
tence sometimes  changes  the  usual  seat  of  the  ac- 
cent. Thus  we  say,  To  give  and  for1 'give.  "We 
compare  probability  with  plausibility.  "  He  must 
in' crease,  but  I  must  de'crease" 

Poets  sometimes  take  the  liberty  to  place  the 
accent  on  a  syllable  on  which  it  is  not  placed  by 
common  usage. 

Last  the  bright  consummate  flower 
Spirits  ado'rous  breathes.    Milton. 

Our  nation  reads  the  written  word, 
That  book  of  life,  that  sure  record'. 

Watts. 


VISIBLE  SPEECH  SYMBOLS 

WHEREBY 

DEAF-MUTES 

ARE  TAUGHT  TO  TALK. 


VISIBLE  SPEECH  VOWEL  DIAGJUM. 


86 


Back  half 
of  tongue. 

6.  ^00 


7.        TJ 


9. 


10 


.  J"  6 


II. 


Front  half 
of  tongue. 

r  ~~ 

2.   f  I 

.C'A 


4.  L 


J 


J 


12.          13. 

OA 


E 

5.  LA 

14-. 


I3>l.       I3>6.      9>I.       Y-l-6. 

Or  i  o^  j-r^r 

VISIBLE  SPEECH  VOWEL  SYMBOLS. 


87 


VOWEL    SYMBOLS. 


The  five  vowels  made  by  the  front  half  of  the 
tongue  are  indicated  by  the  five  characters  which 
appear  under  that  heading. 

In  placing  the  diagram  before  the  deaf-mute  it 
is  always  drawn  to  face  to  the  right,  else  the  ele- 
ments made  with  the  front  of  the  tongue  would 
often  be  confounded  with  those  made  with  the 
back  of  the  tongue,  and  vice  versa.  This  is  why 
our  numbers  begin  at  the  right  and  read  to  the 
left,  instead  of  the  usual  manner  of  left  to  right. 

In  presenting  the  vowel  system  to  the  deaf 
mute,  a  line  is  drawn  perpendicularly  through  the 
tongue  of  the  diagram  placed  before  them,  indi- 
cating thereby  the  two  sets  of  vowels.  The  line 
is  known  as  the  vowel  stem.  A  round  dot  or  ball 
placed  at  the  upper  front  part  of  this  line  desig- 
nates that  as  the  highest  front  position  of  the 
front  half  of  the  tongue.  This  character  is  long 
e  (No.  1)  as  e  is  the  highest  position  of  the  front 
half  of  the  tongue.  Were  the  ball  placed  on  the 
other  side  of  the  line,  i.  e.  the  left  side,  and  at  the 
highest  point,  it  would  indicate  that  it  was  the 
vowel  that  required  the  highest  position  of  the 
~back  half  of  the  tongue.  What  is  that  vowel  ? 
It  is  oo.  Is  there  any  other  difference  between  e 


VOWEL    SYMBOLS.  89 

and  oo?  Look  at  the  characters  representing 
them.  You  readily  perceive  that  the  vowel  stem 
of  the  character  representing  do  is  intersected  by 
a  small  line  which  does  not  occur  on  any  of  the 
five  characters  from  one  to  five  inclusive,  but 
does  occur  on  all  the  characters  from  six  to  ten 
inclusive. 

You  will  find  that  line  drawn  on  the  lower  lip 
of  the  vowel  diagram.  But  what  does  it  signify  ? 
That  the  lips  are  to  be  rounded  in  forming  all 
vowels  having  the  little  mark  drawn  across  the 
character  representing  said  vowel.  In  lowering 
the  front  half  of  the  tongue  but  very  slightly 
below  the  "highest  front"  position,  we  have 
what  is  known  as  "  high  front  wide."  For  this 
character  we  omit  the  ball,  and  place  in  its  stead  a 
hook  —  the  ball  flattened.  The  vowel  which  this 
character  represents  is  short  i.  It  has  its  corre- 
spondence in  the  back  half  of  the  tongue,  and  is 
there  known  as  "high  back  wide"  The  first 
vowel  below  the  position  of  do  is  \},  as  heard  in  the 
word  bull.  As  we  descend  the  vowel  scale  of  the 
front  half  of  the  tongue,  we  come  to  the  third 
position  which  is  represented  by  two  characters. 
Why  two?  And  why  is  one  of  the  characters 
smaller  than  the  other  ? 

The  large  character — a  ball  above  and  below  — 
is  called  "  mid  front "  (made  by  the  middle  of  the 
front  half  of  the  tongue),  and  the  little  arrow- 
head used  between  the  characters  is  called  a 


90  WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

" glide"  because  the  tongue  does  not  remain  sta- 
tionary when  giving  this  third  vowel  (a),  but  it 
glides  upward.  Glides  toward  what  ?  Toward 
long  e.  O  yes !  Then  a  is  made  of  a  and  e  ?  No. 
Were  it  so  the  second  character  would  be  as  large 
as  the  first.  The  tongue  only  glides  toward  the 
position  of  e  but  does  not  complete  it ;  hence  we 
call  it  three  glide  one  (3>1),  not  three  and  one. 
Observe  the  uniformity  of  the  characters  repre- 
senting the  relative  positions  of  the  front  and 
back  half  of  the  tongue.  We  have  the  same  char- 
acter which  is  termed  "  miol  back  "  (made  by  the 
middle  of  the  back  of  the  tongue),  only  that  it 
faces  left  instead  of  right.  As  in  the  a,  so  in  the 
o,  the  arrow-head  between  the  characters  indicates 
that  the  tongue  does  not  remain  stationary,  but 
also  glides  upward.  Glides  toward  what  ?  Toward 
oo,  and  as  in  the  case  of  a,  it  does  not  complete 
the  element  toward  which  it  glides  ;  hence  the  oo 
character  in  this  case  is  made  smaller.  No.  4,  or 
short  e  (met),  is  known  as  low  front,  the  ball  being 
placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  vowel  stem.  No.  9,  or 
broad  a  (ball),  has  the  corresponding  position  in 
the  back  scale,  and  is  represented  by  the  character 
known  as  "  low  bach" 

Returning  once  more  to  the  front  group,  we 
allow  the  front  half  of  the  tongue  to  descend  a 
trifle  below  No.  4,  and  we  have  the  position  of 
No.  5,  short  a  (mat).  Here  again  the  ball  is  flat- 
tened and  we  have  " low  front  wide"  In  the 


VOWEL   SYMBOLS.  91 

same  way,  with  the  same  degree  of  descension, 
with  the  back  half  of  the  tongue,  we  have  "  low 
back  wide"  or  No.  10,  short  o  (box).  This  com- 
pletes ten  vowel  sounds.  There  are  only  four 
more  simple  vowel  sounds.  "What !  only  fourteen 
vowel  sounds  in  the  English  language,  and  yet  it 
requires  over  thirty  diacritical  marks  to  represent 
them?  Yes.  If  you  will  take  the  trouble  to 
refer  to  our  critical  survey  and  comparative  table 
published  elsewhere  in  this  volume,  you  will 
learn  the  cause  of  this  inconsistency.  Why  are 
not  the  four  remaining  vowels  placed  with  either 
of  the  other  groups  ?  'Tis  true,  two  of  them, 
Italian  a  (arm)  and  short  u  (ttp),  are  made  with 
the  back  half  of  the  tongue;  but  as  they  are 
formed  with  the  lips  unrounded,  they  would  de- 
stroy the  uniformity  which  otherwise  exists;  hence 
they  are  not  placed  in  their  relative  positions. 
The  other  two  vowels,  intermediate  a  (ask)  and  u 
as  in  urn,  are  made  with  the  center  of  the  tongue. 
No.  11,  u  in  urn,  is  what  Prof.  Bell  calls  "  the 
lazy  element,"  or  simply  "  voice,"  because  it  re- 
quires no  eifort  to  make  it.  When  you  are  sick, 
tired  or  lazy,  if  you  are  able  to  give  a  sound  with 
your  mouth  open,  you  will  have  no  difficulty  in 
giving  JSTo.  11. 

The  character  representing  this  element  is  the 
hook  on  both  sides  of  the  vowel  stem,  indicating 
thereby  that  the  vowel  is  made  with  the  lowest 
position  of  the  center  of  the  tongue.  No.  12,  or 


92  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

intermediate  a  (ask),  is  one  position  higher  than 
No.  11 ,  and  is  also  made  with  the  center  of  the 
tongue.  See  how  well  the  character  given  by 
Prof.  Bell  illustrates  the  relative  position  of  this 
vowel.  It  points  equally  toward  the  back  and 
front.  It  is  intermediate,  not  "  short  Italian,"  as 
many  orthoepists  desire  to  call  it.  It  is  no  more 
"  short  Italian  "  a  than  it  is  short  broad  a,  if  such 
a  thing  can  be  imagined.  It  is  intermediate, 
lying  directly  between  short  a,  which  is  made  by 
the  front  half  of  the  tongue,  and  Italian  a,  made 
by  the  back  half  of  the  tongue. 

Observe  the  character  representing  Italian  a 
No.  13.  It  is  the  same  as  the  initial  part  of  0, 
except  that  instead  of  the  balls  placed  at  the 
upper  and  lower  end  of  the  vowel  stem  we  have 
the  hooks,  indicating  thereby  that  the  position  is 
widened.  The  absence  of  the  little  line  across  the 
stem  shows  that  the  lips  are  unrounded.  Follow 
the  direction  indicated  by  this  pictorial  symbol 
representing  No.  13  and  you  will  have  no  diffi- 
culty in  producing  the  correct  vowel  sound.  No. 
14,  short  u  (up),  is  the  vanishing  part  of  o  with  lips 
unrounded. 

By  again  referring  to  our  critical  survey  you 
will  understand  why  we  teach  but  four  diphthongs 
and  no  triphthongs.  Yes,  only  four  diphthongs 
versus  thirty  diphthongs  (???)  represented  in  the 
Unabridged. 

You  have  been  shown  that  No.  13  is  Italian  a, 


VOWEL    SYMBOLS.  93 

which,  if  you  prolong  (for  the  sake  of  analysis), 
and  glide  it  toward  No.  1  (long  e\  as  the  charac- 
ters (13>1)  indicate,  you  will  produce  long  i  (ice). 
This  is  a  pure  diphthong,  as  it  is  made  by  the 
combination  of  two  sounds,  neither  of  which  is 
the  name  sound  (as  is  the  case  with  a  and  o)  of  the 
element  produced.  Start  again  with  Italian  a 
(No.  13),  and  glide  it  toward  the  highest  back 
position,  oo  (No.  6),  and  you  will  produce  ou  (our) 
or  ow  (owl).  In  order  to  produce  the  diphthong 
oi  (oil)  or  oy  (oyster)  it  will  be  necessary  that  the 
initial  sound  be  No.  9,  broad  a,  not  Italian  a  (as 
appears  in  every  edition  of  Worcester's).  Glide 
broad  a  (No.  9)  toward  long  e  (No.  1)  as  the 
characters  designate,  and  you  will  then  have  the 
diphthong  to  which  we  have  just  referred.  The 
most  regular,  the  most  perfect  diphthong  (instead 
of  "the  most  irregular'")  is  long  u.  It  is  a  com- 
plete coalition  of  two  separate  sounds,  not  two 
separate  letters  merely.  It  is  consonant  y  plus 
6T>,  not  glide  oo.  True,  it  is  a  consonant  and  a 
vowel,  but  that  does  not  make  it  any  the  less  a 
diphthong.  Here,  then,  is  a  complete  vowel  table, 
covering  every  vowel  sound  or  combination  of 
sounds  in  the  language.  We  will  next  give  you  a 
bird's-eye  view  of  the  consonant  symbols. 


VISIBLE  SPEECH  CONSONANT  DIAGRAM. 


94 


P  B  M  F  V 

D  B  D  3  3 

WWh  TON 

o  o  or 


Z  S  Zh  Sh  Th 

n  A  u  u  n 

Th  R  Rh  L  Lh 

n  u  u  LJ  u 

K  G  Ng  Y  \h 

a  a  Q  n  n 

VISIBLE  SPEECH  CONSONANT  SYMBOLS. 


95 


CONSONANT   SYMBOLS. 


We  can  give  only  this  panoramic  view  of  the 
consonant  scheme  as  taught  to  deaf-mutes.  Com- 
plicated as  the  symbols  may  appear  at  first  sight, 
they  are  indeed  very  simple. 

While  we  give  in  this  chapter  all  the  consonant 
symbols,  we  have  not  the  space,  nor  is  it  necessary 
or  desirable  in  a  treatise  of  the  nature  of  our  pres- 
ent volume,  to  go  into  the  details.  We  trust  \ve 
may  at  least  create  a  thirst,  though  \ve  satisfy  it  not. 

All  articulation  depends  upon  the  two  organs 
used  and  their  relation  to  each  other,  i.e.,  lip  to 
lip  (p,  etc.),  lip  to  teeth  (f,  etc.),  point  of  tongue 
to  teeth  (t,  etc.),  center  of  tongue  to  center  of 
roof  of  mouth  (y,  etc.),  and  back  of  tongue  to  soft 
palate  (k,  etc.). 

There  are  but  three  relations  in  which  the  two 
organic  parts  are  adjusted,  viz.:  contracted  (w, 
etc.),  shut  (p,  etc.),  and  divided  (f,  etc.). 

The  deaf-mute  soon  learns  the  significance  of 
the  following  characters,  viz. : 

signifies  that  the  lips  are  chiefly  used. 

signifies  that  the  point  of  the  tongue  is 
chiefly  used. 

signifies   that  the   top  of  the   tongue  is 
chiefly  used. 

96 


D 
U 

n 


c 


CONSONANT    SYMBOLS.  97 

signifies  that  the  back  of  the  tongue  is 
chiefly  used. 

signifies  a  puff  of  breath. 


signifies  that  the  voice  passes  through  the 
nose. 

mmmmm  signifies  voice. 

The  line  drawn  across  the  lip  sign  P^V  signi- 
fies lips  shut.  ^j 

The  line  drawn  across  the  point  sign  ^"^  sig- 
nifies point  of  tongue  shut.  \±^J 

The  line  drawn  across  the  back  sign  J^j  sig- 
nifies back  of  tongue  shut.  ^^^ 

"With  these  three  positions  we  can  readily  form 
nine  consonants,  viz. : 


Lips  shut  r^V  Lips  shut  and  |-N      ig  p> 
L-Xpuff  of  breath  •     J 

Lips  shut  I     J   Lips  shut  and  voice  (without 
opening)  I  «*4  is  B. 


Lips  shut  I      |    Lips  shut  send  voice  through 
-       *-J 


t->* 

nose  J    J  is  M. 


Point  of  tongue  shut  LJ    Point  shut  and  puff 

O 


of  breath  |      J  >  is  T. 

7 


98  WABMAN'S  PBAUTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Point  of  tongue  shut  I  I  Point  shut,  and 
voice  (without  opening)  I  •  I  is  D 

Point  of  tongue  shut  I  I  Point  shut,  and 
voice  through  nose  P.  J  is  N. 

Back  of  tongue  shut  f  Back  shut,  and  puff 
of  breath  €  I  >  is  K. 

Back  of  tongue  shut  jf  Back  shut,  and 
voice  (without  opening)  r™  J  is  G. 

Back  of  tongue  shut  €          Back  shut,  and 

voice  through  nose  t>    X  is  Ng. 

Thus  with  the  position  of  P,  we  make  P.  B.   M. 

With  the  position  of  T,  we  make  T.  D.  N. 

With  the  position  of  K,  we  make  K.  G.  Ng. 

This  will  suffice  to  show  the  simplicity  and 
utility  of  a  system  that  has  become  world- wide 
famous  through  the  untiring  efforts  of  Prof.  Alex. 
Melville  Bell,  and  his  son,  Prof.  Alex.  Graham 
Bell.  These  two  self-sacrificing  and  most  ardent 


CONSONANT   SYMBOLS.  99 

and  enthusiastic  men  have  shown  themselves  as 
true  humanitarians. 

Thousands  of  deaf-mutes  will  call  them  blessed 
for  having  broken  the  seals  that  closed  the  portals 
of  speech. 

This  system,  of  which  we  have  but  given  the 
faintest  shadow,  is  the  only  one  extant  whereby 
every  spoken  language,  in  fact  every  audible 
sound,  can  be  represented  in  symbols  which  are 
pictorial  of  the  positions  of  the  vocal  organs  re- 
quired in  the  production  of  those  sounds. 

It  is  not  audible  speech  to  the  deaf-mute  as  he 
cannot  hear  it,  but  it  is  visible  speech  for  he  can 
see  it,  and  it  is  so  visible  that  he  is  enabled  thereby 
to  make  it  audible  to  others.  Not  only  is  this 
valuable  system  used  in  teaching  deaf-mutes  to 
talk,  but  in  many  other  ways  can  it  be  utilized. 
We  will  mention  but  one.  It  is  of  incalculable 
benefit  in  teaching  foreign  languages  and  the  pro- 
nunciation of  foreign  names  or  words.  In  our 
list  of  mispronounced  words  we  found  it  very 
difficult  to  express,  through  any  medium  now  in 
general  use,  many  such  words.  Take  for  instance 
the  name  of  the  German  poet,  Goethe.  It  is  not 
Geh  ta  nor  Gur  ta.  The  difficulty  is  with  the  first 
vowel.  There  is  no  character  in  English  to  rep- . 
resent  it.  The  nearest  representative  is  the  um- 
laut o.  This  is  the  o  appearing  in  the  words 
Goethe  and  Froebel.  We  have  no  difficulty  what- 
ever in  presenting  the  correct  pronunciation  of 


100  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OHTHOEPY. 

Goethe  (or  any  word)  by  the  visible  speech  sym- 
bols. "We  give  the  consonant  symbol  for  what  is 
termed  hard  g  and  in  the  same  syllable  we  place 
No.  4  symbol  (short  e)  and  the  little  line  inter- 
secting the  vowel  stem,  showing  that  the  lips  are 
rounded.  This,  of  course,  makes  the  vowel  im- 
English.  The  second  syllable  is  represented  by 
consonant  symbol  t  and  vowel  symbol  No.  12. 

May  this  hasty  sketch  be- the  means  of  kindling 
anew  the  latent  fire  of  many  an  educator ;  and 
may  many  a  teacher  be  inspired  to  go  beneath  the 
surface  of  pronunciation  and  get  hold  of  the  very 
roots  that  form  the  a,  &,  c  of  our  language. 


A  LIST  OF 


6399  WORDS 

USUALLY  MISPRONOUNCED, 


GIVING  THK 


CORRECT  PRONUNCIATION. 


101 


N.  B. 

Every  word  of  the  following  list  (6,399)  is 
marked  in  accordance  with  the  pronunciation 
given  in  the  latest  revised  editions  of  Webster's 
and  Worcester's  unabridged  dictionaries. 

When  neither  authority  is  quoted,  they  agree 
in  the  pronunciation ;  when  they  disagree,  it  is 
so  stated. 

The  Webster  diacritical  marks  have  been  used, 
the  author  not  deeming  it  wisdom  to  take  from 
both  authorities ;  besides,  the  Webster  notation 
is  more  universally  known. 

In  respelling  the  words  for  pronunciation,  we 
have  avoided,  as  much  as  possible,  the  incorrect, 
or  phonetic,  spelling. 


A — as  a  word — when  emphasized,  should  have  its 
long  sound.  In  all  other  cases  it  should  be  given 
the  long  sound  slightly 'obscured.  It  should  never 
be  so  much  obscured  as  to  drop  to  the  lazy  position 
of  u  in  urge.  The  article  should  always  be  con- 
nected with  the  noun  and  pronounced  as  though  it 
were  a  part  of  the  word.  Speak  a  boy  as  you  should 
above,  about,  around,  etc. 

Aaron,  ar'on,  not  a'ron. 
Abaft,  a-baft',  not  a-baf t'. 
Abdomen,  ab-do'men,  not  aVdo-men. 
Abecedarian,  a-be-qe-da'ri-an,  not  a-be-9e-da'ri-an. 
Abeyance,  a-bej'ance,  not  a-bey'ance. 
Abhor,  ab-hor',  not  ab-hor'. 
Abject,  Sb'ject,  not  ab-ject'. 
Abjectly,  £b'ject-ly,  not  ab-j6ct'ly. 
Ablative,  ab'la-tlve,  not  ab'1-tive. 
Ablution,  ab-la'tion,  not  ab-lg'tion. 
Absentee,  ab-sen-tee',  not  ab'sen-tee. 
Absinthe,  ab-slnthe',  not  Sb'sinthe. 
Absolute,  Sb'so-lnte,  not  ab'so-lute. 
Absolutory,  ab-s6l'u-to-ry,  not  ab-so-lo'to-ry. 
Absolve,  ab-§6lve'  (Wore.);      ab-s5lve'  (Web.) 
Absorb,  ab-sorb',  not  ab-§6rb'. 


a,   6,   i,   0,   n,   y,   long;   a,  6,   I,   o,   fi,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,   what,   ere,  err,  prey,  mien,  sir, 

103 


104  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Abstemious,  ab-ste'mi-ous,  not  ab-ste"m'i-ous. 
Abstractly,  ab'straet-ly,  not  ab-straet'ly. 
Abstruse,  ab-struse',  not  ab-struse'. 
Acacia,  a-ea'she-a,  not  a~ea'sha. 
Academian,  Ae-a-de'mi-an,  not  a€-a-de"m'i-an. 
Accent  (noun), 
Accent  (verb), 
Accented,  ae-qent'ed,  not  Se'^ent-ed. 
Accentuate,  a-e-9ent'a-ate,  not  a^-ggn'chu-ate.    See  n 
Access,  ae^ess',  or  a«'<jess. 
Accessorial,  a€-9es-so'ri-al. 

Accessory,  a€'9es-so-ry  ( Wore. ) ;  a«-96s'so-ry  (Web.). 
There  are  eleven  authorities  in  favor  of   the 

former,  and  only  two  for  the  latter. 
Acclimate,  ae-eli'mate,  not  aVeli-mate. 
Acclimated,  ae-eli'mat-ed,  not  aV^li-mat-ed. 
Acclimatize,  ae-eli'ma-tize,  not  ae-ellm'a-tize. 
Accost,  a«-e5st',  not  a€-«6st'. 
Accoutrements,    a^-egu'tre-ments,    not    a«-«a'tre- 

ments. 

Accrue,  a«-en.ie',  not  a«-«rne'. 
Accurate,   aV^u-rate,  not  a«'er-ate. 
Acme,  a«'me,  not  8.e'm&. 
Aconite,  a«'o-nite,  not  aVo-nlte. 
Acorn,  a'corn,  not  a'«6rn. 
Acoustics,  a-€ow'stics,  not  a-€6o'sties. 

The  former  agrees  with  all  printed  authority, 

the  latter  with  almost  universal  spoken  authority. 

It  is  a  case  of  orthoepists  vs.  usage. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   n,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   8,   ti,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,   what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  105 

Acquiesce,  ae-we-es',  not  aVwe-gs. 
Across,  a-er5ss',  not  a~eross',  nor  a-erost'. 
Acrostic,  a-€r5s'ti«,  not  a-er6s'ti«. 
Actor,  Se'tor,  not  aVtor. 
Acts,  aets,  not  aes. 

It  were  better  to  say  the  acts  of  the  Apostles  than 

the  ax  of  the  Apostles. 
Acumen,  a-en'men,  not  aVu-men. 
Adamantean,  ad-a-man-te'an,  not  ad-a-mSn'  te-an  . 

See  European. 

Adaptation,  ad-ap-ta'tion,  not  a-dap-ta'tion. 
Address,  (noun  and  verb)  ad-dress',  not  Sd'dress. 
The  latter  pronunciation  is  an  affected  one,  and 

is  not   authorized  by  any  orthoepist,    or  by  the 

best  usage. 

Adduce,  ad-dace'  not  ad-du9e'.     See  n. 
Adelphi,   a-del'phl,  not  a-del'phl. 
Adept,  a-dgpt',  not  ad'ept. 
Adieu,  a-dieQ',  not  a-dieu'.     See  a. 
Adhesion,   ad-hS'gion,  not  ad-he'sion. 

"  S  has  the  sound  of  zh  in  the  termination  sion 

when  preceded  by  a  vowel,  and  the  sound  of  sh 

when    preceded    by   a    consonant.     (Excursion)  " 

Wore.  92  and  93. 

Adhesive,  ad-hs'sive,  not  ad-he"'§ive.     See  effusive. 
Adipose,  ad-i-pose'  (Wore.),  a"d'i-pOse  (Web.),  not  ad- 


Adirondack,  $id-i-ron'dack,  not  a-di-ron'dack. 
Adjunct,  Jld'junet,  not  ad-jiin€t'. 

s6n^    6r,    dg,   wolf,   wdbl,    mCon,   byll,   ftrn,   rude, 
9eut,      «an,     gem,     go,      i§,     e$ist,      thy,     n=ng. 


106 


WARMAN  8   PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY. 


Adjure,  ad-jnre',  not  ad'jare. 

Admirable,  Sd'mi-ra-ble,  not  ad-mi'ra-ble. 

Admiralty,  ad'mi-ral-ty,  not  ad-mi-raTty. 

Adobe,  a-do'be  (Wore.);  a-do'be  (Web.). 

Adonis,  a-do'nis,  not  a-don'is. 

Adria,  a'dre-2  (Web.);  a'dri-a  (Wore.). 

Adriatic,  a-dri-at'ic  (Web.);  ad-ri-at'ic  (Wore.). 

Adult,  a-dult',  not  ad'ult. 

Advance,  ad-vanQe',  not  ad-v2n9e'  nor  ad-v8n9e.' 

Advantage,  ad-van'tage,  not  ad-vSn'tage. 

Adventure,  ad-v6ut'nre,  not  ad-v8n'chur.     See  Q. 

Adversary,  Sd'ver-sa-ry,  not  ad'ver-sa'-ry. 

Adverse  (adj.),  Sd'verse. 

Adverse  (verb),  ad-vSrse'. 

Advertise,  2d-ver-ti§e',  or  ad'ver-ti§e  (Wore.);  Sd- 

ver-ti§e'  (Web.). 

Advertiser,  ad-ver-ti'§er,  not  Sd'ver-t!-§er. 
Advertisement,  ad-v6r'ti§e-m6nt,  or  Sd-ver-ti§e'ment. 
We  would  like  to  see  a  distinction  made  between 

the  verb  and  noun,  we  ad'vertise  and  it  becomes  an 

ad-vSr'-tise-ment. 

^Eneid,  e-nS'id  (Web.);  same,  or  6'ni-Id  (Wore.). 
Aerated,  a'er-a-ted,  not  a're-a-ted. 
Aerie,  6're  or  a'e-re  (Wore.),  e'ry  or  a'r^  (Web.). 
Aerolite,  a'e-ro-lite,  not  ar'o-lite. 
Aerology, a-e-r6To-gy  (Wore.);  a-er-oTo-gy  (Web.). 
Aeronaut,  a'e-ro-naut,  not  Sr'o-naut. 
^Esthetics,  es-the't'ics,  not  e§-th6t'ics. 
Affluence,  af  flu-enge,  not  af-fln'en9e. 

a,  6,   i,   o,   n,   y,   long;   a,  6,   i,   5,   fi,   y,   short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir. 


0 

WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  107 

v 

Afghanistan,  af-ghan-is-tSn'(Worc.);  af-ghan-ls-tan' 

(Web.). 

Aforesaid,  a-fore'said,  not  a-f ore-said'. 
Aft,  aft,  not  aft. 
After,  after,  not  after. 
Again,  a-g6n',  not  a-gan'. 
Against,  a-genst',  not  a-ganst'. 
Agape,  a-gape',w0£  a-gape'. 
Agassiz,  ag'a-se,  or  a-gas'siz. 
Aged,  a'ged,  not  agd,  except  in  compounds. 
Aggrandize,  ag'gran-dize,  not  ag  gran'dlze. 
Aggrandizement,   ag-gran'dlze-me'nt,    or   ag'gran- 

dlze-ment  (Web.);  same  reversed  (Wore.). 
Aghast,  a-ghast'  (Wore.);  a-ghast'  (Web.). 
Agile,  ag'lle,  not  ag'ile. 
Agnes,  ag'ne§. 

Agnostic,  ag-n5s'tic  not  ag-nos'tic. 
Agrarian,  a-gra'ri-an,  not  a-gra'ri-an. 
Agriculturist,  ag-ri-€ult'u-rlst,  not  ag-ri»eult'u-ral- 

ist. 

Ague,  a'gae,  not  a'ger. 
Aha,  a-ha',  not  ha-ha'. 
Air,  air,  not  air. 

Aix,  aks  (Web.)  aks,  or  as  (Wore.). 
Alabama,  al-a-ba'ma. 

Alabaster,  al'a-bas-ter  (Wore.);  al'a-bSs-ter  (Web.). 
Alarum,  a-la'rum,  not  a-la'rum. 
Alas,  a-las',  not  a-las'. 
Albino,  al-bi'n5,oral-bi'no(Worc.);  al-bl'no  (Web.). 

s6n,    or,    dg,    wolf,    wdbl,    moon,    byll,    firn,    riide, 
9ent,     «an,     ^em,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


108  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Albumen,  al-ba'men,  not  al'bu-men. 
Alcoran,  al'co-ran,  not  al-€0'-ran. 

"  Orientalists,  in  general,  pronounce  this  word, 

al-eo-ran'-"  —  Smart. 
Alcott,  al'-eott,  not  aT^ott. 

Alcove,  al-eOve'  (Wore.),  al'eOve,  or  al-^Ove'  (Web.). 
Webster  stands  alone  in  placing  the  accent  on 

the  first  syllable. 

There  are  twelve  authorities  in  favor  of  the  pro- 

nunciation given  by  Worcester. 
Alden,  al'den,  not  al'den. 
Alder,  al'der,  not  al'der. 
Alderman,  al'der-man,  not  aTder-m£n. 
Aldermanic,  al-der-man'ie,  not  al-der-man'ie. 
Aldine,  al'dine,  not  stl'dine. 
Aldrich,  a  I'd  rich  or  al'drij. 
Alexandrine,  al-e$-aii'drine  (Wore.);  al-e^-a 

(Web.);  not  el-ex-jln'dri-an. 
Algebra,  al'ge-bra  (Wore.),  al'ge-bra  (Web.). 
Alias,  ii'li-Ss,  not  a-li'as. 
Alibi,  al'i-bi,  not  al-i-bi'. 
Alien,  al'yen,  not  a'li-6n. 
Alienate,  al'yen-ate,  not  a'li-en-ate. 
Aliment,  al'i-ment,  not  al'i-ment. 
Alimony,  al'i-mo-ny,  not  Sl'i-mO-ny. 
Alkali,  al'ka-ll,  or  aTka-li. 
Alkaline,  al'ka-line,  or  al'ka-llne. 
Allegiance,  al-le'gian9e,  not  al-le'gi-an9e. 
Allegorist,  al'le-go-rlst,  not  Sl-le-gO'rist. 


,   I,    0,    Q,   y,   long;    a,   6,   I,   5,    fi,   y,    short; 
arm,  ask,  all,  what,   6re,  e"rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


a,   6,   I,    0,    Q, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 


109 


Allegory,  aTle-go-ry,  not  aTle-go-ry. 

Allegro,  al-le'gr5  (Wore.),  al-le'gro  (Web.). 

Allopathic,  Sl-lo-pa'th'ic,  not  al-l5p'a-thi4. 

Allopathist,  al-lop'a-thlst,  not  al-lo-path'ist. 

Allopathy,  al-lop'a-thy,  not  al-lo-p2th'y. 

In  the  words  allopathy,  chromopathy,  homoeop- 
athy, hydropathy,  etc.,  the  accent  invariably  falls 
upon  the  antepenult  (lOp,  mop,  op,  drop). 

This  is  the  case  in  all  forms  of  the  word  except 
when  the  termination  includes  the  syllable  ic  (ic, 
ic-al,  ic-al-ly),  in  which  form  the  accent  is  always 
placed  on  the  syllable  path. 

Allude,  al-lnde',  not  al-lude'. 

Ally  (noun  and  verb),  al-ly',  not  aTly. 

Alma  mater,  ul'ma  ma'ter,  not  al'ma  ma'ter. 

Almanac,  al'ma-n&e,  not  aTma-nae. 

Almond,  a'mond,  not  a'mond,  nor  aTmond. 

Alms,  am§,  not  2m§. 

Aloft,  a-10ff ,  not  a-16ft'. 

Alpaca,  al-pa€'a,  not  al-a-pSe'a. 

Alpine,  al'plne,  or  al'plne. 

Also,  al'sO,  not  ol'sO. 

Altai,  al-tai'  (AVorc.),  al-tal'  (Web.). 

Altaic,  al-ta'k. 

Altercation,  al-ter-«a'tion,  not  al-ter-ea'tion. 

Alternate  (adj.),  al-ter'nate. 

Alternate  (verb),  aTter-nate,  or  al-tgr'nate. 

Alternately,  al-te"r'nate-ly,  not  al-ter'nate-ly. 

Alternative,  al-te"r'na-tive,  not  al-tSr'na-tlve. 

s6n,    or,    dg,    wplf,    wdbl,    moon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      can,     gem,     go,      i§,     e^ist,      thy,     n-ng. 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Although,  al-though',  not  5l-though'. 

Altitude,  aTti-tade,  not  aTti-tude.     See  a/ 

Aluminum,  a-ln'mi-num,  not  a-lu'mi-num.     See  n. 

Alveolar,  al-vg'o-lar, or  aTve-0-lar  (Wore.);  aTve-o-lar 
(Web.). 

Always,  a.l'way§,  not  5l'way§. 

Amanuensis,  a-man-u-en'sis,  not  a-m£n-u-e'n'si'§. 

Amaranth,  am'a-ranth,  not  Sm-a-rSnth'. 

Amass,  a-mass',  not  a-m3ss'. 

Amateur,  Sm-a-tenr',  or  £m-a-teur'  (Wore.),  am-a- 
teur'  (Web.). 

Avoid  placing  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable. 
The  word  being  but  semi- Anglicized  we  would  sug- 
gest the  first  pronunciation  as  coming  nearest  to 
that  of  the  French  u. 

Amaurosis,  am-au-ro'sis,  not  am-au-ro'si§. 

Ambergris,  am'ber-grrs,  not  5m'ber-grls. 

See  Brazil. 

Ambrosia,  am-brO'-§he-a(Worc.),am-brO'zha  (Web.). 

Ambrosial,     am-bro'§he-al     (Wore.),     am-bro'zhal 
(Web.). 

Ameliorate,  a-mel'yo-rate,  not  a-ms'li-o-rate. 

Amen,  a'men',  not  a'mgn'  (except  in  singing). 

"  This  is  the  only  word  in  the  language  —  except 
compounds  —  that  has  necessarily  two  consecutive 
accents. " —  Walker. 

Amenable,  a-me'na-ble,  not  a-meVa-ble. 

Amenity,  a-men'i-ty,  not  a-me'ni-ty. 

America,  A-mer'i-ea,  not  u-meYu-eu. 

a,   e,   i,    0,    Q,   y,   long;   3,   6,   I,   5,   u,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,   what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  Ill 

Amiable,  a'mi-a-ble,  not  am'ya-ble. 

Ammonia,  am-mo'ui-a,  not  am-mOn'ya. 

Amour,  a-mour',  not  am'p.ur. 

Amphitheater,  am-fe-the"a-ter,  not  am-pi-th6'a-ter. 

Anaesthetize,  a-naes'the-tize. 

Anarchism,  an'ar-ehigm,  not  an'areh-ism. 

Anarchist,  an'ar-ehlst,  not  an-areh'ist. 

Anarchy,  un'ar-ehy,  not  an-areh'y.     See  orchestra. 

Ancestral,  Sn'ces-tral  (Wore.);  an-QeYtral,  or  an'ges- 

tral  (Web.). 

Anchor,  an't-hor,  not  anchor.          See  angular. 
And,  2nd,  not  an. 
Andes,  an'de§,  not  an-de§'. 
Andean,  an-de'an,  not  Sn'de-an. 
Andiron,  and'l-urn,  not  and'i-ron. 
Andre,  an'dre,  or  an'drl. 
Anemone,  a-uem'o-ne,  not  an-e-mo'ne. 
Anew,  a-na',  not  a-nu'. 
Angel,  an'gel,  not  an'gel. 
Angelo  (Michael),  me-kel-iin'ge-lo  (Italian). 
Angelo  (Michael),  mi'ka-el  Sn'ge-lo  (Anglicized). 
Anger,  an'ger,  not  an'ger. 
Anguish,  an'gulsh,  not  Sn'gulsh. 
Angular,  an'gu-lar,  not  an'gu-lar. 

N  ending  an  accented  syllable,  if  immediately 
followed  by  hard  g  or  k,  or  any  equivalent  of  k, 
(e,  q  or  x),  has  the  sound  of  ng,  and  is  marked  n. 
Bau-quet,  bang-kwet;  tran-quil,  trang-kwil;  san- 

s6n,    or,    do,   wolf,    wdbl,    mdon,    byll,    (irn,    rude, 
9ent,     ean,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


112  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

guine,  sang-gwin;    pan~erea,  pang-erea;  anx-ious, 
angk-shus. 

This  is  the  sum  and  substance  of  the  remarks  in 
Webster's  Unabridged  concerning  n  before  g  or  k. 
It  is  a  good  note,  and  one  we  would  gladly  see  for- 
mulated in  a  rule,  and  then  strictly  adhered  to 
throughout  the  dictionary,  with  the  exception  of 
derivatives  such  as  hanger,  singer,  and  wronger; 
also  the  word  longer  as  a  noun.  As  a  derivative  in 
the  comparative  and  superlative  degrees  the  n  in 
longer  changes  to  ng.  The  words  quoted,  however, 
are  such  that  any  one  would  except,  but  there  are 
nearly  a  score  of  words  in  the  Unabridged  that  are 
unreasonably  excepted;  hence  the  tendency  to 
destroy  or  weaken  what  would  otherwise  be  an 
excellent  rule. 

Anile,  an'lle,  not  Sn 'lie. 

Aniline,  an'i-llne,    or    an'i-llne    (Wore.);    an'i-llne 
(Web.). 

Animadversion,   an-i-mad-vSr'sion,    not    an-i-mad- 
ver'§ion.  See  adhesion. 

Animadvert,  an-i-mad-ve"rt',  not  an-i-mad'vert. 

Animalcule,  an-i-mal'-eale,  not  an-i-mal'eu-le. 

Annex  (noun  and  verb),  an-nex',  not  an'nex. 

Annunciate,  an-niin'she-ate,   not  an-nun'shat,   nor 
an-nun'9i-ate.  See  enunciate. 

Anodyne,  an'o-dyne,  not  an'o-dyne. 

Another,  an-6th'er,  not  a-noth'er. 

Answer,  an'swer,  (Web.);  an'swer  (Wore.). 

a,   6,   I,    0,    o,    y,   long;    a,   6,    I,    6,    u,    y,    short; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  all,   what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  113 

Ant,  &nt,  not  ant. 

Antarctic,  ant-a're'tie,  not  ant-Sr'tie. 

Antediluvian,  an-te-di-ln'vi-an,  not  an-te-di-lu'vi-an. 

Antepenult,  Sn-te-pe-nult',  not  Sn-te-pg'nult. 

Anthracite,  an'thra-qite,  not  Sn'tra-glte. 

Anti,  Sn'ti,  not  Sn'ti. 

Antietam,  An-tis'tam,  not  An-tie'tam. 

Antifebrile,  Sn-ti-feb'rile,  or  an-ti -fs'brile  (Web.); 

an-ti -feb'rile  (Wore.).  » 

Antimony,  an'ti-mo-ny,  not  Sn'ti-mO-ny. 
Antinomy,  Sn'ti-no-my,  or  an-tln'o-my. 
Antiochus,  an-ti'o-€hus,  not  an-ti-oeh'us. 
Antipodes,    an-tip'o-de§    (Wore.),    an'ti-podes,    or 

an-tlp'o-d6§  (Web.). 

There    are    ten    orthoepists    in    favor    of   first 

marking. 

Antique',  an-tique',  not  Sn't'ique.         Sep  Brazil. 
Anxiety,  ang-zi'e-ty,  not  2nk-zi'e-ty. 
Anywhere,  en'y-wh^re,  not  en'y-where§. 
Aorist,  a'o-rlst,  not  a-0'rist. 
Aperture,  ap'er-tQre,  not  Sp'er-ture,  nor  Sp'e-tdre. 
Apex,  a'pex,  not  Sp'ex. 
Aphrodisiacal,    aph-ro-di-§i'a€-al,     not    5ph-ro-di- 

si'ae-al. 

Aphrodite,  aph'ro-di'te,  not  5ph'ro-dlte. 
Aphthong,  slp'tliOng  (Wore.),  af'thQng,  or  ap'thOng 

(Web  ). 

Apices,  ip'i-9S§,  not  a'-pi-qe§. 
Apocolypse,  a-pot-'o-lypse,  not  a-po-e'o-typ-se. 

s6n,    6r,    dq,    wplf,    wool,    mdon,    byll,    ftrn,    r\ide, 
9ent,     €ian,     gem,     go,     i§, 
8 


l4  \VARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY, 

Apodosis,  a-pod'o-sls,  not  a-pod'o-s'i§. 

Apollo   Belvidere,    a-pOl'lo    beTvi-dere     (Wore.); 
a-poTlO  bel-vi-dere'  (Web.). 

Apologetic,  a-pOl-o-get'ie,  not  ap-o-lo-geYie. 

Apologue,  Sp'o-logue,  not  ap'o-logue. 

"In  the  termination  ogue  the  o  is  short  when 
preceded  by  g  or  I,  as  demagogue,  dialogue,  except 
collogue;  but  when  any  other  consonant  precedes  o 
it  is  long,  as  "  brogue,"  rogue,  vogue,  etc." — 
Wore.,  58.  v. 

Apostle,  a-pOs'sl,  not  a-pOs'tl,  nor  a-pos'sl. 

Apostolic,  ap-os-t5l'i€,  not  a-pos-t6Ti«. 

Apotheosis,  ap-o-th6'o-sls,  not  ap-o-the-O'sis. 

Appalachian,  ap-pa-la'chi-an,  not  ap-pa-la'she-an. 

Apparatus,  Sp-pa-ra'tus,  not  ap-pa-rat'us. 

Apparel,  ap-par'el,  not  ap-par'el. 

Apparent,  ap-par'ent,  not  ap-pSr'ent,  nor  ap-pa'rent. 

Appreciate,    ap-pre"'she-ate,   not    ap-pr5'shate,   nor 
ap-pre'9i-ate. 

Appreciation,  ap-pre-she-a'tion,  not  ap-pre-^i-a'tion. 

See  enunciate. 

Apprentice,  ap-pr6n'ti9e,  not  ap-prln'ti9e. 

Approbative,  5p'pro-ba-tive,  not  Sp-pro-ba'tive. 

Apricot,  a'pri-cOt,  not  ap'ri-c6t. 

Apron,  a'purn,  or  a'pron. 

Apropos,  ap-ro-po',  not  5p'ro-pO. 

Aptitude,  sip'ti-tade,  not  Sp'ti-tude.     See  o. 

Aqueduct,  ak'we-duet,  not  Sk'we-duk. 

Aquiline,  ak'we-lln,  or  Sk'we-line. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    Q,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   o,   fi,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  e"rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  115 

AqueouS;  a'kwe-us,  not  ak'we-us. 

Arab,  sir'ab,  or  a'rab  (Wore.);  2r'ab  (Web.). 

Arabic,  Sr'a-bie,  not  a-ra'bie. 

Arbutus,  ar-bn'tus  (Wore.);  ar'bu-tus(Web.). 

Arcanum,  ar-ea'num,  not  ar-eSn'um. 

Archangel,  a'reh  an'gel,  not  a'rch'an-gel,  nor  a'rch- 
an'gel. 

"  When  arch,  signifying  chief,  begins  a  word 
from  the  Greek,  and  is  followed  by  a  vowel,  it  is 
pronounced  ark,  as  in  archangel,  architect,  archipel- 
ago, etc.;  but  when  arch  is  prefixed  to  an  Eng- 
lish word,  it  is  pronounced  so  as  to  rhyme  with 
march,  as  archbishop,  archduke  >  etc." — Wore.,  69. 

Archbishop,  arch-blsh'op,  not  areh-blsh'op. 

Archetype,  ar'ehe-type,  not  arch'e-type. 

Archimedean,  ar-ehim-e-de'an  (Wore.);   a'r-ehi-me- 
de'an  (Web.). 

Archimedes,  3r--ehi-mS'de"g,  not  ar-€hlm'e-de"§. 

Archipelago.  ar-€hi-pera-go,  not  arch-i-p6l'a-go. 

Architect,  iir'ehi-teet,  not  arch'i-tSet. 

Architecture,  iir'€hi-te«t-Qre,  not  iir'€hi-t6€t-chur. 

Architrave,  a'r'^hi-trave,  not  Srch'i-trave. 

Archives,  archives,  not  Sr'chives. 

Arctic,  lire'tie,  not  ar'ti«. 

Arduous,  ard'o-ous,  not  ar'du-ofis,  nor  a'r'jiis.    See  Q. 

Are,  a're,  not  are. 

Area,  a're-a,  wo^a-rs'a. 

Areola,  a-re'o-la,  not  a-re-0'la. 

Argand,  Hr'gand,  not  Sr'gSnd. 

s6n,    6r,    dg,    wglf,    wdbl,    m(5bn,   byll,    ftrn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,     gem,     go,       i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


116  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

» 

Argentine,  ar'gen-tine,  not  ar'gen-tlne. 

Arid,  Sr'id,  not  a'rid. 

Arion,  a-rl'on,  not  a'ri  -on. 

Arisen,  a-ri§'n,  not  a-rls/en. 

Aristocrat,  a-rls'to-era"t,  or  aVis-to-erSt. 
•  Arkansas,  Ur'kan -saw.  So  pronounced  in  accord- 
ance with  an  act  of  the  State  Legislature  and  in 
the  latest  edition  of  Webster.  Worcester,  how- 
ever, has  not  yet  adopted  it,  but  gives  the  pronun- 
ciation ar-kan'sas. 

Armada,  ar-ma'da,  not  ar-ma'da. 

Armistice,  ar'mis-tlc.e,  not  ar-mls'tige. 

Aroma,  a-ro'ma,  not  5r'o-ma. 

Aromatize,  ar'o-ma-tlze,  or  a-rO'ma-tlze. 

Arquebuse,  iir'kwe-bus,  not  ^r'kwe-bn§. 

Arrogant,  itr'ro-gant,  not  Hr  ro-gant. 

Arrow,  iir'row,  not  jir'row. 

Arsenic,    ar'se-ni€    (Web.);    ar'se-nk,     or    ars'ni« 
(Wore.). 

Artemis,  ar'te-mis,  not  ar-t6'mis. 

Artery,  Itr'te-ry,  not  iir'try. 

Artificer,  ar-tifi-^er,  not  ar'ti-fig-er. 

Artisan,   ar'ti-§an   (Web.);    ar'ti-§2n,    or    ar-ti-san' 
(Wore.). 

Arytenoid,  a-r^t'e-noid,  not  a-reYe-noid. 

Ash- Wednesday,  ilsh-wenz'da(  Wore.);  ash-  wSnz'dy 
(Web.). 

Asia,  a'sh6-a,  not  a'zha. 

Asian,  ash'yan,  not  a'she-an. 

a,    €,    I,   Ox   n,   y,   long;  a,   6,    I,   6,    fi,   y,    short; 
air,   firm,  &sk,  {ill,  what,  ere,    6rr,    prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL,  ORTHOEPY.          117 

Asiatic,  a-she-St'ie,  not  a-zh2t'i«. 

Ask,  ask,  not  ask. 

Askance,  a-skanqe'  (Web.);  a-skange'  (Wore.). 

Asked,  askt,  not  ast. 

Aslant,  a-slant'  (Web.);  a-slant'  (Wore.). 

Asp,  asp,  not  asp. 

Asparagus,  as-par'a-gus,  not  as-par'a-grus. 

Aspen,  Ss'pen,  not  as'pen. 

Asphalt,  as-ph3lt',  not  as'phslt. 

Asphodel,  as'pho-del,  not  as-pho-deT. 

Asphyxiated,  as-phyx'i-a-ted,  not  as-ph^x-i-a'ted. 

Aspirant,  as-pir'ant  (Web.);  as-plr'ant,  or  2s'pi-r2nt 
(Wore.). 

Ass,  ass,  not  Jiss,  nor  3ss. 

Assafetida,  as-a-fet'i-da. 

Assets,  as'sSts,  not  2s-sgts'. 

Assiduity,  as-si-da'i-ty,  not  Ss-si-du'i-ty,  nor  as-sld'- 
u-i-ty. 

Assiduous;  as-sld'Q-ous,  not  as-sld'ju-ous. 

Associate,  as-so'she-ate,  not  as-so'Qi-ate.  See  enun- 
ciate. 

Association,  as-so-she-a'tion,  not  as-so-gi-a'tion,  nor 
as-so-sha'tion. 

Associative,  as-so'she-a-tlve,  not  as-so'she-a-tive. 

Assume,  as-same',  not  as-sume'.     See  n. 

Assumption,  as-sum'tion,  not  as-sump'tion. 

Asthma,  Sst'ma  (Wore.);  ast'ma,  Ss'ma,  or  2§'ma 
(Web.). 

Astrogeny,  as-trog'e-ny,  not  as'tro-^S-ny. 

son,    or,    dp.,    wglf,    wool,    radT>n,    byll,    ftrn,    rude, 
9ent,      -t-an,      gem,      go,      i§,     e^ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


118          WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Astrography,  as-tr5g'ra-phy,  not  as'tro-gra"ph-y. 

Astrologic,  Ss-tro-lSg'ie,  not  as-troTo-gi*. 

Astute,  as-tnte',  not  as-tute'. 

Asylum,  a-sy'lum,  not  Ss'y-lum. 

Asymptote,  as'ym-tote,  not  a-sym'tote. 

Ate,  ate  (Web.);  ate,  or  et  (Wore.). 

Ate,  a'te,  not  ate,  nor  a-te'. 

Atheneum,  ath-e-ne'um,  not  a-the"ne-um. 

Athlete,  athlete,  not  ath'lete. 

Atlantean,  at-lan-te'an,  not  at-lan'te-an. 

Attache,  at-a-sha'  (Worc.);at-ta-sha'  (Web.). 

Attar,  at'tar(of  roses),  not  <5t'ter  (of  roses). 

Attitude,  at'ti-tnde,  not  at'ti-tude.     See  Q. 

Attorney,  at-tftr'ney,  not  at-t6r'ney. 

Attune,  at-tnne',  not  at-tune'.     See  Q. 

Aubert,  o-ber'. 

Auction,  au^'tion,  not  SVtion. 

Audacious,  au-da'cious,  not  au-da'cious. 

Audience,  au'di-en9e,  not  au'jenge. 

Auerbach,  ow'er-ba«h,  not  ow'er-b3€h. 

Au  fait,  o-fa'. 

Augean,  au-g6'an. 

Aught,  aught,  not  a'nght. 

Augment  (noun),  aug'ment. 

Augment  (verb),  aug-m6nt'. 

Augustine,  St.,  (city),  a.u'gus-tlne   (Web.);  au-gus- 

tme'  (Wore.). 
Aunt,  aunt,  not  aunt. 
Aureola,  au-rs'o-la,  not  au-re-0'la. 

a,    e,    I,   Ox   n,   y,   long;  a,   6,    I,   6,   ii,   y,    short; 
Tiir,   arm,  ask,  fill,  what,  ere,    Srr,    prey,  rni'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  119 

Au  revoir,  o'ruv-wiir'. 

Aurist,  au'rist,  not  Su'rist. 

Aurora  Borealis,  au-ro'ra  bo-re-a'lis. 

Auscultation,  aus-eul-ta'tion,  not  Sus-eul-ta'tion. 

Author,  au'thor,  not  Su'thor. 

Authoritative,  au-th5r'i-ta-tlve,  not  au-thor'i-tive. 

Autobiography,  au-to-bi-5g'ra-phy  (Wore.);  au-to- 

bl-Sg'ra-phy  (Web.) 

Autocrat,  au'to-entt  (Wore.);  au'to-erat  (AVeb.). 
Autopsy,  au'tQp-sy  (Wore.);  au'top-sy  (Web.). 
Autumn,  au'tumn,  not  au'tumn. 
Auxiliary,  ag-zil'ya-ry. 

Avalanche,  av-a-lan9he'(  Wore. ) ;  a"v-a-lan9be'(Web. ). 
Avaunt,  a- vaunt',  not  a-va'unt'. 

So  say  our  dictionaries,  though  the  author  favors 

Haldeman's  marking  of  this  word  (a-va'unt'),  as  it 

is  more  in  accordance   with   euphony,  usage  and 

analogy. 

Ave  Maria,  a've  ma-ri'a  (Web.);  a've  ma-rl'a  (Wore. 

Tin.);  or  a'vama-re'a  (Wore.  School). 
Avenue,  av'e-nn,  not  Sv'e-nu.     See  n. 
Aversion,  a-vSr'shun,  not  a-ver'zhun.    See  adhesion. 
Avoirdupois,  a"v-er-du-pois/,  not  av-er-du-poi'. 
Avon,  a'von,  not  a-von',  nor  Sv'on. 
Awaken,  a-wa'kn,  not  a-wa'ken. 
Awakening,  a-wak'n-ing,  not  a-wa'ken-ing. 
Awful,  aw'ful,  not  aw'fl. 
Awkward,  awk'ward,  not  awk'ard. 
Axiom,  Sx'yum  (Wore.);  Sx'i-om  (Web.). 

son,    6r,    dq,    wplf.    wool,    moTm,    byll,    dm,    rxide, 
9ent,      *an,      ^em,     go,      i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


120          WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Axiomatic,   ak-she-o-mSt'ie   (Wore.);  ax-i-o-m2t'i« 

(Web.). 

Axis  (singular),  5x'is. 
Axes  (plural),  ax'6§. 
Ay,  or  Aye  (yes),  I. 
Aye  (always],  a. 

Azote,  Sz'ote  (Wore.);  a-zOte'  (Web.). 
Azure,  3zh'ur,  or  a'zhur  (Web.);  Wore,  same  trans- 

posed. 

B. 

B  final  should  be  given  without  opening  the  lips, 
thereby  avoiding  the  disagreeable  sound  usually 
heard.  Endeavor  to  throw  the  sound  beyond  the 
lips,  still  retaining  them  in  position,  and  the  result 
will  be  distinctness  without  pedantry.  See  d 


Baccalaureate,   bS-e-ea-lau're-ate,    not    bae-ea-lau'- 

re-ate. 

Bacchanalian,  ba"€~eha-na'li-an,  not  bae-eha-ual'yan. 
Bach,  baeh  (Web.);  bSeh,  or  ba€h  (Wore.). 
Bachelor,  bach'e-lor,  not  b£ch'el-der. 
Backgammon,  back-gam'mon,  not  back'gam-mon. 
Bade,  bade,  not  bade. 
Baden-Baden,  ba'den    ba'den    (Web.);  same,    or 

bad'en  (Wore.). 

Badinage,  bsd-e-nazh'  (Wore.);  bad'in-a'zh  (Web.). 
Bagdad,  bag-dad;,orbag'dad(Worc.);bag-dad'(Web.). 

a,    6,    i,   0,  n,   y,   long;  a,   6,   I,   5,   ti,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  &sk,  fill,  what,  6re,   6rr,   prey,  mTen,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  121 

Bagnio,  ban'yo  (Wore.);  ban'yo  (Web.). 

Balcony,  bal'eo-ny,  or  bal-eo'ny  (Wore.);  oai€o-ny 

(Web.). 

Balderdash,  bal'der-dash,  not  bal'der-dash. 
Ballet,  bal-la'  or  bal'let  (Wore.);  bal'let,  or  bal'la 

(Web.). 

Balm,  balm,  not  balm. 
Balmoral,  bal-m5r'al  (Web.);  bal-m5r'al,  or  bal-mo'- 

ral  (Wore.). 

Balsamic,  bal-sam'k-,  not  bal'sa-mi€. 
Balzac,  bal-zaV  (French) ;bal'za«  (English). 
Bambino,  bam-bi'no  (Wore.);  bam-bfno  (Web.). 
Banana,  ba-nSi'na    (Web.);    ba-na'na,    or    ba-na''na 

(Wore.);  not  ba-nan'a. 

Bancroft,  ban'-eroft,  not  ban'eroft.     See  angular. 
Banditti,  bSn-dit'ti  (Wore.);  ban-dlt'ti  (Web.). 
Bandoline,  bilnd'o-llue,  not  b5n'do-line. 
Banian,    ban-yan'    (Wore.);  ban'yan,  or    ban -van' 

(Web.). 

Banquet,  ban'kwet,  not  bSn'kwet.     See  angular. 
Banquo,  ban 'k wo,  not  ban'kwo.     See  angular. 
Baptism,  bap'ti§m,  not  bap'tig-um. 
Barabbas,  ba-rab'bas,  not  bar'ra-bas. 
Barbarian,  bar-ba'ri-an  (Worc.);bar-ba'ri-an (Web.). 
Barbarous,  ba'r'ba-rofis,  not  bar-ba'ri-ous. 
Barbecue,  biir'be-eQe,  not  bar-be-eue'. 
Barouche,  ba-roosh'. 
Barrel,  bar'rel,  not  bar'rll,  nor  barl. 
Barren,  bar'ren,  not  barn. 

son,    6r,   dg,    wplf,    wool,    moon,   byll,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,      gem,      go,      ig,     e$ist,     thy,     D=Ug. 


122  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

»» 

Basalt,  ba-salt',  not  ba-§alt'. 

Basbleu,  ba-bleu'  (Wore.);  bii-bleu'  (Web.). 

Baseburner,  base'burn-er,  not  base-burn'er. 

Bashaw,  ba-shaw',  not  bash'aw. 

Basic,  ba'sie,  not  ba'sie. 

Basilic,  ba-sjrt'i?,  not  bas'i-lie. 

Basilisk,  bas/i-llsk,  not  bas'i-llsk. 

Basin,  ba'sn,  not  ba'sin. 

There  are  only  six  words  in  which  i  is  silent 
before  terminal  I  or  n.  We  will  arrange  them  in 
such  form  as  will  aid  the  mind  to  retain  them: 
The  evil  in  the  Devil  puts  a  wewil  and  a  raisin  in 
the  basin  for  your  cousin. 

Bask,  bask,  not  bask. 

Basket,  bas'ket,  nofbZs'ket. 

Bass  (a  fish),  bass,  not  bass. 

Bassanio,  bas-sa'ni-o,  not  bas-san'i-0. 

Bass-relief,  bas-re-leT  (Worc.);bas're-leef  (Web.). 

Bastile,  bas-tile'  (Worc.);bas-tile',or  bas'ti'le  (Web.). 

Bastinado,  bas-ti-na'do,  not  bas-ti-na"do. 

Bath,  bath,  no/ bath. 

Baths,  ba7A§,  not  ba//j§.  nor  baths.     See  truths. 

Baton, ba-tong'  (Web.);  ba-tOng',  or  bat'on  (Wore.). 

Baton  Rouge,  ba-tn   roozh'  (Wore.);  bat'un  rc5bzh 
(Web.). 

Bayard  (French  warrior),  ba'ard. 

Bayard  (American  statesman),  bi'ard. 

Bayou,  bay'gu  (Web.);  bay'gu,  or  bay'ou  (Wore.). 

Beacon,  bS'«n,  not  be'eon. 

a,    6,    i,   0,  n,   y,    long;   Si,   6,    I,   0,    a,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,  ere,    Srr,   prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAKMAX'S    PRACTICAL    ORTHOEPY.  123 

Beaconsfield,  bea€'on§-field,  not  b6a«'on§-fi6ld. 

Beard,  beard,  not  beard,  nor  beard. 

Beaten,  be'tn,  not  be'ten. 

Beatitude,  be-St'i-tnde,  not  be-St'i-tude.     See  o. 

Beatrice  ("  Much  Ado  About  Nothing  "),  be"a-trlge. 

Beatrice  (name  of  a  city),  be'a-trSs. 

Beatrice  Portinari,  be'a-tres  por-te-nji'rg. 

Beatrice  Cenci,  ba-s-tre"'cha  chen'che. 

Beattie,  beat'tle  (American),  beat'tle  (Scotch). 

Beaufort,  bn'furt  (Am.),bo'furt  (Eng.),bo-fOr'(Fr.). 

Beau  ideal,  bo  i-dg'al  (Web.);  bo'e-da-al',  or  bo-i- 

de'al  ^Worc.). 
Beau  monde,  bo-m5nd',  or  bo-mond'  (Wore.);  bo- 

m6nd'  (Web.). 

Beautiful,  bean'ti-ful,  not  bean'ti-ful.     See  faithful. 
Because,  be-eau^e',  not  be-€iiu§e'. 
Beckon,  beck'n,  not  beck'on. 
Bedclothes,  bed'€lo/7ie§  ( Web. ) ;  b6d'«10the§,  or  «loz 

(Wore.). 

Bedew,  be-dn',  not  be-du'.     See  n. 
Bedizen,   be-di'zn    (Wore.);    be-di'zn,   or    be-dlz'n 

(Web.). 

Bedouin,  bed'o.u-in  (Wore.);  bed'ou-i'n  (Web.). 
Bedstead,  bed'stead,  not  bed'stid. 
Beelzebub,  be-el'ze-bub,  not  bel'ze-bub. 
Been,  bin,  not  bSSn,  nor  ben. 
Beethoven,  ba'to-ven  (Web.);  beet-ho'vn  (Wore.). 
Before,  be-fore',  not  b?-fore'. 
Begone,  be-g6ue',  not  be-g6ne'. 

son,    6r,    dp.,    WQlf,    wool,    m6T)n,    byll,    ftrn,     rude, 
gent,      +-an,      gom,      go,      i§,     e?:ist,     thy,     li=ng. 


124  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Begonia,  be-gO'ni-a,  not  be-gOn'ya. 

Begrease,  be-gre"a§e'  (Wore.);  be-gre"a§e',  or  grease' 

(Web.). 

Begrime,  be-grime',  not  be-grlme'. 
Behalf,  be-half,  not  be-half. 
Behemoth,  be'he-m5th,  not  be-he'moth. 
Behoove,  be-hoove',  not  be-hove'. 

The  pronunciation  of  this  word  is  the  same  in 
either  form  of  its  orthography:  be-hoove' — be-hp.ve'. 
Belch,  belch,  not  be^h. 
Belesprit,  bel-es-pre'. 

Belfast,  bel'fast  (Maine);  bel-fast'  (Ireland). 
Belial,  be'li-al,  not  be-li'al. 
Believe,  be-lieve',  not  bligve. 
Belladonna,  bel-la-d5n'na,  not  be"l-la-d<3n'na. 
Bellatrix,  bel-la'trlx,  not  bel'la-trix. 
Belles-lettres,  bel-let'ter,  not  b6l'let-ter. 
Bellows,  bel'lus,  not  bel'lOz. 

The  New  Imperial   marks  this    word    beTlOz. 

"  The  last  syllable  of  this  word,  like  that  of  gal- 

loivs,  is  corrupted  beyond   recovery  into  lus." — 

Walker. 

Belluine,  bel'lu-ine,  not  b6l'lu-lne. 
Beloved,   be-lov'ed    (adj.);  be-lov'd'    (part.).     See 

blessed. 
Beneath,  be-ne"a^'  (Wore.);  be-nSa/'A',  or  be-neath' 

(Web.). 
Beneficiary,  ben-e-flsh'ya-ry  (Wore.);   bgn-e-flsh'i- 

a-ry  (Web.). 

ii,    c,    I,    0,   n,    y,    long;   a,    P,    i,    o,    0,    y,    short; 
air,   arm,  ask,  all,  what,  ere,    6rr,    prey,  inien,  sir, 


WARHAN'S  PRACTICAL  OKTHOKPY.  125 

Bengal,  ben-gal',,  not  beu'gal. 

Benignant,  be-nig'nant,  not  be-nign'ant. 

Benison,  ben'i-§n,  not  b6n'i-son. 

Benzine,  ben'zlne,  not  ben-zi'ne'. 

Benzoin,  ben-zoln',  not  ben-zi'ne'. 

Bequeath,  be-quea^',  not  be-quSath'. 

Beranger,  ba-r5ng-zha'    (Web.);    ra'ng'zha,  or  zha' 

(Wore.). 

Bergander,  b§r'gan-der,  not  ber-gsln'der. 
Berlin,  bgr'lln,  or  ber-lln'  (Web.);  ber-lin',  or  ber'lin 

(Wore.);  ber-h'n'  (Ger.). 
Bernard  (saint),  bsr'nard,wo£  bSr-nSrd';  French,  s3n- 

b6r-nar'. 

Bernard-de-Menthon,  b6r-na'r'deh-m5n-tOn'. 
Bernardine,  bSr'nar-dlne,  not  ber-na'r'dine. 
Bestial,  best'yal,  not  best'yal. 
Bestrew,  be-stru',  or  be-stro'. 
Betel,  be'tl,  not  be'tel. 
Bethany,  beth  a-ny,  not  bSth'ny. 
Bethphage,  beth'fa-ge,  not  bgth'fage. 
Betoken,  be-to'kn,  not  be-to'ken. 
Betroth,  be-tr5th',  not  be-troth'. 
Betrothal,  be-tr5th'al,  not  be-tr5th'al. 
Betrothment,  be-trSth'ment,  not  be-troth'ment. 
Bevel,  b6v'el,  not  b6v'l. 
Beyond,  be-y5nd',  not  be-yond',  nor  be-y6nd'. 
Bezant,  be-zilnt',  not  be-za'nt'. 
Bezoar,  bs'zoar,,  not  be-zoar'. 
Biaxal,  bi-ax'al;  not  bl-ax'al. 
Bibacious,  bi-ba'cious,  not  bi-ba'cions. 

son,    6r,    dg,    wolf,    wcx)l,    moon,    bull,    firn,     rude, 
-eaii,      gem,      go,      i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=iig. 


WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Bibliography,  bib-li-6g'ra-phy,  not  bib-li-og'ra-phy. 
Bibliomaniacal,  bib-li-o-ma-ni'a€-al,«o^  bib-li-o-ma'- 

ni-a«-al. 
Bibliothecal,  blb-li-o-ths'cal  (Web.);blb-li-6th'e-«al, 

or  blb-ii-o-the'eal  (Wore.). 
Bicarbonate,  bi-ear'bo-nate,  not  bi-car'bo-nate. 
Bicycle,  bi'gy-ele,  not  bi'cjte-1. 
Bidden,  bid'dn,  not  bld'den. 
Biennial,  bi-en'ni-al,  not  bl-en'ni-al. 
Bifurcate,  bi-ftir'eate. 
Bifurcated,     bi-fdr'«a-ted      (Web.);      bi-fftr'«at-ed 

(Wore.). 

Bindery,  bind'er-y,  not  blnd'ry. 
Bingen,  bing'en, 

Binomial,  bi-no'mi-al,  not  bl-no'mi-al. 
Binominal,  bi-n5m'i-nal,  not  bi-n5m'i-nal. 
Binoxide,  bi-n5x'lde,  not  bl-n5x'ide. 
Biogenesis,  bi-o-gSn'e-sis,  not  bl-o-ge-nS'sis. 
Biography,  bi-6g'ra-phy,  not  bl-og'ra-phy. 
Biology,  bi-61'o-gy,  not  bl-61'o-gy. 
Biometry,  bi-5m'e-try,  not  bi-o-m6'try. 
Bioplasm,  bi'o-pla§m,  not  bl'o-plSs-um. 
Biparous,  blp'a-rous   (Wore.);  bl-pa'rofis,  or  bip'a- 

rous  (Web.). 
Bipartite,  blp'ar-tite  (Wore.) ;  bi-pSr'tlte,  or  blp'ar-tite 

(Web.). 

Bipyramidal,  bi-pv'-ra'm'i-dal,  not  bl-pyr'a-mld-al. 
Biquadrate,  bi-quad'rate,  not  bl-qugd'rate. 
Birchen,  blrch'n,  not  birch  en. 

a,    6,    I,   0,  Q,   y,   long;  a,   6,   I,   5,   tt,   y,    short; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  fill,  what,  ere,   6rr,   prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  127 

Biscuit,  bis'euit,  not  bls/eult. 
Bismuth,  bis/muth,  not  bis'muth . 
Bismarck,  bis/marck  (Web.).     See  Wagner. 

The  German  pronunciation  of  this  name  is  Bls'- 
ma'rck.  S,  in  German,  at  the  end  of  a  syllable,  has 
its  sharp  or  hissing  sound.  The  name  does  not 
occur  in  Worcester's  list  of  "  distinguished  men  of 
modern  times." 

Bison,  bi'son  (Web.);  bi'son,  orbl§'on  (Wore.). 
Bissextile,  bis-sex'tile,  not  bis-s6x'tile. 
Bisulphate,  bi-sul'phate,  not  bi-sul'phate. 
Bitumen,  bi-tn'men,  not  bl-tu'men.     See  a. 
Bivious,   bi'vi-ous  (Wore.);    blv'i-ous,   or  bl'vi-ofis 

(Web.). 

Bivouac  (noun),  blv'wak. 

Bivouac  (verb),  biv'wak  (Web.);  biv'wSk,  or  blv'g-ak. 
Bizantine,  blz'an-tlne,  not  blz'an-ti'ne. 
Blacken,  blilck'n,  not  black'en. 
Blackguard,  blag'gard,  not  black'guard. 
Blanch,  blanch,  not  blanch,  nor  blanch. 
Blanc-mange,  bla-m5nj'  (Wore.);  blo-m6nj' (Web.). 
Blase,  blK-za'. 

Blaspheme,  blas-ph6me',  not  blaspheme. 
Blasphemer,  blas-phs'mer,  not  blSs'phe-mer. 
Blasphemous,  blsls'phe-mous,  not  blas-phe'mous. 
Blast,  blast,  not  blast. 
Blatant,  bla'tant,  not  bla"tant. 
Blazon,  bla'zn,  not  bla'zon. 
Blazonry,  bla'zn-ry,  not  bla'zon-ry. 

son,    6r,    dg,    wplf,    wool,    mdbn,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
gent,      «an,      gem,      go,      i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


128  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Bleat,  bleat,  not  blat. 

Blessed  (adj.),  bless'ed,  (part.),  blest. 

"  In  the  following  words,  beloved,  blessed,  cursed, 
learned,  picked  and  winged,  the  sound  e  before  d 
is  suppressed  when  the  words  are  used  as  verbs  or 
participles,  and  it  is  sounded  when  they  are  used 
as  adjectives;  as,  he  was  much  belov'd;  he  bless'd 
the  occasion,  he  curs' d  the  day;  he  learn' d  to  read; 
he  pick'd  his  men;  he  wing'd  his  flight.  A  belov'ed 
son;  a  bless'ed  day;  a  curs' ed  thing;  a  learn' 'ed  man; 
&  picked  point',  a  wing'ed  fowl. — Picked,  however, 
used  as  a  participial  adjective,  in  the  sense  of 
selected,  as  'picked  men,'  is  pronounced  in  one  syl- 
lable."—  Wore.,  15. 

Blithe,  blithe,  not  blithe- 
Blithesome,  bltfAe'sdme,  not  bllthe'sdme. 

Blouse,  blouse,  not  blouse. 

Blue,  blue,  not  blue.     See  Q. 

Blumenthal,  blu'men-tal,  not  blu'men-thSl. 

Boaconstrictor,  boVeon-strle'tor. 

Boatswain,  boat'swain,  orbo'sn. 

Boccaccio,  bok-kat'cho.     Web.    and  Wore,    agree; 
others  differ. 

Boileau,  bwii-lo'  (Web.);  bollo  (Wore.). 

Boisterous,  bois'ter-ous,  not  bois'trus. 

Boldest,  bold'est,  not  bold'ust. 

Bolero,  bo-le'rO. 

Boleyn,  Anne,  bool'in. 

Bologna,  bo-lrmja  (Worc.);bo-lon'ya  (Web.). 

a,    6,    I,   0,  n,   y,   long;  a,   6,   I,   o,   «,   y,    short; 
air,   arm,  fi.sk,  all,  wh^t,  ere,    err,    prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  129 

Bolingbroke,  bSl'ing-brdbk  (Web.);  bool'ing-brook 

(Wore.). 

Bomb,  btim,  not  bSmb. 

Bombard,  bom'bard  (noun);  b6m-bard'  (verb). 
Bombast,  bom'bast  (Web.);  bom-bast',  or  bom'bast 

(Wore.)- 

Bombastic,  b6m-bast'i«(Web.);  bom-bas'ti€(Worc.), 
Bombasine,  bom-ba-s/ine'.     See  Brazil. 
Bomb-shell,  bom'shell,  not  b5m  shell. 
Bombycinous,  bom-b^'i-nous. 
Bona  fide,  bo'na  fi'de,  not  bo'na  fide'. 
Bonanza,  bo-nan  za  (Wore.);  bo-na"n'za  (Web.). 
Bonnet,  bQn  net,  not  bon'net. 
Bonny-clabber,  bQn'ny-clab'ber,  not  bSn'ny-cla'b'ber. 
Bookmonger,  book'mong-ger,  not  book'm6ng-ger. 
Booth  (Edwin),  booth,  not  boo^. 
Booth  (a  house),  boo^,  not  booth. 
Borax,  bo'rSx  (Wore.);  bo'rax  (Web.). 
Bosom,  bo'§om  (Web.);  bg'§om,  or  bg'§om  (Wore.). 
Boston,  b5s'ton,  not  bos'ton. 

Boucicault,  boo-se-kf>'  (Web.);  not  given  by  Wore. 
Boulevard,  bgu'le-var  (Web.);  bqu-le-va'rd'  (Wore.). 
Bounden,  boun'den(Worc.);  bound'n  (Web.). 
Bounteous,  boun'te-ous,  not  boun  chus. 
Bouquet,  bq-ka',  or  bg'ka. 
Bourbon,  bqui-'bon,  not  bour'bon. 
Bourbon,  (Ky.),  boftr'bon  ( Web. );bgur'bon( Wore.). 
Bourn,     j    bourn     (Web.); 
Bourne,    (    bourn,  or  bgurn     (Wore.) 

sdn,    6r,    do,    wplf,    wool,    m6T>n,    bull,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      fan,      gem,      go,      i§,     e$ist,     thy,     c=ng. 


130  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Bovine,  bo'vine,  not  bo-vfne'. 

Bowie-knife,  bow'ie-knife,  not  bgw'ig-knlfe. 

Bowsprit,  bow'sprit  (Wore.);  bo'sprit,  or  bou'sprit 
(Web.). 

Brachial,  briteh'yal,  or  bra'ehi-al  (Wore.);  bra^h'i-al, 
or  bra'ehi-al  (Web.). 

Braggadocio,  brag-ga-do'she-O,  not  brag-ga-do'sha. 

Brahmin,  brah'miu,  not  brah'min. 

Bramin,  bra'min,  not  bra'min. 

Branch,  branch,  not  branch. 

Brand,  brand,  not  brand. 

Brasier,  bra'zher,  not  bra'zi-er. 

Brass,  brass,  not  brSss. 

Bravado,  bra-va'do,  not  bra-va"do. 

Bravo  (n.),  bra'vo  (Web.);  bra"vo,  or  bra'vO  (Wore.). 

Bravo  (int.),  brK'vo  ( Web. );  bra" vO,  or  bra'vO  (Wore.). 

Brazen,  bra'zn,  not  bra'zen. 

Brazil,  bra-ziT  (Wore.);  bra-zll'  (Web.). 

"  There  is  a  class  of  words,  mostly  derived  from 
the  French  and  Italian  languages,  in  which  i  re- 
tains the  sound  of  long  e,  as  ambergris,  antique, 
bombazine,  Brazil,  capuchin,  caprice,  chagrin,  crit- 
ique, invalid,  verdigris,  etc." — Note  17  (Wore.). 

Breech,  breach,  not  brlch. 

Breeches,  b rich/eg,  not  bre"e"ch'e§. 

Breeching,  brlch'ing,  not  bre"e"ch'ing. 

Brethren,  bre^'ren,  not  bre^'er-en. 

Brevet,  bre-vgf  (Web.);bre-v6f, orbreVet  (Wore.). 

Breviary,  breVya-ry  (Wore.);  bre"'vi-a-ry  (Web.). 

a,    6,    I,    0,   n,    y,    long;   a,    e,    I,    5,    fi,    y,    short; 
tiir,   Urm,  ask,  all,  Avhat,  ^re,    Srr,    prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  131 

Breviature,    breVya-tare     (Wore.);      bre'vi-a-tQre 
(Web.);  not  chure.     See  a. 

Brew,  bru,  not  bra. 

Bric-a-brac,  brte'a'-brae  (Wore.);  brte'a-brae  (Web.). 

Brigand,  brlg'and,  not  brig-slnd'. 

Brigantine,  brig'an-tine,  not  brig'an-tine. 

Brighten,  bright'n,  not  bright'en. 

Bristle,  bris'sl,  not  bris'tle. 

Britannia,  bri-tSn'ni-a,  not  bri-tSn'ya. 

Broach,  broach. 

Brocade,  brocade',  not  bro'eade. 

Brochure,  brochure'. 

Brogan,  bro'gan  (Wore.);  bro'gan,0rbro-ga"n'(Web.). 

Broken,  bro'kn,  not  bro'ken. 

Bromide,  brO'mlde,  not  bro'mlde. 

Allorthoepists,  except  Smart  and  Cull,  are  unan- 
imous in  regard  to  giving  the  sound  of  short  i  to 
the  list  of  chemical  words  ending  in  ide,  as  bro- 
mide, chloride,  iodide,  oxide,  hydride,  etc. 

Bromine,  bro'mlne,  not  bro'mlne. 

All  chemical  terms  ending  in  ine  have  usually 
the  short  sound  of  i.  Worcester  gives  obscure  i. 

Bronchia,  bron'<>hi-a( Web.);  bitm'-ehia  (Wore.).  See 
angular. 

Bronchial,  brOn'ehi-al  (Web.);  bron'-ehi-al  (Wore.). 
See  angular. 

Bronchitis,  br5n-ehf  tis,  not  brSn-eh'i'tis. 

All  these  medical  terms  ending  in  i-tis  have  the 
long  sound  of  i  on  the  penult.  See  meningitis. 

s6n,    or,    dg,    WQ!I,    wool,    mdon,    bull,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      can,      gem,      go,      i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


132  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Bronco,  bron'eo  (Web.);  bron'eo  (Wore.).     See  an- 
gular. 

Webster  is  much  more  consistent  than  Worcester 
in  his  marking  the  n  as  ng  before  the  sound  of  k. 

Bronte,  brOn'te  (Web.);  brOn'te  (Wore.). 

Bronze,  brOnze,  or  bronze. 

Brooch,  broch,  not  brooch. 

Brook,  brook,  not  brook. 

Broth,  broth  (Web.);  broth,  or  brOth  (Wore.). 

Brothel,  bv6ih'el,  not  brSth'el. 

Brougham,  brob'am  (Web.);  same,  or  brdm  (Wore.). 

Brought,  brought,  not  brought. 

Bruise,  brui§e,  not  brui§e. 

Brunette,  bru-nStte',  not  bru'ngtte. 

Brustle,  briis'l,  wo^  brfis'tle. 

Brute,  brute,  not  brute. 

Buddha,  boo'da  (Wore.);  bood'da  (Web.). 

Buddhism,  boo'di§m  (Worc.);bdbd'i§m  (Web.). 

Buddhist,  bobd'ist. 

Bulletin,  bul'le-tin  (Web.);  bul'le-ttn,  or  bul'le-tln 
(WTorc.). 

Bumptious,  bum'tious  (Web.);  bump'tious  (Wore.). 

Buncombe,  bun'kum,  not  bun'kum.     See  angular. 

Buoy,  bwoy,  or  boy  (Wore.);  bwo.y,  or  bw&y  (Web.). 

Buoyage,  bwo^'age,  orb6y'age(Worc.);bwgy'age,  or 
bw&y'age  (Web.). 

Buoyancy,  bw6y'an-9y,  or  b6y'an-cy  (Worc.);bwgy'- 
an-gy,  or  bwojf'an-Qy  (Web.). 

Buoyant,  buoy'ant  (Web.);  bo^'ant  (Wore.). 

a,    e,    I,   0,  Q,   y,    long;  a,   6,    I,    5,   «,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  aU,  what,  ere,    grr,    prey,  mren,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  133 

Burden,  bur'dn,  not  bur'den. 
Bureau,  bn'ro  (Web.);  bn-ro',  or  ba'ro  (Wore.). 
Burgess,  bur'gess,  not  bur'gess. 
Burgundy,  bur'gun-dy,  not  bur-gun'dy. 
Burlesque,  bur-lesk',  not  bur'lesk. 
Burst,  burst,  not  bust. 
Bushel,  bush'el,  not  bush'l,  nor  bush'el. 
Business,  biz'ness,  not  blz'zi-ness. 
Bustle>  bus'sl,  not  bus'tle. 
Butcher,  butch'er,  not  butch'er. 
Butterine,  but'ter-ine,  not  but'ter-lne. 
Button,  but'tn,  not  but'ton. 
Byzantine  (noun),  byz'an-tlne. 
Byzantine  (adj.),  byz'an-tlne  (Wore.);  by-z3n'tlne, 
or  byz'an-tlne  (Web.). 

C. 

Phonetically  speaking  there  is  no  C.  It  has  three 
representatives,  s,  k  and  z;  hence,  is  c  only  by 
sight.  There  is  no  such  combination  as  hard  ch, 
the  h  in  every  case  being  silent,  and  the  c  takes  the 
sound  of  k,  hence  no  combination  exists,  only  to 
the  eye:  chorus  (eo'rus),  ehSsm  («a§m),  Christ 
(ertst).  In  such  words  as  chaise,  chagrin,  chicanery, 
etc.,  the  c  has  its  5  sound,  and  the  h  remains  un- 
affected. In  the  words  charm,  choose,  charge,  etc.,. 
a  silent  t,  i.  e. ,  t  position,  precedes  the  utterance 
of  the  ch,  and  as  c  has  its  representative  s,  this  has 

son,    6r,   dp.,    wolf,    wool,    moon,    bull,    urn,    rude, 
c,ent,      «an,      gem,      go,      i§,     ejist,     thy,     n=ng. 


134  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

been  termed  tsh,  though  the  s  in  this  case  is  apt  to 
mislead.  Theoretically  it  is  tsh,  practically  it  is 
tcli.  In  discern,  suffice,  sacrifice,  sice,  and  their 
derivatives,  c  has  the  sound  of  z. 

Caaba,  ea'a-ba  (Wore.);  ea-a'ba  (Web.). 

Cabal,  ea-bal',  not  ea'bal. 

Cabalist,  eab'al-ist,  not  ea-baTist. 

Cabiri,  ea-bi'ri. 

Cachou,  <3a-9hp.u'- 

Cadi,  ea'di,  not  €a'di, 

Caesura,  9e-§a'ra  (Worc.);9e-§u'ra,0r9e-su'ra(Web.). 

Cafe,  *af  a. 

Cairo,  eai'ro  (U.  S.);  eai'ro  (Egypt). 

Caisson,  cais'son  (Web.);  €ais-sp.n' (Wore.). 

Cajolery,  ea-joTer-y,  not  €a-j6l'ery. 

Calaboose,  «al-a-  boose',  not  eal'a-boose 

Calash,  €a-lash',  not  ea'lash. 

Calcimine,  €al'9i-mine  (Wore.);  €STc.i-mIne  (Web). 

Calcinable,  €al-9in'a-ble  (Web.);  ?al-9i'na-ble,  or €31'- 
9i-na-ble  (Wore.). 

Calcine,  «al-9ine'(Worc.);  €al-9ine',  or  €al'9lne(Web.). 

Caldron,  «al'dron,  not  eal'dron. 
•  Calf,  «alf,  not  «alf. 

Calves,  €Slve§,  not  «alve§. 

Caliph,  «a'liph,  not  -eal'iph. 

Calisthenics,  eSl-is-then'ies,  not  €al-is-t8n'i€g. 

Calk,  -eak,  not  «6rk. 

Calligraphy,  cal-llg'ra-phy,  not  eal'li-graph-y. 

Calliope,  -eal-ll'o-pe,  not  -eal'li-Ope. 

a,    s,    i,   o,  n,   y,   long;  a,   6,   i,   5,   fl,   y,    short; 
air,   arm,  ftsk,  all,  wh?,t,  ere,    Srr,    prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  135 

Calm,  ealm,  not  €5lm. 

Caloric,  €a-l5r'i€,  not  ca-lor'^e.     See  heroine. 

Calyx,  ea'lyx,  not  €&'lyx. 

Calyxes,  «a'lyx-es  (Web.);  «al'yx-e§  (Wore.). 

Camelopard,  €a-meTo-pard,  or  «am'el-o-pard. 

Camelshair,  €Sm'el§-hair,  not  eam-els-hair'. 

Cameo,  ^am'e-0,  not  ea'me-0. 

Camomile,  €£m'o-mile,  not  eam'o-mlle. 

Campaign  (noun  and  verb),  -eam-paign'. 

Campbellite,  ^m'el-ite,  or €a"m'bel-ite  (Web.);  €am'- 
bel-lte  (Wore.). 

Camphor,  eam'phor,  not  -eam'flre. 

Can,  «2n,  not  «ln,  nor  een. 

Canaanite,  €a'naan-ite,  not  ^a-naan-lte'. 

Canard,  €a-niir'  (Wore.);  €a-nar',or«a-nard'  (Web.). 

Canary,  -ea-na'ry,  not  «a-na'ry. 

Cancel,  «an'9el,  not  -eSn^l. 

Canine,  -ea-nlne',  not  ca-ni'ne'. 

Canker,  can'ker,  not  cSr.'ker.     See  angular. 

Cannon,  ean'non 

Canon  (a  law),  «an'on. 

Canon  (a  gorge),  -ean-yun'  (Web.);  €&n'y5n  (Wore.). 

Canorous,  -ea-no'rous,  not  ean'o-rous.      See  decorous. 

Can't,  «an't,  not  €3nt. 

Cantata,  €an-ta'ta,  or  ean-ta'ta  (Web.);  same  trans- 
posed (Wore.) 

Cantatrice,  «an-ta-tr6'che,  not  -ean'ta-tri^e. 

Canteen,  €an-te"en',  not  ^Sn-tggn'. 

Canton,  ean-ton'  (China);  -eSn'ton  (U.  S.). 

son,    6r,    dQ,    WQlf,    wool,    md5n,    byll,    ftrn,    rude, 
«an,      gem,      go,      i§,     epst,     thy,     o-ng. 


136  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 


Canyon,  eSn'yon  (Wore.);  ean-yOn'  (Web.). 
Caoutchouc,  eoo'chook  (Web.);  -eoo'clufok  (Wore.). 
Cap-a-pie,  ^Sp-a-pie"',  not  -eSp'a-pie. 
Capillary,  eSp'il-la-ry,  or  ca-pll'la-ry. 
Capitoline,  €ap'i-tol-ine,  not  eSp'i-tol-ine. 
Capitulate,  -ea-pit'o-late,  not  ea-pit'chu-late,    Seed. 
Caprice,  ea-pr'ice',  not  ea-prlqe'.     See  Brazil. 
Capricious,  ea-prlsh'us,  not  ea-pri'sh'us. 
Capsule,  eap'sule,  not  «ap'sul. 
Capture,  eapt'are,  not  «ap'chur.     See  a. 

Smoother  pronunciation  will  be  had  by  separat- 

ing the  non-vocalized  consonants  p  and  t  —  cap'- 

tare. 

Capua,  eSp'n-a,  not  «a'pu-a. 
Capuchin,  eap-n-Qhm'.     See  Brazil. 
Caramel,  car'a-mel,  not  car'a-mel. 
Caravan,  ear'a-vSn,  or  €3r-a-van'  (Web.);  €&r-a-v3n' 

(Wore.). 
Carbine,    «ar'bine    (Web.);    car'blne,   or    ca'r-blne' 

(Wore.). 

Carbuncle,  €slr'buQ-ele,  not  €a'r'bun-€le. 
Carcanet,  -ear'^a-net,  not  ea'r^a-ne't. 
Care,  «are,  not 
Caret,  «a'ret,  not 
Caribbean,  €5r-ib-b5'an,  not  car-rlb'be-an. 
Caricature  (noun),  €a"r'i-ea-tare,  not  «ar'i-«a-chur. 

See  Q. 
Caricature  (verb),  €3r'i-€a-tQre(Web.);€ar-i-ca-tQre' 

(Wore.). 

a,    6,    I,   0,  Q,   y,   long;  a,   5,   I,    6,   u,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  a.11,  what,  ere,   Srr,   prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  137 

Carlyle,  ear-lyle'  (Wore.);  car-lyle'  (Web.). 

Carmine,  car'mlne  (Web.);  car'mlne,  or  car-mine' 
(Wore.);  not  car'mine. 

Ca.rnelian,  car-nel'yan,  not  car-ne"'li-an. 

Carriage,  car'riage,  not  car'rug. 

Carte-blanche,  ciirt-blanche'  (Web.);  cart-blanche" 
(Wore.). 

This  word  is  so  represented  by  Worcester  and 
Webster,  as  they  have  not  had,  until  the  issue  of 
the  supplement  (in  which  the  word  does  not  ap- 
pear), any  mark  for  a  French  n. 

The  effect  produced  by  the  French  n  is  to  nasal- 
ize the  vowel  preceding  it. 

Carte-de-visite,  carte'de-vi-srte'. 

Cartesian,  car-te'zhan,  not  car-te'shan. 

Carthaginian,  car-tha-gln'i-an,  not  ca'r-tha-gTn'i-an. 

Cartridge,  cartridge,  not  cat'ridge. 

Carve,  carve,  not  cave. 

Those  who  drop  out  the  r  in  such  words  as  carve, 
loater,  etc.,  make  up  for  the  omission  by  placing 
the  r  in  words  where  it  should  not  occur — idear, 
operar,  Jehovahr,  etc. 

Casement, case'ment  (Web.);  cage'ment  (Wore.). 

Caseous,   ca'se-ous  (Web.);  ca'se-ous,  or  ca'she-us 
(Wore.). 

Cashmere,  cSsh'mere  (Web.);  cash'mSre,  or  cash- 
mere' (Wore.). 

Casino,  ca-si'no. 

Cask,  cask,  not  e5.sk. 

s6n,    6r,    do,    wolf,    wdbl,    m6T)n,   byll,    urn,    rude, 
gent,      can,      gem,      go,      i§,     e^ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


138          WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Casket,  eask'et,  not  c&sk'et. 

Cassia,  €3sh'she-a(Worc.);-eash'a  (Web). 

Cassidony,  eas'si-do-ny,  not  eas-si-do'ny. 

Cassimere,  eas'si-mere,  not  ca^'i-meTe. 

Cassino,  «as-si''n(5,  not  -ea-si'no. 

Cassiopea,  so  spelled  in  Worcester,  and  pronounced 

€&s-si-o-pS'a. 
Cassiopeia,  so  spelled  in  Webster,  and  pronounced 

«as-si-o-pe"'ya. 
Cassius  (coloring),  eSsh'I-us. 

This  is  the  marking  by  Webster  and  Worcester, 

but  is  incorrect,  as  it  does  not  conform  with  the 

pronunciation  of  the  name  of  the  German  chemist 

who  made  the  discovery  —  eSs'e-oos. 
Cassius  (Caius),  ^ash'i-us,  not  eash'yus. 
Cast,  -east,  not  -eSst. 
Castanet,  eas'ta-nSt,  not  eas-ta-nSt'. 
Caste,  -easte,  not  -easte. 

Cast-iron,  east'l-urn,  not  «ast-l'urn,  nor  east-l'ron. 
Castle,  €&s'sl,  not  €2s'tle. 
Casual,  tf2§h'yu-al,  not  €2§'u-al. 
Casualty,  €5§h'yu-al-ty,  not  €2§h-yu-al'i-ty. 
Casuist,  -ea§h'yv-lst,  not  eaz'yu-lst. 
Catacomb,  «at'a-com,  not  cat'a-comb. 
Catafalque,  €at-a-falk',  not  «at-a-fa'k'. 
Catalogue,  €at'a-l5gue,  not  cat'a-16gue. 
Catamaran,  «at-a-ma-ran'. 
Cataract,  «at'a-ra€t,  not  «at'a-ra€. 
Catawba,  ea-taw'ba,  not  «a-taw'ba. 

a,    e,    I,   o,  0,   y,   long;  a,   6,    I,   6,   u,   y,    short; 
air,   arm,  ask,  all,  what,  ere,    6rr,    prey,  mien,  sir, 


WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  139 

'  Catch,  eatch,  not  €6tch. 
Catchup,  «atch'up,  not  «6tch'up. 
Catsup,  «at'sup. 

Catechism,  €St'e-ehl§m,  not  cat'e-ehig-um. 
Catechumen,  eat-e-ehn'men. 
Categorically,   eat-e-gSr'ie-al-ly,    not   «at-e-g6r'i€- 

al-ly. 

Caterpillar,  «at'er-pll-lar,  not  €at'a-pil-lar. 
Cattle,  eat'tl,  not  «at'tul. 
Caucasian,  €a.u~ea'sian,  not  €au-«a'§ian,  nor  «au-«a'- 

§ian. 

Caucasus,  €au'€a-sfls,  not  €au-€3s'us. 
Cauliflower,  «au'li-flow-er  (Web.);  €6Tli-flow-er 

(Wore.). 

Cause,  «au§e,  not  «a'u§e. 
Cavalero,  eSv-a-ls'ro,  not  «3v-e-la'r<3. 
Caveat,  «a've-at,  not  «av'e-at. 
Cayenne,  ^ay-en',  not  «i-an'. 
Cecil,  qec/il  (Wore.);  969'!],  or  919'!!  (Web.). 
Cedilla,  9e-dil'la,  not  9e-diTla. 
Celestial,  ^e-lSst'yal,  not  9e-16s'chal. 
Celibacy,  96l'i-ba-9y  (Wore.);  9e-lib'a-9y,  or  QeTi-ba- 

9y  (Web.). 

Webster  stands  alone  in  placing  the  accent  on 
the  second  syllable. 

Cellar,  9eTlar,  not  9ul'lar. 
Celluloid,  9el'ln-loid,  not  ceTlu-loid. 

The  u  in  this  word  is  long  u,  slightly  obscured, 

s6n,    6r,    dq,    wolf,    wool,    moTm,    bijll,    urn,     rude, 
9ent,      can,      gem,      go,      i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


140  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

just  as  long  u  always  is  when  not  immediately  undei 

the  accent. 

Cement  (verb),  qe-mgnt'. 
Cement  (noun),  gem'ent   (Wore.);   9em'ent,  or  ge- 

meiit'  (Web.). 

There  are  eight  authorities  in  favor  of  the  first 

marking,  two  in  favor  of  c,e"'ment,   while  Smart 

agrees  with  Webster  in  second  marking. 
-  Cemetery,  c.em'e-ter-y,  not  cem'e-try. 
Censorian,  c,en-so'ri-an,  not  9en-so-il'an. 
Centenary,  9en'te-na-ry,  not  9en-te-na'ry. 
Centennial,  Qen-ten'ni-al,  not  9en-ten'yal. 
Centimeter,  9en-tlm'e-ter  (Wore.);  9en-tlm'e-ter,  or 

9en'ti-me  ter  (Web.). 

Centrifugal,  9en-trlf'n-gal,  not  9en-tri-fa'gal. 
Centripetal,  9en-trlp'e-tal,  not  qen-tri-pe'tal. 
Centurion,  9en-tn'ri-on,  not  9en-tu'ri-on.     See  d. 
-^  Century,  9ent'Q-ry,  not  gen'chu-ry.     See  fl. 
Cephalic,  9e-phal'i€,  not  9eph'al-i«. 
Cephalopod,  98-phul'o-p5d  (Wore.);   9eph'a-lo-p5d, 

or  9e-phal'o-pod  (Web.). 
Ceramic,  9e-ram'i€,  not  9er'a-mi«. 
^-  Cerebral,  9er'e-bral,  not  9e-re'bral. 
Cerement,  9ere'ment,  not  9er'e-ment. 
Ceremonial,  9er-e-mO'ni-al,  not  95r-e-mO'ni-al. 
Ceremony,  9er'e-mo-ny,  not  96r'e-mo-ny. 
Cereus  (night  blooming),  9e're-us,  not  9Sre'us. 
Certain,  9§r'taln,  not  96rt'n. 
Cervantes,  9§r-vSn'te§  (Web.);  9Sr-vSn'tS§  (Wore.). 

a,    6,    I,    0,   n,    y,    long;   2,    e,    I,    5,    u,    f,    short; 
air,   arm,  ask,  all,  what,  ere,    6rr,    prey,  mien,  sTr, 


•WARMANS  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  14i 

Cesarean,  9e-§a're-an,  not  ce-ga-re'an. 

Ceylon,  qey-lon',  rtrc.Sy'lon(Worc.);9Sy-l5n',  or  qey- 
lon'  (Web.). 

Chaff  (husk),  chaff,  not  chaff. 

Chaff  (idle  talk), chaff  (Web. ) ;  chaff  (Wore. ),  not  chaff. 

Chagrin,  qha-gr'iii'  (Wore.);  qha-grln'  (Web.).     See 
Brazil. 

The  former  is  the  marking  of  all  the  orthoepists, 
except  Webster,  who  is  consistent  in  his  marking 
of  these  words  of  French  and  Italian  origin,  with 
the  exception  of  the  three  following:  Brazil,  cha- 
grin, and  invalid. 

Chaise,  9hai§e,  not  chai§e. 

In  words  from  the  French  cli  has  the  sound  of  sli. 
'Chalcedony,  ehal-Qed'o-ny,  or  ehal'qe-do-ny. 

Chaldean,  «hal-de'an. 

Chaldron,  chal'dron  (Web.);  chal'dron,  or  chsl'dron 
(Wore.). 

Chalk,  chjik,  not  chiik. 

Cham,  «ham,  not  chain. 

Chamber,  cham'ber,  not  cham'ber. 

Chameleon,  *;ha-me'le-on,   not  ^ha-me'le-on.     See 
orchestra. 

Chamois,  9hSm'my,  or  glia-mol'. 

The  first  marking  is  preferred  by  Worcester, 
Webster,  Haldeman,  Perry  and  Enfield. 

The  second  marking  is  endorsed  by  Sheridan, 
Walker,  Jones,  Fulton  and  Jameson,  while  Smart 
and  the  New  Imperial  favor  sham-wa1'. 

s6n,    6r,    dp.,    wolf,    wool,    moon,    bull,    urn,     rude, 
gent,      -can,      gem,      go,      i§,     e^ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


142  WARM  AN' s  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Chamomile,  eham'o-mlle,  not  -eham'o-mlle. 

There  can  be  no  definite  rule  given  for  the  sound 
of  i  in  this  class  of  words.  The  i  is  generally  short 
when  the  accent  is  on  the  antepenult ;  as  juvenile, 
puerile,  etc.,  but  it  is  not  so  in  the  words  reconcile, 
eolipile,  etc. 

Champ,  champ,  not  champ. 

Champaign,  cham-paign',  not  9ham'paign. 

Chance,  change,  not  chance. 

Chancel,  channel,  not  channel. 

Chancellor,  chan'gel-lor,  not  chan'cel-lor. 

Chancery,  chan'ger-y,  not  chan'ger-y. 

Chandelier,  ghan-de-lisr',  not  ghan.-de-ller'. 

Chandler,   chand'ler,  not  ghand'ler. 

Channel,  chan'nel,  not  chan'l. 

Chant,  chant,  not  chant. 

Chaos,  eha'Ss,  not  eha'us. 

Chap,  chap,  or  chap. 

Chapeau,  ghap'o. 

Chapel,  chap'el,  not  chap'l. 

Chaperon,  ghap'er-on. 

Charade,  gha-rade',  not  gha-r3de'. 

Charge  d'affaires,  sha'r-zha'daf-f^r'. 

Charlatan,  gha'r'la-tan,  not  char'la-tan. 

Charlotte  Russe,  ghar'lotte  russe. 

The  Worcester  Unabridged  does  not  mark:  the  c 
to  have  the  sound  of  s,  but  we  think  it  an  error  of 
omission  instead  of  commission. 

Charta,  ^hitr'ta,  not  chiir'ta. 

a,    6,    I,   0,  n,   y,   long;  a,   6,    I,    5,   tt,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,  £re,   grr,   prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OKTHOEPY.  143 

Chary,  char'y  (Web.);  char'y,  or  cha'ry  (Wore.). 
Chasm,  «ha§m,  not  «ha§'um. 
Chasten,  chas'sn,  not  chas'sn. 

' '  For  whom  the  Lord  loveth  he  chasteneth. " 

"This  word  is  sometimes  falsely  pronounced  with 
the  a  short,  so  as  to  rhyme  with  fasten;  but  it  is 
exactly  under  the  same  predicament  as  the  verb  to 
haste,  which,  when  formed  into  what  is  called  an 
inchoative  verb,  becomes  hasten,  and  with  which 
chasten  is  a  perfect  rhyme." — Walker. 
•Chastening,  chas'sn-ing,  not  chas'sn-ing. 
-Chastise,  chas-ti§e',  not  chaVtige. 
•Chastisement,  chas'ti§e-me'nt,  not chas-ti§e'ment. 

When  you  chSs-ti§e',  it  becomes  a  chas'ti§e-ment, 
not  a  chSs-tl§e'ment. 
Chatelain,  9h3t'e-lain,  not  9hSt-e-lain'. 
Chattel,  chst'tl  (Web.);  chst'tl,  or  chst'el  (Wore.). 
Cheapen,  cheap'n,  not  chSap'en. 
Chemic,  ^hem'ie  (Web.);  che'm'ie,  or «hlm'i€  (Wore.). 
Chemical,  €he"m'i€-al  (Web.);  €h6m'i«-al,  or  ehim'ie- 
al  (Wore.). 

It  is  with  great  reluctance  that  we  record  author- 
ity for  such  pronunciation  as"lm'ic"and  "Im'ic-al." 
The  same  holds  good  to  chemist  and  chemistry. 
Webster  giving  ehe'm'ist,  and  ehgm'ist-ry;  Worces- 
ter gives  us  the  choice  between  «h6m'ist  and  ehlm'- 
ist,  «h8m'is-try  and  €hlm'is-tr}r.  We  trust  that  in 
the  next  supplement  of  Worcester  the  publishers 

s6n,    6r,    do,    wolf,    wdol,    moon,    bull,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,      gem,      go,      i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


144  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

will  see  to  it  that  the  printer  accidentally  (?)  drops 
out  the  latter  objectionable  pronunciation.  Since 
the  orthography  is  changed,  let  it  affect  the  ortho- 

epy- 

Chemise,  9he-mis_e',  not  shlm'my. 

Chemisette,  9hem-i-§ette'. 

Chenille,  9he-nille'. 

Cherubic,  che-ru'bk,  not  cheYu-bi*. 

Cherup,  cheYup,  not  chirp. 

Chest,  chSst,  not  chist 

Chestnut,  ches'nut,  not  chgst'nut. 

Cheviot,   chev'i-ot   (Web.);   chlv'i-5t,   or    cheVi-6t 

(Wore.). 

Chew,  chu,  not  chn. 
Chicago,  9hi-€a'go,  not  ghi-eS'go,  nor  9hi~ea"go,  nor 

chi«ea'go. 

Chicanery,  9hi-ean'er-y,  not  chi-ean'er-y. 
Chicken,  chlck'en.  not  chlck'n. 
Chidden,  chld'dn,  not  chid'den. 
Chieftain,  chief'tin,  not  chisf'tun. 
Chignon,  sheVyon.     Nasalize  the  o,  without  giving 

the  n. 
Childe  (Harold),  child  in  U.S. ;  child,  or  child,  in  Eng. 

(Web.);  chllde,  or  chllde  (Wore.). 

"Childe,  pronounced  child,  is  contrary  to  all  anal- 
ogy, and  the  modern  way  of  pronouncing  it  seems 
to  have  been  determined  solely  by  the  indistinct 
notion  that  some  difference  ought  to  be  made  be- 

a,    €,    I,   0,   n,   y,    long;  a,   6,    I,    C,    u,    y,    short; 
dir,   arm,  ask,  $11,  what,  ere,    err,    prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  145 

tween  it  and  child." —  Phi.  Nus.,Cam.,  Eng.  SMART 
favors  chllde,  and  gives  as  his  reason  for  so  doing: 
"Childe  *  *  *  we  may  suppose  to  have  once 
been  chll'de." 

Children,  chll'dren,  not  chll'durn. 
Chimera,  -ehl-me"'ra,  not  -ehl-mg'ra. 
Chimney,  chim'ney,  not  chim'bly. 
Chimpanzee,  chim-pa'n'zee,  not  9hlm-pan-z5e"'. 

Smart  favors  the  pronunciation,  chim-pan-zS5'. 

"Chinese,  chi-n5§e',  not  chi-nSse'. 
Chirography,  €hi-r5g'ra-phy,wctf€hi-ro-gra'ph-y .  See 

orchestra. 
Chiromancy,  ehi'ro-ma'n-qy  (Web.);  ^ln'rc-mSn^y, 

or  ehlr'o-mSn^y  (Wore.). 
Chiromanist,  €hi'ro-mSn-ist  (Web.);  €hi'ro-man-Ist, 

or  ehlr'o-man-ist  (Wore.). 
Chiropodist,  €hi-rQp'o-dist,  not  9hi-r6p'o-dist. 
Chirurgeon,     €hi-rur'g6n      (Web.);    «hl-rur'ge-on 

(Wore.). 

Chisel,  chi§'el,  not  chis/1. 

Chivalric,  9hiv'al-rie  (Web.);  9hi-val'ri€  (Wore.). 
Chivalrous,  9hiv'al-roiis  ( Web. ) ;  9hlv'al-rous,or  chlv'- 

al-rous  (Wore.). 
Chivalry,  9hlv'al-ry  (Web.x;  9hlv'al-ry,  or  chlv'al-ry 

(Wore.). 

With  regard  to  the  pronunciation  of  these  words, 
the  preponderance  of  authorities  is  in  favor  of  the 

son,    6r,   dg,    wplf,   wdbl,    moTm,   "byll,    urn,    r«de, 
go,      i§,     e?ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


WARMANS  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

first  syllable  being  accented  and  pronounced  shiv 
instead  of  cliiv.  Analogy  seems  to  require  that  ch 
in  chevalier  and  chivalry  should  be  pronounced 
alike. 

Chlorate,  «hlo'rate,  not  ehlo'rate. 
Chloride,  ehlo'rlde,  not  ehlo'ride.     See  bromide. 
Chlorine,  ehlo'rlne,  not  ehlo'rine. 
Chlorite,  ehlo'rite,  not  ehlo'rlte. 
Chock-full,  chQck'full,  not  chuck'full. 
^•'Chocolate,  chQe'o-late,  not  ch5«'late. 
Choler,  -ehSl'er,  not  chol'er. 
Choleric,  €hoTer-i€,  not  -ehoTer-ie. 
Choose,  choose,  not  chaise. 
Chore,  chore,  not  9hore. 
Chorist,  «ho'rist,  not  «h5r'ist. 
Chorister,  -ehOr'is-ter,  not  «ho'rist-er.   • 
Chorus,  -eho'rus,  not  chSr'us. 
Christen,  -ehrls'n,  not  -ehrls'ten. 
Christian,  ^hrlst'yan,  not  ehrls'chan,  nor  €hrls'ti-an. 
^  Christianity,  ehrlst-ySn'i-ty  (Web.);  «hrlst-ye-an'i- 

ty  ("Wore.)- 
^-  Christmas,  ^hrls'mas,  not  ^hrlst'mas. 

Chromopathic,   ^hro-mo-path'ic,    not    €hro-m6p'a- 

thi«. 
Chromopathist,    -ehrO-mSp'a-thist,    not    €hrO-mo- 

pSth'ist. 
Chromopathy,  ehrO-mOp'a-thy,  not  €hrO-mo-p2th'y. 

This  word  does  not  occur  either  in  Worcester's 

a,    6,    I,   0,  Q,   y,   long;  a,   6,   I,    5,   fi,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,  £re,   6rr,   prey,  mTen,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  147 

or  Webster's.  By  analogy  its  accent  is  governed  by 
the  same  rule  as  applies  to  all  words  of  this  class. 
See  allopathy. 

Chronogram,  ehrSn'o-grSm,  not  €hrO'no-gr2m. 
Chrysalis,  ehryYa-lls,  not  -ehrys'a-ll§. 
Chrysoprase,  €hryYo-pra§e  (Web.);  dirjte'o-prase 

(Wore.). 

Cicatrix,  9i-ea'trix;  plural,  gte-a-trl'Qeg. 
Cicerone,  chs-che-ro'ne,  or  sis-e-ro'ne. 
Cinchona,  9in-eho'ua,  not  9ln'-eho-na. 
Cincinnati,  9in-9in-na"tl,  not  9in-9in-nSt'ty. 
Cincture,  9ln€t'ure,  not  9lng'chur. 
Circassian,  9ir-e5s'sian  ( Web. );  9ir~eash'e-an(  Wore.) 
Circuit,  9lr'-eit,  not  9lr'-ent. 
Circuitous,  9ir-€a'i-tous,  not  9lr'«it-us. 
Circumscribe,  9ir-eum-s€rtbe',  not  9lr'€um-s«rlbe. 
Circumstance,    9ir'€iim-stan9e    (Web.);     9lr'-eum- 

stance  (Wore.). 

Citadel,  9it'a-del,  not  9it'a-dul. 
Citizen,  9it'i-zn,  not  9it'i-zen. 
Citrate,  9it'rate,  not  9i'trate. 
Civil,  9iv'il,  not  9iv'l.     See  basin. 
Clabber,  elab'ber,  not  elSb'ber. 
Clamber,  elam'ber,  not  €l2m'er. 

The  sound  of  the  b  distinguishes  it  from  clamor. 

They  clambered  the  rocks,  while  they  clamored  the 

gods. 
Clandestine,  elan-deYtine,  not  elan-deYtine. 

eon,    or,    d«,    wolf,    wdbl,    moTm,    bull,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      -e-an,      ^om,      go,      i§,     e?ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


14:8         WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Clangor,  clSn'gor,  not  clang' or.     See  angular. 
Clapboard  (noun),  clab'board,  not  clap'bOard. 
Clapboard  (verb),  clap'board. 
Clarinet,  clar'i-net,  not  clar-i-ngt'. 
Clarion,  clar'i-on,  not  cla'ri-on. 
Clash,  clash,  not  clash. 
Clasp,  clasp,  not  clasp. 
Class,  class,  not  class,  nor  class. 
Classic,  clas'sic,  not  clas'sic. 
Classify,  clas'si-fy,  not  clas'si-fy, 
Classmate,  class'mate,  not  class'mate. 
Cleanly  (adj.),  clgan'ly,  not  cleanly. 
Cleanly  (ad.),  cleau'ly,  not  clgan'ly. 
Clef,  «!6f  (Web.);  clet,  or  cllf  (Wore.). 
Clematis,  clSm'a-tis,  not  cle-mat'is. 
Clementine,  cl6m'en-tine,  not  cl6m'en-tine. 
Cleopatra,  cls-o-pa'tra,  not  cle-o-pa"tra. 
Clerk,  clSrk  (Web.);  clark,  or  clerk  (Wore.). 

The  e  in  cleric  and  sergeant  has,  according  to  all 
English  orthoepists,  the  sound  of  a  in  dark;  yet  in 
this  country  we  pronounce  the  former  in  accord- 
ance with  its  orthography  (clerk), 'while  the  latter 
is  more  in  conformity  with  the 

Clew,  cln,  not  clu.     See  n. 
Climacteric,  cli-mSc'ter-ic,  or 

The  former  is  the  preference  given  in  Webster's, 
the  latter  in  Worcester's. 

a,    6,    i,   o,  n,   v,   long;  a,   6,   i,   0,   ti,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,  £re,   Srr,   prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  149 

Climature,  cli'ma-tttre,  not  cli'ma-chur,  nor  ture. 

Seen. 
-  Climber,  clim'er,  wotfclimb'er. 

Clinch,  clinch,  not  clench, 
x  Clique,  cle"k,  not  clik. 

Clod,  clQd,  not  clod. 

Clog,  clSg,  not  cldg. 

Cloth,  cloth  (Web.);  cloth,  or  cloth  (Wore.). 
The  plural  takes  the  sonant  th.     See  truths. 

Clothes  (noun),  -elo^§,  or  -elO§. 

We  regret  that  the  standard  of  authority  has 
adopted  the  colloquial,  instead  of  the  colloquial 
conforming  with  the  standard.  It  is  "colloquial" 
to  mispronounce  very  many  words,  from  sheer  lazi- 
ness, if  those  words  are  at  all  difficult  of  pronuncia- 
tion. It  is  "colloquial  "  with  at  least  ninety-nine t 
hundreths  of  even  our  best  scholars  to  erroneously 
pronounce  long  u  when  preceded  by  d,  I,  n,  s  and 
t,  yet  we  have  a  standard  that  swerves  not  from  the 
right  on  any  of  these  words. 

Close  the  door  as  you  bring  in  the  clOz. — Selah. 

Clough,  cluf,  or  cl5f  (Wore.);  cluf  (Web.). 
Coadjument,  co-Sd'ju-ment. 

Coadjutant,  co-ad'ju-tSnt  (Wore.);  co-Sd'ju-tant,  or 
•eO-ad-jn'tant  (Web.). 

There  is  only  one  other  authority  than  Webster 
that  permits  the  second  marking. 

son,    or,   dg,    wplf,    wdbl,    m<5on,   bull,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      can,      gem,      go,      i§,     epst,     thy,     n-ng. 


150          WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.' 

•-  Coadjutor,  «o-ad-ja'tor. 

Coadjuvancy,  €o-Sd'ju-van-9y(Worc.);  €0-3d'ju-van- 
9y,  or  €0-ad-ju'van-9y  (Web.). 

Coadjuvant,  eo-Sd'ju-vSnt   (Wore.);  «o-ad'ju-vant, 
or  «0-ad-jQ'vant  (Web.). 

Coagulate,  eo-ag'u-late,  not  €o-3g'u-late. 

Cochineal,  €6ch'i-nSal,  not  -eOch-i-ngar. 

Cockatrice,  €5ck'a-tri9e,  not  €5ek'a-tri9e. 

Cockburn  (Lord),  eOTrarn. 

Cockswain,  eSck'swain,  or  €6ck'sn. 
^-  Cocoa,  €0'«5,  not  ^o'eo-a. 

Coexist,  €0-e£-lst',  not  eO'ex-zist. 
^  Coffee,  -eOf fee,  not  «6f  fee. 

Coffin,  -eOf'fin,  not  -eof'fin,  nor  «6f'n. 

Cognac,  -eon-yak'  (Wore.);  eon'yak  (Web.). 

Cognizable,  eog'ni-za-ble,  or  €Qn'e-za-ble. 

Cognizance,  -e5g'ni-zan9e,  or  eQn'l-zai^e. 

Cognizant,  «6g'ni-zant,  or  €6n'i-zant. 

Cognizor,  «og-ni-z6r',  or  «on-i-z6r'. 

Cognomen,  -eog-no'men,  not  €5g'no-men. 

Cohesion,  <:>o-he"'§ion,  not  €O-h6'shun.    See  adhesion. 

Cohesive,  €0-he'sive,  not  €o-he'zive.     See  effusive. 

Coleridge,  eole'ridge,  not  col'er-idge. 

Coliseum,  €5l-i-se"'um. 

Collier,  €6l'yer,  not  eoTyer. 

Collogue,  €5l-logue',  not  «5l-l5gue'.     See  apalogue. 

Collude,  col-lade',  not col-lnde'.     Seed. 

Collusive,  €ol-lQ'sive,  not  €ol-lu'zive.     See  effusive. 

Colon,  «o'lon,  note&ln. 


.,    5,    i,   o,  n,   y,   long;  a,   6,   I,   5,   ti,   y,    short; 
ir,   arm,  &sk,  all,  what,  ere,    err,    prey,  mien,  sir, 


a 
fiir 


Colporteur,       xl,  „ 

not 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  151 

Colonel,  cur'nel,  not  €u'nel.    See  carve. 
Colorado,  €5l-o-ra'do,  not  €ol-o-ia'do,wor€ol-o-ra"do. 
Colorific,  €5l-or-lfi€  (Wore.);  -e6l-or-Ifi€  (Web.). 
Colosse,  €0-l5sse',  not  €o-loYse. 

) 

Colporter,     \ 
Columbary,  €5l'um-ba-ry   (Web.);  eoTum-ba-ry,  or 
€0-lum'ba-ry  (Wore.). 

-  Column,  -eoTum,  not  •esryum. 

Comatose,  «0'ma-tOse  (Web.);  €5m-a-tOse'  (Wore.). 
Combat,   eQm'bat    (Web.);    «6m'bat,    or    eSm'bat 

(Wore.). 
Combatable,  €om-bat'a-ble(Web.);  «6m'ba-ta-ble,or 

€6m'ba-ta-blc  (Wore.). 
"  Combatant,  €6m'bat-ant    (Web.);  «6m'ba-tant,   or 

€6m'ba-tant  (Wore.). 
Combative,  €5m'bat-ive  (Web.);€6m'ba-tlve,or€5m'- 

ba-tlve  (Wore.). 
Combativeness,  «5m'bat-ive-uess   (Web.);  «6m'ba- 

tive-ness,  or  «5rn'ba-tive-ngss  (Wore.). 
Combustion,  €om-bust'yun,  not  eom-bus'chun. 
Comedian,  «o-mS'di-an,  not  €5m-me"'di-an,  nor  €5m- 

mS'jan. 
Comeliness,  €6me'li-ness,  not  €6me'li-ness. 

-  Comely,  eome'ly,  not  «6me'ly. 
Command,  €om-mand',  not  «om-mand'. 
Commandant,  com-man-da'nt',  not  €om-mSn'dant. 
Commandment,  €om-mand'ment,  not  €om-m2nd'- 

ment. 

s6n,    6r,    dg,    wplf,    wdbl,    mobn,   bull,    firn,     rude, 
9ent,      t-an,      gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     D-ng. 


152  WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL,  OBTHOEPY. 


Commendable,  eom-mend'a-ble,   not 

ble. 
Commensurate,  €om-m6n'shu-rate,  not  eom-me'n'- 

§hu-rate. 
Comment  (verb),  eSm'ment  (Web.);  eOm'ment,  or 

eom-me'nt'  (Wore.). 
Comment  (noun),  eSm'ment. 
Commiserate,  eom-inl§'er-ate,  not  com-mis'er-ate. 
Commodious,  €om-mo'di-us,  not  €om-mO'jus. 
Commodore,  €5m'mo-dOre  (Web.);  €5m'mo-dOre,  or 

eCm-mo-dOre'  (Wore.). 
Commonwealth,   €Qm-mon-w6alth'   (Web.);  €5m'- 

mon-wealth,  or  €Sm-mon-  wealth'  (Wore.). 
Communism,  €6mAmu-nl§m. 
Communist,  €5m'mu-nlst,  not  €om-mQ'nist. 
Comose,  -eo-mOse'   (Wore.);  «0'mose,   or    €0-mOsc' 

(Web.). 

Compact  (noun),  €5m'pa€t. 
Compact  (a.  and  verb),  -eom-pSet  . 
Comparable,  ^5m'pa-ra-ble,  not  com-par'a-ble. 
Comparative,  «om-p3r'a-tive,  not  «om-par'a-tive. 
Compare,  -eom-pare',  not  «om-pare'. 
Comparison,  t-om-par'i-son,  or  €om-pSr'i-sn. 
Compatriot,  «om-pa'tri-ot,  not  -eom-pat'ri-ot. 
Compeer  (noun  and  verb),  -eom-pe"e"r',  not  cOm'pser. 
Compendious,  €om-p6n'di-ous,  not  €om-p6n'jus. 
Compensate,  com-pgn'sate  (Wore.);  eQm'pen-sate, 

or  «om-pgn'sate  (Web.).     See  concentrate. 

The  weight  of  authority  favors  the  first  marking. 

a,    6,    I,    0,   n,    y,    long;   5,    6,    I,    0,    ti,    V,    short; 
uir,  arm,  ask,  fill,  what,  ere,   6rr,   prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  153 

Compensative,  €om-pe"n'sa-tive. 
Compilation,  €5m-pi-la'tion,  not  €6m-pi-la'tion. 
C  omplaisance,  eOm-plai-gSngeX  Wore. ) ;  e&m'(  Web. ) . 
Complaisant,  eOm-plai-sant'  (Wore.);  «5m'plai-§ant 

(Web.). 
Complaisantly,  €Sm-plai-s3nt'ly  (Wore.);  -efan'plai- 

§ant-ly  (Web.). 

Complex  (noun  and  adj.),  €5m'plex,  not  -eom-plgx'. 
Complexioned,  -eom-ple^'shund,  not  €om-pleVted. 
It  is  a  very  common  expression  to  speak  of  such 

an  one  as  being  light  or  dark  eom-pleVted. 
Comport  (verb),  corn-port'. 
Comport  (noun),  cSm'pOrt. 
Composite  (adj.),  -eom-pSs/ite. 
Composite  (noun),  -e5m'po-£lte(Worc.);  €om-p6s/ite 

(Web.). 

Compromise,  €5m'pro-mi§e,  not  -eom-prSm'ise. 
Comptroller,  €on-trOl'ler,  not  €omp-trOl'ler. 
Computist,  -eOm'pu-tist,  or  «om-pa'tist. 
Comrade,  eQm'rade  (Web.);  eSm'rade,  or  €om'rade 

(Wore.). 

There  is  a  tendency  to  give  the  second  syllable 
with  the  a  short,  €8m'ra'de.  The  majority  of  ortho- 
epists  give  the  second  marking  given  by  Worcester. 
Concave,  €5n'eave,  not  €5n'«ave,  nor  eon-eave'. 

Webster  does  not  so  mark  the  n  where  the  word 
is  given,  but  his  note  (82)  sanctions  it.  See  angu- 
lar. 

s6n,    6r,    dq,    wolf,    wdbl,    mc5on,    bull,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      -can,      gem,      go,      i§,     e^ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


154  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Concentrate,  eon-ceVtrate  (Wore.);  €5n'9en-trate, 
or  eon-ggn'trate  (Web.). 

The  following  note  on  contemplate  applies  with 
equal  force  on  concentrate,  and  the  entire  list  of 
similar  verbs:  "  There  is  a  very  prevailing  propen- 
sity to  pronounce  this  word  contemplate  with  the 
accent  on  the  first  syllable  —  a  propensity  which 
ought  to  be  checked  by  every  lover  of  the  harmony 
of  language. " —  Walker. 

"A.  similar  'propensity'  extends  also  in  the  fol- 
lowing verbs,  viz.:  compensate,  confiscate,  constel- 
late, consummate,  demonstrate,  despumate,  expur- 
gate, and  extirpate-.  With  respect  to  all  these  words, 
Dr.  Webster  places  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable; 
the  English  orthoepists,  with  little  variation,  place 
it  on  the  second  syllable. " — Worcester. 

Concept,  «5n'cept  (Web.);  -eon^gpt'  (Wore.). 

Conclave,  -eQn'-elave,  not  €5n'«lave.     See  concave. 

Conclusive,  eon-eln'sive,  not  -eon-elu'§ive.  See  effu- 
sive. 

Concord,  «5n'«6rd,  not  eSn'cSrd.    See  angular. 

Concord  (town),  eSn'eurd,  not  eQn'eord. 

Concordance,  -eon-eord'ance,  not  -eon-cord'ance.  See 
angular. 

Concourse,  -eSnVourse,  not  eSn'-eOurse.    See  angular. 

Concrete  (verb),  -eon-ergte',  not  «5n'crete. 

Concrete  (noun), eSn'erete  (Wore. ) ;  «6n'€rete ( Web. ). 
See  concave. 

a,    6,    I,    0,   Q,    y,    long;   a,    g,    I,    5,    u,    y,    short; 
air,  firm,  ask?  all,  wh$t,  ere,   err,   prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  155 


Concrete  (adj.),  eOn'erete  (Web.)j€5nVr6te,  or  «on- 

€re"te'  (Wore.). 

Concubinage,  eon-en'bi-nage,  wo£  cSn'-en-bi-nage. 
Concubine,  €6nf€u-bine,  not  eon'eu-bine.     See  an- 

gular. 

Concupiscence,  eon-ea'pis-genge. 
Condemned,  «on-demd',  not  €on-de"m'ned. 
Condemner,  €on-dem'ner,  not  eon-dgm'er. 
Condemning,  «on-dem'ning,  not  eon-dgrn'mg. 
Condolatory,  eon-do'la-to-ry,  not  eon'do-la-to-ry. 
Condolence,  ^on-do'lenge,  not  €5n'do-leii9e. 
Conduce,  -eon-dnge',  not  «on-duce'. 
Conduit,  «6n'dit  (Wore.);  «6n'dit,  or  e6n'dit(Web.). 

The  weight  of  authority  is  in  favor  of  Worces- 
ter's marking. 

Confessary,     «6n'fes-sa-ry     (Wore.);    eon-fess'a-ry 

(Web.). 
The  difference  between  Worcester  and  Webster 

in  the  marking  of  this  word,  accords  with  their 

marking  of  accessary  and  accessory. 
Confessor,  €on-f6ss'or  (Web.);  «5n'fess-or,  or  «on- 

fgss'or  (Wore.). 

Through  ease  of  utterance  Webster  has  shifted 
the  accent  to  the  second  syllable,  though  the  ma- 
jority of  orthoepists  prefer  the  accent  on  the  first. 

Confidant,  €on-fi-da"nt',  not  eon-fi-da'nt',  nor  «6n'fi- 
dent. 

s6n,    6r,    dp,    wplf,    wool,    moTm,    buU,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,      gem,      go,      i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


156  WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTUOEPY. 

We  prefer  the  change  of  accent  in  the  use  of  the 
noun  and  adjective  ;  but  as  the  noun  is  given  in 
Webster's  and  Worcester's  with  same  orthography 
(confident)  as  is  the  adjective,  we  cannot  see  the 
force  of  Walker's  remark  —  "A  greater  mark  of 
rusticity  cannot  be  given  than  to  place  the  accent 
on  the  first  syllable,  and  to  pronounce  the  last  dent 
instead  of  dant." 


Confine  (noun  and  adj.), 

Confine  (verb),  €5n'flne,  or  eon-fine'. 

Confiscate,  «on-fls'€ate  (  Wore.  )  ;  €5n'fis-cate,  or  eon- 

fis'eate  (Web.).     See  concentrate. 
Confluence,  eQn'flu-enpe,  not  con-flu'enpe. 
Confront,  €on-fr6nt'(Web.);-eon-fr6nt',  or  €on-frOnt' 

(Wore.). 

The  orthoepists  are  about  equally  divided  on  this 
change  of  the  vowel  sound. 

Congenial,  eon-gg'ni-al,  or  «on-gen'yal. 
Congeniality,  eon-ge-ni-aTi-ty,  not  €on-g5n-yaTi-ty. 
Congenious,  €on-ge'ni-ous  (  Web.  )  ;  eon-gS'ni-ous,  or 

€on-ge"n'ious  (Wore.). 

Congestion,  eon-gSst'yun,  not  €on-geYchun. 
Congratulate,  eon-grat'u-late,  not  €on-grSt'chu-late. 

Seen. 

Congregate,  €5n'gre-gate,  not  c5n'gre-grate. 
C6ngregation,  €5o-gre-ga'tion,  not  «6n-gre-ga'tion. 

'See  angular. 
Congress,  «5n'gress,  not  -eSn'gres.     See  angular. 

a,    6,    i,   o,  n,   y,   long;  a,   6,   I,   0,   fi,   y,    short; 
air,   arm,  ask,  {ill,  what,  ere,    6rr,    prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  157 

Congressional,  eon-gresh'un-al,  not  eon-gre'sh'un-al. 
See  angular. 

Congruence,  eSa'gru -61196    (Web.);    €6n'gru-en9e 
(Wore.).,   See  angular. 

Congruency,  «on-gru'en-cj  (Wore.),  €Qn'gru-en-9y, 
or  €on-gru'en-9y  (Web.). 

Conical,  -eftn'ie-al,  not  €0'm-eal. 

Conjecture,  eon-j&et'yur,  not  eon'jeVchur.  See  n. 

Conjuncture,    eon-jtinet'yur,     not    eon-jttne'chur. 
See  Q. 

Conjurator,  «5n-ju-ra'tor,  not  «5n'ju-ra-tor. 

Conjure  (to  solemnise),  -eon-jnre'. 
"  I  conjure  you,  let  him  know 
What'er  was  done  against  him,  Cato  did  it." 

Conjure  (to  charm),  con'jure. 

"  What  black  magician  con'jures  up  this  fiend? " 

Conjurer  (one  who  entreats  solemnly),  con-jur'er. 

Conjurer  (one  who  practices  magic),  -eon'jur-er. 

Conjuror,  <?5n-jn'r6r  (Wore.);  -eon-ja'ror  (Web.). 

Connoisseur,  -eQn-nis-seur',  or  €6n-nis-seur'  (Web.), 
€6n-nois-sear',  or  «5n-nois-seur'  (Wore.). 

Unless  one  is  well  versed  in  French,  it  is  not 
advisable  to  use  it  when  conversing  in  English. 
Good  English  is  preferable  to  poor  French;  there 
are  times,  however,  when  the  use  of  a  French 
word  will  convey  just  the  meaning  that  we  Avould 
hesitate  to  express  in  English.  "  The  connoisseur 
is  one  who  knows,  as  opposed  to  the  dilettante,  who 
only  thinks  that  he  knows." 

s6n,    6r,    do,    wolf,    wool,    mdon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9en  t,      «an,     gem,     go,      i§,      e^ist,      thy,     n=ng. 


158  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Conquer,  eSn'ker,  not  cQn'ker,  nor  eon'ker.     See 

angular. 

Conquest,  eo'n'kwe'st,  not  -eSn'kwest.  See  angular. 
Conscientious,  «5n-she-en'shus,  not  -eon-se-eVshus. 
Consecutive,  «on-seVu-tlve,  not  €on-§eVu-tlve. 
Conservative,  «on-se"rv'a-tlve,  not  €on-§e"rv'a-tlve. 
Conservator,  €on'ser-va-tor  (Wore.),  «on-ser-va'tor, 

or  €on'ser-va-tor  (Web.). 

Considerable,  €on-sid'er-a-ble,  not  «on-sld'ra-ble. 
Consignor,  -eon-se-nor'  (Wore.),  «on-slgn'or  (Web.). 

See  list  of  law  words  ending  in  or,  page  84. 
Consistory,  «on-sis'to-ry   (Web.),   ^Sn'sis-to-ry,   or 

«on-sls'to-ry  (Wore.). 

Consolatory,  €on-s5l'a-to-ry,  not  «on-soTa-to-ry. 
Consols,  «5n-sQl§',  or  «Qn's5l§  (Wore.). 

Webster  agrees  with  Worcester  on  change  of  ac- 
cent, but  does  not  mark  the  unaccented  vowel. 

Conspiracy,  «on-splr'a-9y,  not  -eon-spi'ra^y. 
'  Constable,  €6n'sta-ble,  not  •e5n'sta-ble. 
Constellate,  -eon-steTlate   (Wore.),  €6n'stel-late,  or 

•eon-steTlate  (Web.).    See  concentrate. 
Constituent,    -eon-stlt'n-ent,    not    con-stlt' chu-ent. 

See  n. 

Constitute,  «5n'sti-tQte,  not  €5n'sti-tute.  See  n. 
Construe,  «6n'strue,  not  €on-strue'. 
Consume,  ^on-some',  not  con-sume'.     See  a. 
Consummate  (verb),  €on-sum'mate  (Wore.),  tfOn'-- 

sum-mate,  or  €on-sflm'mate  (Web.). 

a,   6,  I,   0,   Q,   y,   long;   a,  8,   I,   5,   fi,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  159 

We  would  like  to  see  this  word  excepted  from 
the  list  previously  quoted  (see  concentrate),  as  we 
think  it  would  be  well  to  make  a  distinction  be- 
tween the  verb  and  the  adjective  in  the  pronuncia- 
tion, i.  e.,  €5n'sum-mate,  as  a  verb,  and  eon-sum'- 
mate,  as  an  adjective.  Worcester  makes  no  change. 

Contemn,  con-tern',  not  con-temn'. 

Contemning,  •eon-tSm'ning,  not  •eon-te'm'ing. 

Contemplate,  con-tem'plate  (Wore.),  cSn'tem-plate. 

or  •eon-te'm'plate  (Web. ) .     See  concentrate. 
'Contemplative,  •eon-t6m'pla-tlve. 

Contemplator,  €5n'tem-pla-tor  (Web.),  €on-t6m'pla- 
tor,  or  cQn'tem-pla-tor  (Wore.). 

Contemporary,    •eon-tem'po-ra-ry,    not   •eo-te'm'po- 
ra-ry. 

"Cotemporary  is  a  downright  barbarism.  For 
the  Latins  never  use  co  for  con,  except  before  a 
vowel,  as  co-equal,  co-eternal;  but  before  a  conso- 
nant they  either  retain  the  n,  as  in  contemporary, 
constitution,  or  melt  it  into  another  letter,  as  col- 
lection, comprehension;  so  that  the  word  cotemporary 
is  a  word  of  his  (Boyle's)  own  coposition,  for  which 
the  learned  world  will  cogratulate  him." — Dr. 
Bentley. 

The  word  co-partner,  its  derivatives  and  a  few 
others,  co-regent,  co-defendent,  etc.,  are  exceptions 
to  the  rule  quoted  above. 

Contemptuous,  €on-t6mpt'a-ous,  not  €on-t6mp'chus. 
See  a. 


son,    6r,    do,    wolf,   wdbl,    moTm,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      can,     gem,     go,      i§,      e^ist,      thy,     n-ng. 


160 


Contentious,  eon-ten'shus,  not  €on-tent'yus. 
Contents,  eSn'tSnts,  or  «on-tgnts'. 

The  first  is  the  preference  given  by  Webster,  the 
second  is  that  of  Worcester,  and  the  majority  of 
orthoepists. 

Contestant,  €on-t6st'ant,  not  -eOn'test-ant. 

Contiguity,  con-ti-gn'i-ty,  not  «on-tlg'u-i-ty. 

Contiguous,  con  tig-n-ous,  not  eon-tlg'u-ous. 

Continuity,  -eon-ti-nn'i-ty,  not  «on-ti-nu'i-ty.    See  u. 

Contour,  -eon-tp.ur',  not  -eOn'tgur. 

Contralto,  -eon-traTto,  not  -eon-traTtO. 

Contrary,  -e5n'tra-ry,  not  €on-tra'ry. 

Contrast  (noun),  -eQn'trast. 

Contrast  (verb),  -eon-trast'. 

Contribute,  €on-trib'nte,  not  €5n'tri-bdte. 

Contrite,  eOn'trlte,  not  «on-trite'. 

*'  This  word  is  accented  both  ways,  more  com- 
monly on  the  first  syllable,  more  consistently  on 
the  second."  —  Smart. 

Contumacy,  €6n'tu-ma-9y. 

Contumely,  eQn'tu-me-ly,  not  -eon-tn'me-ly. 

Webster  does  not  give  a  secondary  accent,  but 
otherwise  agrees  with  the  marking  of  Worcester. 

Contusion,  €on-tn'§ion,  wo£  -eon-tush'  un.    See  adhe- 

sion. 

Convenient,  «on-ve"n'yent,  not  con-ve'ni-ent. 
Conventual,  €on-v6nt'u-al,  ?zo/€on-ven'chu-al.  Seen. 


i,   6,   I,    0,    n,    V,   long;    a,   6,    I,    o,    if,    y.    short; 
iir,  Urm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


a 

air 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  1^1 

Conversant,  €5n'ver-sant  (Web.);  -edn'ver-sant,  or 
eon-vSr'sant  (Wore.). 

Orthoepists  are  about  equally  divided  on  the 
placing  of  the  accent  of  this  word. 

"Since  authorities  are  so  equal,  and  analogy  so 
precarious,  usage  must  be  the  umpire;  but  my 
observation  fails  me,  if  that  which  may  be  called 
the  best  usage  does  not  decide  in  favor  of  the  ac- 
cent on  the  first  syllable." — Walker. 

C onversazione,  «5n'ver-sSt'ze-o'na. 

Converse  (verb),  -eon-vSrse'. 

Converse  (noun  and  adj.),  -eQn'verse. 

Conversely,  «on'verse-ly  (Web. ),  -eQn'verse-ly,  or  con- 
vgrse'ly  (Wore.). 

Conversion,  eon-ver'shun,  not  -eon-vSr'zhun.  See  ad- 
hesion. 

Convex,  -eSn'vex,  not  -eon-vex'. 

Convexly,  -eSn'vex-ly,  not  con-vex'ly. 

Convivial,  con-vlv'i-al  (Web.),  «on-vlv'i-al,  or  €on- 
vlv'yal  (Wore.). 

Convulsion,  eon-vuTshun,  not  eon-vul'zhun. 

Cooper,  -edbp'er  (Web.),  «6op'er,  or  ^dbp'er  (Wore.). 

Co-operative,  -eO-Op'er-a-tlve,  not  «o-op-er-a'tive. 

Copious,  -eO'pi-ous,  not  «0p'yus. 

Coquet,  -co-kef,  not  -eO'ket. 

Coquettish,  -eo-kgt'ish,  not  «o-kw6t'ish. 

Coquetry,  -eo-kgt'ry,  not  «o-kwet'ry,  nor  «0'ket-ry. 

Webster  does  not  respell  the  last  word;  but  as  he 

s6n,    6r,    dq,    wolf,    wool,    mc5&n,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,     gem,     go,      i§,     e$ist,      thy,     u-ng. 


162  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

does  not  sound  the  u  in  the  other  two,  we  take  the 
benefit  of  the  doubt,  and  conclude  he  desires  the 
same  pronunciation  for  the  last  two. 

Coral,  eor'al,  not  -e&'ral. 

Coralline,  -eor'al-line,  not  «6r'al-line. 

Cordial  (noun),  eord'yal,  or  «6r'di-al  (Wore.);  same 

transposed  (Web.). 
Cordial  (adj.),  -eord'yal,  or  «6r'di-al  (Wore.),  same 

transposed  (Web.). 
Cordiality,   €or-di-aTi-ty,   or  eord-yaTi-ty  (Web.), 

«6rd-ye-aTi-ty  (Wore.). 
Cornet,  €or'net,  not  -eor-net'. 
Corneter,   cor'net-er,    not  cor-neTer. 
Coronal,   -e6r'o-nal    (Web.),   eo-ro'nal,   or  -eOr'o-nal 

(Wore.). 

Accenting  the  second  syllable  is  more  in  accord- 
ance with  the  analogy  (t-o-rO'na,  a  crown),  though 
nofc  so  euphonious. 

Coroner,  ^Sr'o-ner,  not  «6r'o-ner. 

Coronet,  c5r'o-net,  not  €or-o-net'. 

Corporeal,  eor-po'rc-al,  not  €or-po-rS'al. 

Corps,  €<5r;  plural,  €5r§. 

Corral,  cQr'ral  (Wore.);  «or-raT  (Web.);  not  cor-rgl'. 

The  latter  was  a  very  general  pronunciation 
among  "the  boys  in  blue."  It  was  not  uncommon 
to  hear  them  speak  of  "correlling  the  mules." 

Correspond,  •eOr-re-spSnd',  not  t-6r-res-p6nd'. 

a,   e,   I,   0,   n,   y,   long;   2,  6,   I,   5,   u,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,   what,   Sre,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  103 


Corridor,  eor'ri-dor,  not  -eor'ri-dor. 

Corrosive,  -eor-ro'sive,  not  -eor-rO'§ive.  See  effusive. 

Corrugate,  €or'ru-gate,  not  -eor'Q-gate. 

Corsage,  -eor'sage  (Web.),  eor-sSge'  (Wore.). 

Cortege,  eor'tazh. 

Coruscate,  eo-rus'-eate  (Wore.),  €5r'us~eate,  or  «o- 

rus'eate  (Web.).  See  concentrate. 
Cosmogony,  -eog-mOg'o-ny,  not  -eos-mog'o-ny. 
Cosmopolite,  €o§-mop'o-lite,  not  €o§-m5p'o-lite. 
Cosmorama,  -e5§-mo-ra'ma  (Wore.),  €o§-mo-ra'rnak 

or  -eo§-rao-ra'ma.  (Web.). 
Cost,  cost  (Web.),  «5st,  or  «6st  (Wore.). 
Costly,  -eOst'ly  (Web.),  eOst'ly,  or  -eCst'ly  (Wore.). 

In  such  words  as  cost,  cross,  broth,  gone,  cough, 
etc.,  it  is  considered,  by  some  orthoepists,  to  be 
vulgar  to  give  the  sound  of  broad  a,  and  shows  af- 
fectation in  giving  the  extreme  short  o,  hence  they 
endeavor  to  establish  a  medium. 

Costume,  €os-tame'  (Wore.),  eos-tume',  or  €5s'tnme. 
(Web.). 

Coterie,  «o-te-ris'. 

Cotton,  «6t'tn,  not  -eOt'ton. 

Cotyledon,  -eQt-y-le'don,  not  -eO-tyl'e-don. 

Cough,  «6ugh  (Web.),  €5ugh,  or  «6ugh.   See  cost. 

Council,  -council,  not  €oun'9l. 

Counsel,  eoun'sel,  not  «oun'sl. 

Coup  de  grace,  €ob-de-gra's'. 

Coup  d'etat,  -eo&-da-ta'. 

son,    6r,    do,    wolf,    wool,    mdon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,     gem,     go,      i§,      e^cist,      thy,     n-ng. 


164 


WARMAN  S    PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY. 


Coupe,  €p.u-pe/,  not  €ou-pe',  nor  -ed&p. 
Coupon,  «QH-pOng'  (Wore.),  <?Qu'p5ng  (Web.). 
Courier,  «Qu'ri-er  (Web.),  egu'rier  (Wore.). 

We  think  the  former  far  more  preferable,  for  it 

has  euphony,  analogy  and  usage  in  its  favor. 
Courteous,  eoftr'te-ous  (Web.),  -eour'te-ous,  or  «0urt'- 

yus  (Wore.). 

Courtesan,  «ourt'e-§an  (Web.),  €our-te-s2n'  (Wore.). 
The  former  is  more  common,  the  latter  more 

strongly  endorsed  by  the  orthoepists. 
Courtesy  (depression  of  body),  eurt'sy. 
Courtesy  (civility),  €our'te-sy. 

A  -eourte'sy  is  the  external  manifestation  of  «our'- 

te-sy." 

Courtier,  -eOurt'yer,  not  «Qurt'yer. 
Cousin,  €oii§'n,  not  €ou§'in.  See  basin. 
Coventry,  «5v'en-try,  not  €6v'en-try. 
Coverlet,  «6v'er-let,  not  ^ov'er-lld  (unless  so  spelled). 
Covetous,  €ov'et-ous,  not  «6v'e-chus. 
Covey,  «6v'ey,  not  -eo'vey. 
Cowardice,  ^ow'ard-i^e,  not  eow'ard-lce. 
Coxcomb,  €5x'«0m,  not  «Qx'-eOmb. 
Coyote,  «6y-ote'  (Wore.);  «6y-o'ts  (Web..). 
Cozen,  «6z'n,  not  -eoz'en. 
Craft,  -eraft,  not  craft. 
Cranberry,  -erto'bSr-ry,  not  «ram'ber-ry. 
Craunch,  erSunch,  not  €raunch. 
Craven,  «ra'vn,  not  -era'ven. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   n,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   o,   fi,   y,    short; 
Sir,   Urm,  ask,  {ill,   what,   ere,  grr,  prey,   mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  165 

Creature,  ergat'nre,  not  erg'chur.   See  o. 
Credence,  €rS'den9e,  not  «red'en§e. 
Credit  Mobilier,  «ra-de"'  mo-be-le-a'. 
Credulity,  «re-dn'li-ty,  not  «re"-du'li-ty.  See  Q. 
Credulous,  €red'u-lous,  not  crgd'ju-lotts. 
Creek,  €re"6k,  not  €rik. 

Crematory,  €r6m'a-to-ry    (our   own),   erSm'a-to-ry 
(New  Imp.). 

Neither  Unabridged  gives  this  word.  The  New 
Imperial  gives  the  sound  of  long  e,  but  from  anal- 
ogy, and  to  distinguish  it  from  its  suggestiveness 
of  a  ere"am'er-y,  we  think  the  correct  pronunciation 
to  be  established  is  that  of  «rem'a-to-ry. 

Creosote,  €re"'o-sOte,  not  ere'o-sobt. 

Crescendo,  eres^en'do,  not  «re-96n'dO. 

Crescent,  crescent,  not  €res'ent. 

Crew,  eru,  not  era. 

Crimson,  €rlm'§n,  not  «rlm'§on. 

Crinoline,  «rln'o-llne,  not  €rin'o-line. 

Crisis,  €ri'sis,  not  €rt'sus. 

Criterion,  €rl-te'ri-on,  not  €ri-t6'ri-on. 

Criticism,  €rlt'i-ci§m,  not  «rit'i-cl§-um. 

Critique,  •erl-tsk',  not  erlt'lk.  See  Brazil. 

Crochet  (verb),  -ero-sha'. 

Crochet  (noun),  «rO'sha  (Wore.),  cro-sha'  (Web.). 

Webster  makes  no  distinction  between  the  noun 
and  verb. 

Crockery,  «rock'er-y,  not  «r5ck'ry. 

son,    6r,    dp.,   wglf,   wdbl,    mCon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      can,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,      thy,     n-ng. 


166 


WARMAN  S   PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY. 


Crocodile,  €r5€'o-dile  (Web.);  same,  or  dlle  (Wore.). 
Cromwell,  €r6m'well,  or  erom'well   (Wore.);  same 

transposed  (Web.). 
Croquet,  ero-ka',  not  «ro'ka. 

Cross,  «r5ss  ( Web.) ;  erSss,  or  eross (Wore. ).    See  cost. 
Crouch,  -crouch,  not  ^rp.uch. 
Crucial,  eru'shal  (Web.),  «ru  she-al  (Wore.). 

We  give  the  preference  to  Webster  in  this  case, 
because  we  think  such  words  as  crucial,  cordial, 
genious,  etc.,  invite  less  attention  to  the  pronuncia- 
tion—  a  point  worthy  of  consideration  —  when  giv- 
en in  two  syllables,  than  when  given  in  three.  We 
make  an  exception  of  courier,  inasmuch  as  the 
division  of  this  word  in  two  syllables  calls  for  a 
secondary  accent  on  second  syllable,  which  makes 
it  laborious. 

Crucifix,  eru'gi-f  Ix,  not  era'gi-f  Ix. 

Crude,  «rude,  not  ernde. 

Cruel,  «ru'el,  not  eru'ul. 

Cruise  (a  small  bottle),  «ru.ise. 

Cruise  (to  sail),  «rui§e. 

Crupper,  erup'per  (Wore.),  erup'per,  U.  S.,  erttp'- 

per,  Eng.  (Web.). 

Crusader,  «ru-sad'er,  not  cru'sad-er. 
Crustaceous,  erus-ta'shus,  not  €rus-ta'she-us. 
Crystalline,  -eryytal-line   (Web.),   •er^s'tal-line,   or 

eryVtal-llne  (Wore.). 
Cucumber,  -ea'^um-ber,  not  «ow'€um-ber. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    a,   y,   long;   2,   6,   I,   0,   «,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  fill,   wh§,t,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  167 

Cuddle,  €iid'dle,  not  -eud'del. 

In  order  to  secure  ease  and  accuracy  in  the  pro- 
nunciation of  such  words  as  cud-die,  pad-die,  bat- 
tle, our  rule  has  been  to  keep  the  point  of  the 
tongue  closed  in  its  position  for  d  or  t  until  after 
the  utterance  of  the  I,  in  order  to  prevent  the 
forming  of  a  vocule  between  the  two  consonants. 

Cuirass,  -ewe-raV,  or  ewS'ras 

Cuisine,  «we-§ine'. 

Culinary,  €n'li-na-ry,  not  €uTi-na-ry. 

Culture,  ciilt'nre,  not  euTchur.  See  o. 

Culverine,  -euTver-in,  not  ^ul've-rSn. 

Culvert,  -eul'vert,  not  -eul'burt. 

Cumulative,  €n'mu-la-tive,  not  «a'mu-la-tive. 

Cupboard,  eub'urd  (Web.),  «ub'burd  (Wore.). 

Cupola,  en'po-la,  not  -ea'pa-lo. 

Curator,  eu-ra'tor,  not  -en'ra-tor. 

Currants,  «ur'rants,  not  cur'rans,  nor  «urn§. 

Current,  «ur'rent,  not  eurnt. 

Curry,  €flr'ry,  not  eur'ry. 

Cursed  (adj.),  «urs'ed,  not  eursd.  See  blessed. 

Cursed  (verb),  «ursd,  not  «urs'ed. 

Cursory,  -eur'so-ry,  not  €dr'§o-ry. 

Curtail,  €ur-tail',  not  -eur'tail. 

Curtain,  -eur'tln,  not  cur'tn. 

Curvature,  «fir'va-ture,  not  -eur'va-chur.  See  a. 

Customary,  «us'tom-a-ry,  not  €iis'tom-a-ry. 

Cyclopean,  cy-elo-pe'an  (Web.),  9y--elo-p6'an,  or  97- 
«!o'pe-an  (Wore.). 

son,    6r,    do,   wolf,   wdbl,    moon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,     gem,     go,      i§,     ejist,      thy,     Q-ng. 


168  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Cyclopedia,  9y-elo-pe'di-a,  not  cy-elo-pe'ja. 
Cylindric,  qy-lin'drk,  not  gyTin-dri-e. 
Cynosure,  g^n'o-shure,  or  gy'no-shyre  (Web.);  gy'no- 
snre,  or  gjrn'o-sare  (Wore.). 

The  Worcester  marking  is  quite  labored. 
Cyrenian,  qy-rs'ni-an  (Wore.),  cj-re'ni-an  (Web.). 

D. 

D  final  should  be  given  without  removing  the 
point  of  the  tongue  after  placing  it  in  position  for 
d.  This  will  obviate  the  explosive  sound  so  fre- 
quently heard  following  the  utterance  of  this  con- 
sonant. In  order  to  secure  distinctness  without 
pedantry,  endeavor  to  throw  the  sound  beyond  the 
shut  position,  yet  retain  the  position.  See  5  and  g. 

Dado,  dii'do,  not  da'do. 

Daguerreotype,  da-ger'o-type,  not  da-ger're-o-type. 

Dahlia,  daTya,  or  dal'ya  (Web.),  da'h'li-a  (Wore.). 

Again  we  give  the  preference  to  the  division  in 
two  syllables.  See  crucial. 

Dairy,  da'ry,  not  da'ry. 
Damned,  dSmd,  or  dam'ned. 

"In  serious  discourse  it  ought  always,  like  cursed, 
to  be  pronounced  in  two  syllables/' — Walker. 

True,  if  used  as  an  adjective,  but  if  used  as  a 
verb,  it  should  be  given  in  one  syllable. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    n,   y,   long;    3,   6,   I,   <5,    a",   y,    short; 
air,   arm,  ask,  all,   what,    ere,  6rr,  prey,   mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY,  169 

"  But  O,  what  dam  ned  minutes  tells  he  o'er 
Who  dotes,  yet  doubts,  suspects,  yet  strongly  loves." 

"  He  that  believeth  not  shall  be  damned." 

Damning,  dSm'ing  (Web.);  not  specified  by  Wore. 

Dance,  dan9e,  not  d2n9e. 

Dandelion,  dSn'de-li-on  (Web.),  dan-de-li'on  (Wore.). 

Daniel,  d3n'i-el,  or  dan'yel  (Web.),  dSn'i-el  (Wore.). 

Danish,  da'nish,  not  dan'ish. 

Dante,  dan'te  (Eng.),  dan'ta  (Italian). 

Danubian,  da-nn'bi-an,  not  dan-u-bl'an. 

Darken,  dark'n,  not  dark'en. 

Darwinian,  dar-wln'i-an,  not  dar-wln'yan. 

Dash,  dash,  not  dash. 

Dastard,  das'tard  (Wore.),  das'tard  (Web.). 

Data,  da'ta,  not  da'ta. 

In  the  majority  of  unaccented  syllables  ending 
in  a,  Webster  marks  the  a  with  a  slight  sound  as 
intermediate  unaccented,  while  Worcester  merely 
marks  it  obscure.  The  former  has  a  tendency  to 
make  the  pronunciation  clear,  and  a  trifle  more 
decided.  We  invariably  decide  in  favor  of  the 
trifle. 

Daub,  daub,  not  daub. 
Daughter,  daugh'ter,  not  da'ugh'ter. 
Daunt,  daunt,  not  daunt. 
Dauntless,  diiunt'less,  not  daunt'less. 
Deacon,  dga'en,  not  dea'eon. 
Deaden,  dead'n,  not  dSad'en. 

s6n,    or,    dg,   w<?lf,   wool,    m<55n,    byll,    firn,    rude, 
9ent,      can,     gem,     go,      i§,      e$ist,      thy,     n=ng. 


170  WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OBTHOEPY. 

Deaf,  deaf  (Wore.),  deaf,  or  deaf  (Web.). 

It  pains  us  to  acknowledge  that  there  is  even 
one  authority  that  sanctions  the  pronunciation  of 
d6af.  There  are  fifteen  authorities  against  Webster 
on  this  marking,  he  standing  wholly  alone.  The 
same  applies  to  the  words  deafen,  deafly,  deaf- 
mute  and  deafness.  Worcester  gives  the  short  e, 
while  Webster  allows  either. 

Debauch,  de-bauch',  not  de-ba'uch'. 

Debauche,  da-bo-sha'. 

Debauchee,  deb-o-she'. 

Debauchery,  de-bauch'er-y,  not  de-bSuch'er-y. 

Debenture,  de-bent'are,  not  de-ben'chur.  See  a. 

Debris,  da-bre',  not  de'brls. 

Debut,  da-ba',  or  da-bu'  (Web.);  da-bu'  (Wore.). 

Debutant,  da-bu-t5ng'  (Web.);da-bu.-ta'ng'  (Wore.). 

Debutante,  da-bu-t6nt  (Wore.  );da-bu-t6nt'(  Web.). 

Decade,  deVade,  not  de-eade'. 

Decadence,  de-ea'denge. 

Decalogue,  deVa-l5gue,  not  deVa-lOgue.     See  apo- 
logue. 

Decametre,  deVa-me"-tre  (Wore.);  de-€3m'e-tre,  or 
de«'a-m6-tre  (Web.). 

Decantation,  de^-au-ta'tion  (Wore.);  de-ean-ta'tion 
(Web.). 

Decastich,  dee'a-stieh,  not  deVa-stitch. 

Deceased,  de-QSst',  not  de-Qga§ed'. 

Decidence,  d69'i-d6n9e  (AVorc.);  de-Qi'dence,  or  de"g'- 
i-dehge  (Web.). 

a,    6,   I,    0,    O,    y,    long;    a,   6,    I,    6,    ti,   y,    short; 
air,   arm,  ask,  nil,   what,    ere,  Crr,  prey,   mien,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  171 

Deciduous,  de-qJfl'n-ous,  not  de-fid 'ju-ous. 
Decisive,  de-gi'sive,  not  de-9i'§ive. 
Declarative,  de-elSr'a-tive,  not  de-elar'i-tlve. 
Declare,  declare',  not  de-elare'. 
Declination,  dee-li-na'tion,  not  de'eli-na-tion. 
Declivous,  de-eli'vous,  not  deVli-vous. 
Decollete,    da-kol-le-ta'. 
Decollation,    de«-ol-la'tion    (Wore.),    de-col-la'tion 

(Web.)- 
Decorous,  de-eO'rus,  or  deVo-rus 

The  weight  of  authority  is  in  favor  of  the  first 
marking.  "An  uneducated  English  speaker  is  very 
apt  to  pronounce  this  word  with  the  accent  on  the 
first  syllable,  according  to  the  analogy  of  his  own 
language,  but  a  learned  ear  would  be  as  much 
shocked  at  such  a  departure  from  classical  propri- 
ety, as  in  the  words  sonorous  and  canorous." — 
Walker. 

Decrepit,  de-erep'it,  not  de-ere"p'id. 
Decrepitude,  de-ergp'i-tude,  not  de~er6p'i-tu.de. 
Decursive,  de-€ur'sive,  not  de-«ur'§ive. 
Dedicatory,  ded'i-ea-to-ry,  not  ded'i-€a-to-ry. 
Deduce,  de-doge',  not  de-duge'. 
Deepen,  desp'n,  not  deep'en. 

In  many  words  ending  in  en,  such  as  deepen, 
chasten,  stricken,  often,  risen,  etc.,  Worcester 
doubles  the  consonant  sound  ending  the  first  syl- 
lable—  deep'pn,  chas'sn,  stride' kn,  of'fn,  riz'zn, 

s6n,    6r,    dp.,   wolf,    wool,    m<5on,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
gent,      «an,     gem,     go,      i§,     e$ist,      thy,     n=ng. 


172  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

etc.  It  has  not  been  thought  necessary  to  draw 
this  distinction  in  each  case  as  it  would  take  an 
acute  ear  to  note  the  addition  or  omission  in  gen- 
eral conversation. 

Defalcate,  de-faTeate,  not  de-fal'-eate. 
Defalcation,   def-al-ea'tion    (Wore.),    de-fal-ea'tion 

(Web.). 

Deferrer,  de-fe"r'rer,  not  def 'er-er. 
Deficit,  def 'i-§lt,  not  de-fl9'it. 
Defile  (noun),  de-file'  (Wore.),   de-file',  or  ds'flle 

(Web.). 

Definitive,  de-fln'i-ti-ve,  not  def 'i-ni-tlve. 
Definitude,  de-f  in'i-tade,  not  de-f  in'i-tiide.  See  a. 
Deglutition,  dSg-lu-ti'tion,  not  ds-glu-ti'tion. 
Delectation,   del-ee-ta'tion    (Wore.),    de-lee-ta'tiou 

(Web.). 

Delhi,  deThi  (IT.  S.),  del'lg  (Hindostan). 
Delinquent,  de-lm'kwent,  not  de-lm'kwent. 
Delirium  tremens,  de-llr'i-um  trs'men§. 
Delivery,  de-liv'er-y,  not  de-liv'ry. 
Delude,  de-lnde',  not  de-lude'.   See  Q. 
Delusive,  de-ln'sive,  not  de-lu'§ive.   See  n. 
Delusion,  de-ln'§ion,  not  de-lu'sion.    See  adhesion. 
Demand,  de-mand',  not  de-mSnd'. 
Demijohn,  dem'i-john,  not  dSm'i-j&hn. 
Demise,  de-mi§e'.  not  de-mise'. 
Demoniacal,  dem-o-nl'a€-al,  not  de-mO'ni-ae-al. 
Demonstrable,  de-m6n'stra-ble,  not  dem'on-stra-ble. 

a,   g,   I,    0,    n,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   6,   H,   y,    short; 
Sir,   arm,  ask,  all,   what,    ere,  6rr,  prey,   mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 


1*3 


Demonstrate,  de-mOn'strate  (Wore.),  dem'on-strate, 
or  de-m5n'strate  (Web.).  See  concentrate. 

Webster  is  alone  in  placing  the  accent  on  the 
first  syllable. 

Demonstration,  demon-stra'tion,  not  dsmon-stra- 

tion. 
Demonstrative,  de-m5n'stra-tlve,  not  dem'oii-stra- 

tlve. 
Demonstrator,  dgm'on-stra-tor  (Web.),  dgm'on-stra- 

tor,  or  de-m5n'stra-tor  (Wore.). 
Demosthenic,  dem-os-then'k;,  not  de-mOs'the-nit-. 
Denationalize,  de-na"'tion-al-ize,   not  de-na'tion-al- 

I2e. 

Denizen,  den'i-zn,  not  den'i-zen. 
Denouement,    de-np.u'mong    (Web.);    dgn-g'ma'ug' 

(Wore.). 

Denude,  dc-nnde',  not  de-nude'.  See  n. 
Denunciate,  de-nun'she-ate,  not  de-nun'shate,   nor 

de-nun'  9i-ate.    See  enunciate. 
Departure,  de-pSrt'are,  not  de-pSr'chur. 
Deplume,  de-pin  me',  not  de-plume'. 
Depot,  de-pu'  (Wore.),  de-pO',  or  de'po  (Web.). 

Usage  is  authority,  when  adopted  by  the  diction- 
aries. Usage  makes  this  word  de'pO,  and  Webster 
(not  Worcester)  allows  it,  though  does  not  prefer 
it,  hence  it  may  not  be  considered  incorrect  to  so 
pronounce  it.  Webster  also  allows  dSaf,  but  it  is 
considered  very  inelegant,  to  say  the  least.  Usage 
gives  us  bronchitis  and  squalor,  but  the  standards 

s6n,    6r,    do.,    wplf,    wool,    moon,    bull,    urn,    rude, 
ean,     gem,      go,      i§,      e^ist,      thy,     u-ng. 


174:  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

say  bron-chi'tis  and  squa'lor.  We  should  support 
the  standards.  When  we  Anglicize  a  word,  we 
should  Anglicize  the  whol3  of  it.  We  should  either 
say  da-po',  or  dS'pQt.  Consistency  is  the  aim  of  the 
writer. 

Depreciate,  de-prs'she-ate,  not   de-prS'gi-ate.  .  See 

enunciate. 

Deprivation,  de"p-ri-va'tion,  not  de-pri-va'tion. 
Depths,  de"pths,  not  de"ps,  nor  d6bths. 
Deputy,  dSp'n-ty,  not  de"p'u-ty.  See  n. 
DeQuincey,  de-kwln'sy",  not  de-kwin'zy. 
Derby,  dgr'by  (U.  S.),  dar'by  (Eng.). 
Derisive,  de-ri'slve,  not  de-n'§lve.  See  effusive. 
Derive,  de-rive',  not  du-rive'. 
Desecrate,  d6s'e-erate,  not  de"§'e-erate. 
Desdemona,  de§-de-mO'na,  not  d6s-de-mO'na. 
Deshabille,    dgs-ha-bil'    (Anglicized),     da-za-b6'ya 

(French). 

As  the  word  depot,  Anglicize  it  all,  or  French- 
ify it  all. 

Desiccate,  deVk-^ate,  or  de-sis' eate  (Web.),  de-sl«'- 

cate  (Wore.). 

Desideratum,  de-sld-er-a'tum,  not  de-§id-er-a'tum. 
Design,  de-sign',  or  de-§ign'. 
Designate,  d6s'ig-nate,  not  deyig-nate. 
Desist,  de-slst',  not  de-§ist'. 
Des   Moines,    de-m6ln',    not   des-m6ln',    nor   des- 

molne§'. 

a,   6,  I,   0,   n,   y,   long;   a,  S,  I,   6,   u,   y,    short; 
fiir,   arm,  &sk,  all,    \vhat,    ere,  6rr,  prey,   mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY  175 

Desolate,  des'o-late,  not  de§'o-late. 
Desolation,  dSs-o-la'tion,  not  de§-o-la'tion. 
Desperado,  dSs-per-a'do,  not  des-per-s'do. 
Despicable,  des'pi~ea-ble,  not  des-pk'a-ble. 
Despumate,  de-spn'mate  (Wore.),  deYpu-mate,  or 

de-sptl'mate  (Web.).  See  concentrate. 
Dessert,  de§-§e"rt',  not  d6§'ert. 
Destine,  des'tine,  not  deYtine. 
Destitute,  des'ti-tute,  not  des'ti-tute. 
Desuetude,  dSs'we-tode,,  not  des'we-tude.   See  n. 
Desultory,  des'ul-to-ry,  not  d6§'ul-to-ry. 
Detail  (noun),  de-tail',  or  dS'tail  (Wore.);  same  trans 

posed  (Web.). 

Webster  gives  preference  to  the  second  marking. 
Smart  and  Clarke  are  the  only  English  orthoepists 
who  give  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable. 

Detestation,  d6t-es-ta'tion  (Wore.),  det-es-ta'tion,  or 

de-tes-ta'tion  (Web.). 
Deuce,  deti9e,  not  deu9e. 
Deuteronomy,   den-ter-5n'o-my,    not    deu-ter-5n'o- 

my. 
Devastate,  deVas-tate,  or  de-vSs'tate  (Web.);  same 

transposed  (Wore.).     See  concentrate. 
Devil,  deVl,  not  deVil.    See  basin. 
Dew,  dn,  not  du.   See  n. 
Dexterous,  d6x'ter-ous,  not  dgx'trofls. 
Diabetes  (sing,  and  plural),  di-a-be'te§. 
Diabolism,  di-aVo-li§m,  not  di'a-bo-li§m. 

son,    6r,    dg,   wplf,   wcol,    mdon,    byll,   urn,   rude, 
9ent,     €an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


17G  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Diaeresis,  di-er'e-sis,  not  di-er'e-s'is. 

Dialogue,  di'a-logue,  not  di'a-logue.    See  apalogue. 

Diamond,  di'a-mond,  or  dia'mond. 

Diana,  di-iln'a  (Worc's  Unabridged);  di-a'na  (Worc's 

School  Ed.);  di-a'na,  or  di-Sn'a  (Web.). 
Diapason,  di-a-pa'^on,  not  di-a-pa'son. 
Diaphragmatic,  di-a-phrag-mafie,  not  di-a-phram- 

at'i«. 

Diatribe,  dl'a-tnbe  (Web.) ;  same,or  di-at'ri-be  (Wore.). 
Dictionary,  dle'tion-a-ry,  not  die'tion-a-ry. 
Didactic,  di-daVtl€,  not  di-dae'tk. 

There  are  many  words  of  this  order  where  Web- 
ster gives  the  short  sound,  and  Worcester  obscures 
the  unaccented  syllable.  Inasmuch  as  they  are  un- 
accented syllables  we  do  not  give  both  markings, 
but  always  take  the  one  marked  short,  as  the  result 
will  be  a  clearer  pronunciation. 

Dietary,  di'et-a-ry,  not  di-e-ta'ry. 
Dietetist,  d!7e-t6t'ist,  not  di-et'e-tist. 
Different,  dlf 'fer-ent,  not  dlf  rent. 
Differentiate,  dif-fer-gn'she-ate,  not  dif-fr6n'shate. 
Diffuse  (verb),  dif-fase'. 
Diffuse  (adj.),  dif-fase'. 

Diffusive,  dif-fa'sive,  not  dif-fu'§ive.  See  effusive. 
Digest  (verb),  dl-gest',  not  dl-ggst'. 
Digest  (noun),  dl'gest. 

Digestion,  dl-ggst'yun,  not  dl-gSs'chun.     See  equa- 
tion. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    d,   y,   long ;   2,   6,   I,   o,   ti,   y,    short ; 
Sir,   arm,  ask,  all,   what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,   m'ien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  177 

Digitalis,  dlg-i-ta'lis,  not  dlg'i-ta-lis. 
Digress,  dl-gress',  not  di-gress'. 
Digression,  dl-gresh'un,  not  di-gresh'un. 
Dilapidate,  di-lSp'i-date,  not  di-lap'i-date. 
Dilate,  di-late',  or  di-late'. 

Dilated,  dilater,  dilation,  dilative,  dilator,  are  all 

given  by  Worcester  with  the  i  obscure  and  long; 

but  with  the  i  short  and  long  by  Webster,  same  as 

in  the  word  dilate. 
Dilemma,  di-lSm'ma  (Wore.),  dl-lem'ma,  or  dl-l6m'- 

ma  (Web.). 

Dilettante,  dil-et-tfin'te  (Web.),  dil-et-tan'te  (Wore.). 
Diligence,  dil'i-gen9e,  not  dil'i-gun9e. 
Dilute,  di-lnte',  not  di-lute'.  See  n. 
Diluvian,  di-la'vi-an,  not  dl-lu'vi-an.  See  a. 
Dimensive,  di-men'slve,  not  di-men'§lve. 
Dimeter,  dlm'e-ter,  not  di-me'ter. 
Diminution,  dlm-i-na'tion,  not  dlm-i-ny'tion.  See  Q. 
Dinarchy,  dln'ar-ehy,  not  dl'nar-ehy. 
Diocesan,  di-59'e-sSn,  or  di-o-ce"san  (Wore.);  dl-5c'- 

e-san,  or  dl'o-qg-san  (Web.). 
Diocese,  di'o-9ese,  not  di'o-9S§e. 
Diorama,  di-o-ra'ma  (Wore.);  di-o-ra'ma,  or  di-o-ra'- 

ma  (Web.). 

Diphtheria,  dif-the'ri-a,  not  dip-the'ri-a. 
Diphthong,  dip'th5ng  (Wore.),  dif'thOng,  or  dip'- 

thong(Web-). 

The  New  Imperial  favors  dlf  in  both  of  these 

words;  Haldeman  favors  dip.     See  triphthong. 

son,    6r,    do,    wolf,    wdbl,    moon,    by  11,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      can,     gem,     go,      i§,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


WARMAN  S    PRACTICAL    OKTHOKPY, 

Diploma,  di-plo'ma,  not  di-plo'ma. 
Diplomacy,  dl-plo'ma-9y,  not  dip'lo-ma-9y. 
Diplomate  (verb),  dlp'lo-mate  (Web.);  di-plo'mate. 

or  dlp'lo-mate  (Wore.). 
Diplomate  (noun),  dlp'lo-mate. 
Diplomatic,  dlp-lo-mat'i-e,  not  di-plo-mSt'ie. 
Diplomatist,  dl-plo'ma-tlst,  not  dlp'lo-mSt-ist. 
Directly,  dl-reet'ly,  not  dl-reet'ly. 
Disable,  di§-a'ble  (Wore.),  dis-a'ble  (Web.). 

Dis  (in  Worcester's)  is  always  dl§  when  immedi- 
ately followed  by  an  accented  syllable  beginning 
with  a  vowel  or  a  vocalized  consonant  (except  y 
and  w).  In  all  other  cases  it  has  its  hissing  sound. 
It  is  never  dl§  when  followed  by  p,  t,  k,  f,  s.  Dis 
(in  Webster's)  is  pronounced  dl§  in  the  following 
ten  words  and  their  derivatives:  Disarm,  disaster, 
discern,  disdain,  disease,  dishonest,  dishonor,  dis- 
mal, disown  and  dissolve.  Why  in  these  only? 

Disarm,  di§-arm',  not  dis. 
Disaster,  di§-as'ter  (Wore.);  di§-a"s'ter  (Web.). 
Disauthorize,  di§-au'thor-ize  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 
Disband,  di§-ba"nd'  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 
Disbark,  di§-baTk'  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 
Disbelieve  dls-be-liSve',  not  di§-be-lie"ve'. 
Disburse,  disburse'  (Wore.);  dis  (Web.). 
Discern,  di§-ze"rn',  not  dis-z6rn'.     See  sacrifice. 
Discernment,  di§-z6rn'ment,  not  dis-zgrn'ment. 
Discipline,  dls'9i-plme,  not  dl§'9i-pllne. 

a,   e,   I,    0,    0,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   o,   «,   y,    short; 
&ir,   arm,  ask,  all,   what,   ere,  grr,  prey,   mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOKPY.  179 

Discount  (verb),  discount'  (Wore.),   discount,  or 
dis-eount'  (Web.). 

Webster  is  the  only  orthoepist  who  accents  the 
verb  on  the  first  syllable. 

Discourage,  dis-eour'age,  not  di§. 

Discourse  (noun  and  verb), dis-eOurse',  not  discourse. 

Discourteous,   dis-eoftr'te-ous  (Web.),   dis-eoftr'te- 

ous,  or  dis-eOurt'yus  (Wore.), 
Discrepance,  dis'ere-pa^e   (Wore.),  dis~erep'an9e 

(Web.). 
Discrepancy,  dls'ere-pan-qy  (Wore.),  dis-ergp'an^y 

(Web.). 
Discrepant,     dis'cre-pant      (Wore.),     dis-ergp'ant 

(Web.). 

Discretion,  dis-eresh'un,  not  di§-«r6sh'un. 
Discursive,  dis-€ftr'slve,  not  dis-eftr'§Ive. 
Disdain,  di§-dain',  not  dis-dain'. 
Disease,  di§-6a§e'. 
Disembogue,  dls-em-bogue',  not  dis-em-bo'gue'.  See 

apalogue. 

Disfranchise,  dis-f r2n'chl§e,  not  dis-frSn'chi§e. 
Disgorge,  di§-gorge'  (Wore.),  dis-g6rge'  (Web.). 
Disgrace,  di§-gra9e'  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 
Disguise,  di§-gui§e'  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 
Disgust,  di§-gust'  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 
Dishabille,  dis-a-bll',  not  di§-a-bil'. 
Dishevel,  di-sh6v'l  (Web.),  di-sheVel  (Wore.). 
Dishonest,  di§-5n'est,  not  dis. 

s6n,    or,    do,   wglf,   wdbl,    m<5bn,    byll,    ftrn,    rttde, 
9ent,     ^an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


ISO  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Dishonor,  di§-on'ur,  not  dis. 

Dishumor,  di§-yn'mor  (Wore.),  dis-hu'mor  (Web.). 
Worcester  and  other  orthoepists  often  give  the 
combination  yn.      It  is  impossible  to  make  this 
sound;  o  is  y-j-u;  then  yn  would  be  y+y+u. 

Disinterested,  di§-in'ter-est-ed  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.), 
not  dls-in-ter-est'ed. 

Disjoin,  di§-joln'  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 

Dislike,  dig-like'  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 

Dislodge,  dis.-lQdge'  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 

Disloyal,  di§-16y'al  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 

Dismantle,  dl§-man'tle  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 

Dismay,  di§-may'  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 

Dismember,  dl§-mem'ber  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 

Dismiss,  dismiss'  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 

Dismount,  dig-mount'  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 

Disoblige,  dls-o-blige',  not  dlg-o-blige'. 

Disorder,  di§-6r'der  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 

Disorganize,  di§-6r'gan-ize  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 

Disown,  dl§-0wn',  not  dls-Own'. 

Dispersion,  dis-per'shun,  not  dis-pSr'zhun.    See  ad- 
hesion. 

Dispossess,     dis-po§-§8ss'     (Wore.),     dls-pos-s6ss' 
(Web.). 

Dispossession,    dis-po§-§6sh'un    (Wore.),    dis-pos- 
sgsh'un  (AVeb.). 

The  Webster  marking  of  these  words  is  very  diffi- 
cult to  pronounce;  hence,  we  give  Worcester  the 
preference. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    n,   y,   long;    a,   6,   I,    0,    u,    y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  181 

Disputable,  dls'pu-ta-ble,  not  dis-pn'ta-ble. 
Disputant,  dls'pu-tSnt,  not  dis-pu'tant. 
Disputative,  dis-pn'ta-tive,  not  dis'pu-ta-tive. 
Disqualify,  dis-kwol'i-fy,  not  di§-kw5l'i-fy. 
Disrelish,  dig-rel'ish  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 
Disreputable,  dis-rep'u-ta-ble. 

This  is  the  only  word  in  the  entire  list  given  by 
Worcester  (having  the  prefix  dis)  that  does  not 
conform  to  the  rule  we  gave  concerning  this  prefix. 
It  is  followed  by  a  voiced  consonant  and  an  ac- 
cented syllable;  hence,  should  be  no  exception. 
We  think  it  an  oversight,  as  he  is  so  consistent 
throughout. 

Disrobe,  di§-robe'  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 
Disruption,  dl§-riip'tion  (Wore.),  dis  (Web.). 

The  word  disreputable  comes  in  the  same  cate- 
gory with  disruption,  i.  e.,  the  dis  followed  by  an 
accented  syllable  beginning  with  r;  hence,  should 
receive  the  same  marking. 

Dissemble,  dls-sem'ble,  not  dl§-sem'ble. 
Disseminate,  dis-sem'i-nate,  not  di§-s8m'i-nate. 
Dissoluble,  dis'so-ln-ble,  not  dis-s5l'u-ble. 
Dissolute,  dls'so-lnte,  not  dis'so-lute.  See  n. 
Dissolve,  di§-§6lve',  not  dis-s5lve'. 

Eemember  that  when  dis  is  followed  by  p,  t,  Tc, 
f  and  s  the  prefix  becomes  dis  not  di§.  Is  this 
word  dissolve  an  exception  ?  No;  we  speak  pho- 

son,    6r,    do,   wc-lf,   wool,    mdon,    by  11,    firn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e^ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


182 


WARMAN  8   PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 


netically.    In  this  case  it  is  not  followed  by  s  (only 

by  sight)  but  by  z. 

Dissyllable,  dls-syTla-ble,  or  dls'syl-)a-ble. 
Distasteful,  dis-taste'ful,  not  di§. 
Distemper,  dis-tem'per,  not  di§. 
Distention,  dis-ten'shun,  not  dig. 
Distich,  dls'tieh,  not  dls'tich. 
Distingue,  des'tang'ga'. 
Distinguish,  dis-tin'gwish,  not  dis-tln'gwish.     See 

angular. 

District,  dis'trlet,  not  di's'tri-et. 
Divagation,  di-va-ga'tion,  not  div-a-ga'tion. 
Divaricate,  di-var'i-eate,  not  di-v&r'i-eate. 
Diverge,  di-vgrge'  not  di-ve"rge'. 

It  is  correct  in  this,  as  in  many  other  words,  to 
change  not  only  the  vowel  quality  but  the  accent, 
when  using  words  in  contrast.  Here  it  di'verg-es, 
there  it  €5n'verg-es. 

Diverse  (adverb),  di'verse  (Wore.),  dl-ve"rse'  (Web.). 
Diverse  (adj.),  di'verse. 
Diverse  (verb),  dl-ve"rse'. 
Diversely,  di'verse-ly,  not  di-vgrse'ly. 

"On  life's  vast  ocean  di'versely  we  sail." 
Diversion,  dl-vSr'shun,  not  dl-vgr'zhun.    See  adhe- 
sion. 

Divert,  dl-vgrt',  not  di-vSrt'. 
Divorce,  di-vor9e',  not  di-v6r9e'. 
Divulge,  di-vulge',  not  di-viilge'. 

a,  e,  i,  o,  n,  y,  long;  a,  6,  i,  6,  a,  y,   short; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  §11,  wh^t,  ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OETHOEPY.  183 

Do,  dQ,  not  dSg. 

Docible,  d5g'i-ble,  not  do'gi-ble. 

Docile,  dSg'ile,  not  do'qile. 

Doctor,  d&e'tgr,  not  d&e'tor. 

Document,  d&e'a-ment,  not  d&e'u-ment. 

Great  care  should  be  observed  in  the  pronuncia- 
tion of  all  unaccented  syllables.  Avoid  either  ex- 
treme. 

Does,  doe§,  not  dp.e§. 

Doff,  d5ff,  not  d6ff. 

Dog,  dQg,  not  dag,  nor  dag. 

Short  o  is  the  "happy  medium"  between  broad 
a  and  Italian  a. 

Doggerel,  dSg'ger-el  ( Web. ) ;  d5g'ger-8l,  or  dSg'gerel 

(Wore.). 

Dogma,  dQg'ma,  not  dag'ma. 
Dolman,  dOl'man,  not  d61'man. 
Dolor,  do'lor. 

Dolorific,  d5l-or-lf  i«,  not  do-lor-lf  i€. 
Doloroso,  d5l-o-rO'§0,  not  d6l-o-ro'sO. 
Dolorous,  d5l'or-ous,  not  do'lor-oiis. 
Domain,  do-main',  not  do'main. 
Domicile,  d6m'i-9lle,  not  d5m'i-9ile. 
Domino,  d5m'i-no,  not  d<5m'u-nO'. 
Donative,  d5n'a-tive,  not  do-na'tive. 
Don  Juan,  don  Jn'an,  not  Don  Ju-2n'. 
Donkey,  dOn'key,  not  d5n'key,  nor  don 'key. 

son,    6r,    dp.,   wplf,    wdbl,    mdon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
c,ent,      «an,     gem,     go,      i§,     e^ist,      thy,     n-ng. 


184 


WARMAN  S   PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY. 


Don  Quixote,  don  kwix'ote  (English),  don  ke-ho'tft 

(Spanish). 

Doric,  d5r'i€,  not  do'rie. 
Dormitory,  d&r'mi-to-ry,  not  d6r'mi-tO-ry. 
Dost,  d6st,  not  dost. 
Doth,  doth,  not  doth. 

The  early  editions  of  Webster  show  the  latter 
marking,  but  it  has  been  eliminated  from  the  later 
editions.  We  hope  the  same  may  soon  be  said  of 
deaf,  sloth  and  a  few  others,  in  which  Webster 
stands  alone.  See  deaf  and  sloth. 

Douche,  ddosh,  not  doush,  nor  dosh. 

Doxology,  dox-6To-gy,  not  dok-sQTo-gy. 

Dozen,  doz'n,  not  d6z'en. 

Drachm,  dram. 

Drachma,  draeh'ma. 

Draft,  draft,  not  draft. 

Dragoon,  dra-goon',  not  drag-<5bn'. 

Drain,  drain,  not  dren. 

Drama,  drS'ma,  or  dra-ma  (Web.),  dra'ma,  or  dram'a 

(Wore.). 

Dramatis  Personae,  dram'a-tis  per-so'nae. 
Dramatist,  dram'a-tlst,  not  dra'ma-tlst.  , 
Draught,  draft,  not  draft  nor  draut. 
Droll,  droll. 

Drollery,  droll'er-y,  not  drol'ler-y. 
Dromedary,  drom'e-da-ry,  not  dr6m'e-da-ry. 
Dross,  dr5ss,  not  dross. 

a,   e,   I,    0,    n,   y,   long ;   a,   6,   I,   o,    u,   y.    short ; 
air,   arm,  ask,  all,   what,    ere,  6rr,  prey,   rni'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  185 

Drought,  drout  not  drouth. 

Drown,  drown,  not  drownd. 

Drowned,  drownd,  not  drown'ded. 

Druid,  dru'id,  not  drn'id. 

Drunken,  driin'kn,  not  drua'ken.    See  angular. 

Dual,  da'al,  not  du'al.    See  n. 

Dubious,  da'bi-ous,  not  du'bi-ous,  nor  ju-bi-ous.  See 

angular. 

Ducat,  due'at,  not  du'-eat. 
Ductile,  dfre'tlle,  not  du€'tile. 
Due,  dne,  not  due.    See  n. 
Duel,  dn'el,  not  du'el.  See  Q. 
Duet,  du-et'  not  du-et'.  Long  u  obscured. 
Duke,  duke,  not  duke.  See  n. 
Dulia,  du'  li-a,  not  du-li'a. 
Duly,  dn'ly,  not  du'ly.    See  n. 
Dumas,  du-ma',  not  du,  but  as  nearly  French  u  as 

possible. 

Duncan,  dun'ean,  not  dun'^an. 
Dupe,  dope,  not  dupe.   See  a. 
Duplicate,  da'pli-cate  (noun  and  adj.),  du'pli-cate 

(verb). 

Words  ending  in  ate  when  used  as  verbs  have  a 
secondary  accent. 

Durable,  dn'ra-ble,  not  du'ra-ble.    See  n. 
Duteous,  da'te-ous,  not  d\i'te-ous.  See  Q. 
Dutiful,  dn'ti-ful,  not  du'ti-ful,  nor  da'ti-fl. 
Duty,  do-ty,  not  du'ty.    See  o. 

s6n,    6r,    dQ,    wolf,   wdbl,    moon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
gent,      «an,     gem,     go,      i§,      e$ist,      thy,     n=ng. 


186  WABMAN'S   PRACTICAL   OKTHOEPY. 

Dwarf,  dwarf. 

Dwarfs  (pi.  noun),  dwarfs,  not  dwarv§. 
Dynamics,  dy-nam'ies  (Wore.),  dy-nSm'ies  (Web.). 
Dynamite,  dyn'am-ite  (Wore.);  dy'na-mite  (Web.). 

Formerly  dy,  by  Webster;  then  in  some  editions 
it  was  discarded  for  djfn;  latest  edition,  back  to  dy. 

Dynasty,  dy'nas-ty,  or  djfn'as-ty  (Wore.),  dy'nas-ty 

(Web.). 

Dysentery,  djrs'en-ter-y,  not  dys/en-tSr-y. 
Dyspepsia,  dys-pgp'si-a,  not  dys-pe"p'sha. 
Dyspepsy,  dys-pep'sy  (Web.),  dys'pep-sy,  or  dys- 

pSp'sy  (Wore.). 

There  are  quite  a  number  of  orthoepists  who 
favor  placing  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable. 

Dubuque,  du-buk'  (Wore.);  du-bak'  (Web.). 

E. 

When  E  forms  an  unaccented  initial  syllable  of 
a  word,  it  should  have  its  long  sound  slightly 
obscured — evoke,  event,  evolve,  etc. 

Early,  Sar'ly,  not  ear'ly. 
Earth,  garth,  not  earth. 
Earthen,  e"arth'n,  not  earth'en. 
Easel,  e"a§'l,  not  Sas/el. 
Eastward,  east'ward,  not  east'ard. 
Eaten,  Sat'n,  not  eat'en. 

a,   e,   I,   0,    n,   y,   long;   a,   &,   I,   6,   fi,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,   what,   ere,  e"rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  187 

Eau  de  Cologne,  o  de  <?o-lon'. 

Ecce  homo,  eVge  ho'mo. 

Economic,  e-eo-nOm'ie  (Web.);  e€-o-n8m'i€,  or  e"-eo- 
nd"m'i€  (Wore.). 

Economical,  e--eo-n6m'i€-al  (Web.),  6«-o-n5m'i€-al, 
or  e"~eo-n5m'i€-al  (Wore.). 

Eczema,  eVze-ma,  not  e-e-zS'ma. 

Edel  Weiss,  a'del  vis. 

Edel  Weisse,  a'del  vis'sa. 

Eden,  e'dn  (Web.),  5'den  (Wore.). 

Edinburgh,  ed'in-biir-rO    (Web.);   ed'in-biir-ro,  or 
6d'in-burg  (Wore.). 

Edict,  S'diet,  not  e-dl«t'. 

Edile,  6'dile,  not  ed'ile. 

Educate,  ed'n-eate,  not  6d'ju-«ate.    See  o. 

In  all  these  words,  the  long  u,  when  not  accented, 
should  not  be  made  so  prominent  as  to  be  dis- 
tasteful. 

E'er,  er,  not  er,  nor  e"r. 

Effectual,  ef-feet'n-al,  not  ef-feVchu-al.    See  n. 

Effeminacy,  ef-fem'i-na-yy,  not  ef-fgm'i-nan-cy. 

Effeminate,  ef-fem'i-nate,  not  ef-fem'i-nant. 

The  orthography,  as  well  as  the  pronunciation  of 
these  last  two  words,  is  frequently  incorrect. 

Effort,  Effort  (Wore.),  eTfurt  (Web.). 

Effusion,  ef-fa'zhun,  not  ef-fn'shun.    See  adhesion. 

Effusive,  ef-fn'sive,  not  ef-ffl'§ive. 

Words  ending  in  sive  invariably  retain  the  pure 

son,    6r,    do,    wolf,   wdbl,    mdon,    bull,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,      thy,     n=ng. 


188  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OKTHOEPY. 

sound  of  s.    It  is  quite  common,  however,  to  hear 
the  error. 


egg. 

Eggnog,  egg-nSg'  (Web.),  egg'nog  (Wore.). 
Eglantine,  eg'lan-tine,  or  eg'lan-tlne 
Egoism,  e'go-l§m,0reg'o-i§m(  Wore.  );e"go-i§m(  Web.). 
Egotism,  e'go-tl§m,  or  6g'o-ti§m  (Wore.);  e"'go-tl§m 
(Web.). 

The  New  Imperial  gives  the  second  marking  to 
each,  eg'o-tism  and  eg'o-tist. 
Egregious,  e-gre'gus,  not  e-grS'gi-otis. 
Eh,  a,  not  e  nasalized. 
Either,  ei'/Aer. 

This  is  the  marking  of  Worcester  and  nearly  all 
orthoepists,  except  Webster,  who  gives  the  prefer- 
ence to  hither,  but  allows  either. 

"  Usage,  as  well  as  regularity,  favors  the  sound 
of  e  in  the  words  either  and  neither."  —  Smart. 

"  Without  hesitation  analogy  gives  the  sound  of 
long  open  e  to  the  words  either  and  neither."  — 
Walker. 

"For  the  pronunciation  of  el'ther  and  nel'ther 
there  is  no  authority,  either  of  analogy  or  of  the 
best  speakers.  It  is  an  affectation,  and  in  this  coun- 
try, a  copy  of  a  second-rate  British  affectation."  — 
Richard  Grant  }Vhite. 

Eldorado,  el-do-rJi'dO  (Wore.),  el-do-ra'do,  or  el-do- 
rii'do  (Web.). 

a,  e,  i,  o,  o,  y,  long  ;  a,  6,  i,  o,  a,  y,   short  ; 
air,   iirm,  ask,  nil,   what,    ere,  6rr,  prey,   mien,  sir, 


WARMANS  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Eleemosynary,    el-ee-mo§'y-na-ry    (Wore.),    el-ee- 

mOs'y-na-ry  (Web.). 
Elegiac,  el-e-gl'ae  (Wore.),  e-le'gi-ae,  or  el-e-gl'ae 

(Web.). 

Elephantiasis,  Sl-e-phan-tl'a-sis. 
Elephantine,  el-e-phSn'tlne,  not  el-e-phSn'tlne. 
Eleven,  e-leVn,  not  e-leVen. 
Elgin,  el'gin,  not  el'gin. 

The  latter  is  almost  the  universal  pronunciation, 
though  it  is  incorrect. 

Eligible,  eTi-gible,  not  e-lig'i-ble. 

Elite,  e-h'te',  not  6-li'te'. 

Elizabethan,  e-llz'a-bgth-an,  710^  e-llz-a-b6th'an. 

Ellen,  ell'en,  not  ell'n  nor  ell'un. 

Elm,  elm,  not  6l'um. 

Elocution,  el-o-en'  tion,  not  el-e-«a'tion. 

Elongate,  e-l5n'gate,  not  e-lon'gate. 

Eloquence,  6l'o-kwen9e,  not  el'o-kwunge. 

Elucidate,  e-la'9i-date,  not  e-lu'9i-date.    See  a. 

Elusive,  e-la'sive,  not  e-lyV§ive.    See  effusive. 

Elysian,   e-tyzh'e-an  (Wore.),  e-ly§'i-an  (Web.). 

Elysium,  e-ljfzh'e-um 

Emaciate,  e-ma'she-ate,  not  e-ma'9i-ate.  See  enun- 
ciate. 

Emancipate,  e-m2n'9i-pate,  not  e-man'she-pate.  See 
enunciate. 

Embalm,  em-balm',  not  em-balm';  /  is  silent. 

Emblazon,  em-bla'zn,  not  em-bla'zon. 

son,    6r,    do,   wplf,   wot)l,    moon,    byll,    ftrn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,     gem,     go,      i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-=ng. 


i'.K)          WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Embolden,  em-bold'n,  not  em-bold'en. 

Emboss,  em-b5ss',  not  em-boss'. 

Embrasure,  em-bra'zhu.r  (Web.);  6m-bra-zhu,r',  or 
em-bra'zhur  (Wore.). 
(WOFC.). 

Embronze,  em-br5nze',  or  em-bronze'  (Web.),  em- 
brOnze',  or  em-brOnze'(Worc.). 

Embryo,  em'bry-0,  not  em-bry'o. 

Emendation,  em-en-da'tion,  not  6-men-da'tion. 

Emersion,  e-mSr'shun,  not  e-meT'zhun.    See  adhe- 
sion. 

Eminence,  em/i-nei^e,  not  Sm'i-nun9e. 

Emissary,  em'is-sa-ry,  not  e"m'is-sa-ry. 

Emolliate,  e-mol'ye-ate  (Wore.),  e-m6Tli-ate  (Web.). 

Emollient,  e-m5l'yent,  not  e-mOl'li-e'nt. 

Emphasis,  6m'pha-sis,  not  em'pha-sus. 

Empiric,  em-pir'ie,  or  6m'pi-ri€. 

Employe,  6m-ploy-e',  or  6ng-plwa-ya'  (Web.);  ang- 
plwa-a',  or  6m-ploy-a'  (Wore.). 

Employee,  em-ploy-es',  not  em-ploy-e'. 

Webster's  Unabridged  does  not  contain  this  word 
in  this  orthography,  but  notes  it  thus:  "  The  Eng- 
lish form  of  this  word,  viz.,  employee,  though  per- 
fectly conformable  to  analogy,  and,  therefore,  per- 
fectly legitimate,  is  not  sanctioned  by  the  usage  of 
good  writers." 

Empress,  Sm'press,  not  6m'pris. 

Empyema,  em-py-S'ma,  not  em-p^'e-ma. 

Empyrean,  em-py-re"an  (Web.),  em-py-rS'an,  or  em- 
pjfr'e-an  (Wore.). 

a,  6,   I,   o,   n,   y,  long;   a,  g,   I,   5,   fi,   y,    short; 
fiir,  arm,  ftsk,  all,  what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  191 

Empyreumatic,  em-py-reu-mat'ie,  not  em-pyr-ea- 
mat'  i-e. 

Emulsion,  e-mul'shun,  not  e-mul'zhun.  See  adhe- 
sion. 

Emulsive,  e-mul'sive,  not  e-mul'give.     See  effusion. 

Encephalic,  en-9e-phaTi«,  not  en^e'ph'a-lk-. 

Enchant,  en-chant',  not  en-chant'. 

Enclasp,  en-clasp',  not  en-ela"sp'. 

Encomium,  en-€0'mi-um,  not  en-eOm'yum. 

Encore,  Sng-eOre'  (Wore.),  5ng-cOre'  (Web.). 

We  have  endeavered  to  use  only  such  French 
words  as  are  in  quite  general  use. 

In  the  respelling  of  French  words,  throughout 
both  dictionaries,  we  find  the  initial  syllable  —  En 
—  represented  either  as  a'ng  or  6ng,  sometimes  an. 
No  note  of  explanation  is  given;  hence,  we  fre- 
quently hear  them  pronounced  as  they  appear  to 
the  eye.  The  N"  or  Ng,  used  in  the  respelling,  is  to 
signify  that  the  vowel  preceding  should  be  nasal- 
ized, but  in  no  case  should  the  n  or  ng  be  given  in 
the  pronunciation. 

In  the  supplement  of  the  latest  Worcester  we 
find  that  when  the  n  bears  a  certain  mark,  it  is 
nasalized.  When  is  it  not  nasalized? 

Encyclopedism,  en-9y-elo-ps'di§m,  not  en-9y'«lo-pe- 

dlsm. 
Encyclopedist,  en-9y-€lo-p5'dist,  not  en^y-elo-pe'd'- 

ist. 

son,    fir,   dp.,   wolf,   wdbl,   m<5on,   bull,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,      gem,     go,     i§,     e?ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


192  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Endermic,  en-der'mie,  not  eVder-mi«. 
Endue,  en-dne',  not  en-dvie'.     See  n. 
Endure,  en-dare',  not  en-dure'.   See  fl. 
Eneid,  e-ne'id,  or  6'ne-ld  (Wore.),  e-nS'id  (Web.). 
Enervate,  e-nSr'vate,  not  eVer-vate. 

It  is  surprising  how  harmonious  (?)  are  usage 
and  orthoepists  on  the  pronunciation  of  this  word; 
i.  e.,  the  former  is  harmonious  in  always  speaking 
it  incorrectly — en'er-vate —  while  the  latter  agree 
to  a  man  that  it  should  be  e-ne"r'vate. 

Enfranchise,  en-fran'chi§e,  not  en-fr2n'chi§e. 

Engine,  en'glne,  not  en'gine. 

English,  In'glish,  not  lug'lish,  nor  eng'lish. 

Engorge,  en-gorge',  not  en-gOrge'. 

Engross,  en-gross',  not  en-gr6ss'. 

Enhance,  en-han9e',  not  en-han9e'. 

Enigma,  e-nig'ma,  not  en-ig'ma. 

Enkindle,  en-kln'dle,  not  en-kin'dul.    See  cuddle. 

Ennui,  iin-we'  (Wore.),  Cng-nwe'  (Web.).  See  encore. 

Enrapture,  en-rSpt'nre,  not  en-rap'chur.    See  u. 

'Twere  better  to  separate  two  non-voiced  conso- 
nants when  pronouncing  such  words,  i,  e.,  en-rap'- 
tflre.  See  facture. 

Ensuing,  en-so'ing,  not  en-su'ing.    See  Q. 
Ensure,  en-shure',  not  en-share'. 
Enthrall  en-thrall',  not  en-thrall'. 
Enthuse,  en-tha§e',  not  en-thu§e'. 
Enthusiasm,  en-tha'gi-5§m,  not  en-thu'§i-2§-um. 

a,   5,   I,   0,   n,   y,  long;   a,   g,   I,   o,    u,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  whg.t,   6re,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  193 

Entrance  (verb),  en-tran9e',  not  en-tra^e'. 
Entree,  Qng-tra'  (Web.),  oft  tra  (Wore.).  See  encore. 

In  the  body  of  Worcester's  Unabridged  we  find 
this  word  a'ng-tra';  in  the  supplement  we  find  5ft- 
tra.  The  little  dot  over  the  n  informs  us  it  is 
nasal.  It  is  always  nasal  and  needs  no  mark;  but 
if  they  were  to  use  this,  or  any  mark  over  n  to  sig- 
nify that  the  vowel  preceding  is  nasal,  its  signifi- 
cance would  be  of  value. 

Enumerate,  e-nn'mer-ate,  not  e-nu'mer-ate.  See  n. 

Enunciate,  e-niin'she-ate,  not  e-nun'9i-ate. 

• 

"C,  s  or  t,  when  immediately  preceded  by  an 
accented  syllable  and  followed  by  e,  i  or  u,  has 
usually  the  force  of  sh." — Webster. 

The  word  emancipate  is  an  exception. 

Envelop    (noun  and    verb),    en-veTop    (Web.    and 
Wore.). 

•    No  distinction  is  made  between   the  noun  and 
verb  when  given  with  the  above  orthography. 

Envelope,  en'vel-Ope  (Web.),  a'ng-ve-lope',  or  gn've- 
lop  (Wore.). 

"This  word,  signifying  the  outward  case  of  a 
letter,  is  always  pronounced  in  the  French  manner 
by  those  who  can  pronounce  French.  Sometimes  a 
mere  Englishman  attempts  to  give  the  nasal  vowel 
the  French  sound,  and  exposes  himself  to  laughter 
by  pronouncing  g  after  it  (see  encore  in  this  list  of 

s6n,    6"r,    dp.,    wolf,   wool,    mdon,    by  11,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      ean,     gem,     go,      i§,     e$ist,      thy,     n-ng. 


194  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL,  ORTHOEPY. 

words)  as  if  written  ong-ve-lope. " — Walker.  This 
strikes  not  only  the  "mere  Englishman"  but  the 
mere  Yankee  and  the  merest  smatterer  of  French. 
We  like  well-spoken  French,  but  we  admire  plain, 
unaffected  English.  The  one  who  uses  either  and 
neither,  generelly  uses  an  ongvelope.  Let  us  say  6n'- 
ve-lope. 

Environment,  en-vi'ron-ment,  not  6n'vir-on-m8nt. 
Environs  (noun),  en-vi'ron§,  or  8n'vi-r5n§. 
Epaulet,  ep'au-lSt. 

When  the  orthography  is  changed  to  epaulette 
Worcester  shifts  the  accent  to  the  last  syllable, 
while  Webster  gives  it  a  secondary  accent. 

Ephemeral,  e-phSm'e-ral,  not  e-phs'me-ral. 
Ephod,  eT  od,  not  e'phod. 

Epicurean,  e"p-i-en-re'an  (Wore.),  ep-i-ea're-an,  or 
e'p-i-eQ-rg'an  (Web.).  See  European. 

Webster  is  the  only  orthoepist  who  places  the 
accent  on  the  antepenultimate  syllable. 

Epicureanism,  6p-i-€u-re'an-l§m,  or  ep-i-en're-an- 
I§m  (Wore.),  5p-i-€Q're-an-I§m  (Web.)-  See  Euro- 
pean. 

Epilepsy,  Sp'i-lep-sy,  not  Sp-i-lgp'sy. 

Epilogism,  e-pll'o-gl§m,  not  6p'i-lo-gl§m. 

Epilogue,  Sp'i-l5gue,  not  Sp'i-lOgue.    See  apologue. 

Episode,  6p'i-sOde,  not  ep'i-§ode. 

Epistle,  e-pls'l,  not  e-pls'tle. 

Epistolary,  e-pis'to-la-ry,  not  e-pis'to-la-ry. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    n,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,    6,    u,   ?,    short; 
&ir,   Urra,  ask    all,   what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mi'eu,  sir, 


PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY.  195 

Epitaph,  ep'i-tSph,  not  gp'i-ta'ph. 
Epitome,  e-plt'o-me,  not  gp'i-tome. 
Epizootic,  6p-i-zo-<5t'i€,  not  6p-i-zc56'ti€. 
Epizooty,  ep-i-zo'o-ty,  not  ep-i-zoo'ty. 
Epoch,  ep'oeh  (Web.),  ep'oeh,  or  e'pSeh  (Wore.). 
Equable,  e'qua-ble,  not  ek'wa-ble. 

Smart  gives  the  second  marking. 

Equably,  e'qua-bly,  not  ek'wa-bly. 
Equality,  e-kw5l'i-ty,  not  e-kwal'i-ty. 
Equanimity,  e-qua-nlm'i-ty,  not  Sk-wa-nlm'i-ty. 
Equation,  e-qua'shun,  not  e-qua'zhun. 

The  termination  tion  is  always  sfiun,  except  when 
it  follows  the  letter  s  or  x,  as  in  question  (kw6sf- 
yun),  admixtion  (ad-mlkst'yun),  suggestion  (sug- 


Equatorial,  g-qua-to'ri-al,  not  6k-wa-to'ri-al. 
Equerry,  e-kwer'ry  (Web.);  e-kw6r'ry,  or  gk'we-ry 

(Wore.). 

Equery,  6k'we-ry. 

Equidistant,  s-kwi-dis'tant,  not  6k-wi-dis'tant. 
Equinoctial,  S-qui-n6k'shal,  not  6k-wi-n5k'shal. 
Equipage,  6k'wl-page,  not  e-qulp'age. 
Equipoise,  e'q^i-poi§e,  not  6k'wi-pol§e. 

Smart  is  the  only  orthoepist  who  gives  the  sec- 
ond marking. 

Erasion,  e-ra'zhun,  not  e-ra'shun.    See  adhesion. 
Ere,  ere,  not  ere,  nor  6re. 

s6n,    6r,    do,    wplf,    wdbl,    mdDn,    byll,    ftrn,    rude, 
9ent,      can,     gem,     go,      i§,     e$ist,     thy,     ii-ng. 


196  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Erin,  e'rin  (gr'in  is  allowed  by  many  orthoepists). 

Ermine,  er'mlne,  not  er'mlne. 

Err,  err,  not  8rr. 

Errand,  eYrand,  not  Sr'rand,  nor  eYrant. 

Errata,  er-ra'ta,  not  er-ra"ta. 

Erratum,  er-ra'tum,  not  er-rat'um. 

Erring,  Srr'ing  (Wore.);  err'ing  (Web.). 

Error,  Sr'ror,  not  er'ror,  nor  8r'ror. 

Erudite,   eYu-dite   (Web.);  6r'u-dlte,   or  Sr'u-dlte; 

marked  in  School  Ed.  long  u  obscure  (Wore.). 
Erudition, er-yu-dftion  (Wore.),  er-u-dftion  (Web.). 
Erysipelas,  er-y-slp'e-las,  not  Ir-y-slp-e-las,  nor  6r-y- 

slp'las. 

Escapade,  6s-«a-pade',  not  6s'«a-pade. 
Escritoire,  Ss~erl-tw6r'. 
Escutcheon,  es-euch'un,  not  es-eutch'e-on. 
Eskimos,  eYki-mo§. 
Espionage,  es'pi-on-age,  or  eYpi-o-nazh. 
Esplanade,  6s-pla-nade'. 
Esquire,  es-quire',  not  squire. 
Esquimau,  es'ke-mo. 
Essayist,  eYsay-ist,  or  es-say'ist. 
Esthetics,  es-th6t'i€s,  not  e§-th6t'i€S. 
Etacist,  e'ta-9lst  (Web.),  e'ta-qlst  (Wore.). 
Etagere,  a-ta-zhdr'  (Wore.),  St-a-zhar'  (Web.). 
Etesian,  e-te'§han  (Web.),  e-te'zhe-an  (Wore.).    See 

crucial. 

Ethnography,  eth-nog'ra-phy,  not  6th'no-gr3ph-y. 
Etiquette,  St-i-k6t',  not  St'i-kSt,  nor  6t'i-quet. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   n,   y,   long;'  a,  8,   I,   0,   fi,   y,    short; 
Sir,  arm,  &sk,  all,   what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  197 

Eudemonist,  en-de'mon-ist,  not  en  de-m6n'  1st. 
Euphonic,  ea-ph6n'i-e,  not  en-pho'ni€. 
European,  en-ro-pe'an,  not  en-ro'pe-an. 

"This  word,  according  to  the  analogy  of  our 
own  language,  ought  certainly  to  have  the  accent 
on  the  second  syllable,  and  this  is  the  pronuncia- 
tion which  unlettered  speakers  constantly  adopt, 
but  the  learned,  ashamed  of  the  analogies  of  their 
own  tongue,  always  place  the  accent- on  the  third 
syllable,  because  Europeans  has  the  penultimate 
long,  and  is,  therefore,  accented  in  Latin.  Epicu- 
rean has  the  accent  on  the  same  syllable,  by  the 
same  rule,  while  herculean  and  cerulean  submit  to 
English  analogy,  and  have  their  accent  on  the  sec- 
ond syllable,  because  their  penultimate  in  Latin  is 
short." —  Walker. 

In  accordance  with  the  best  usage,  and  by  the 
principal  orthoepists,  the  following  words  do  not 
conform  with  English  analogy ;  hence,  have  the 
accent  on  the  penultimate,  as  adamante'an,  antipo- 
de'an,  Atlante'an,  collosse'an,  empyre'an,  epicure' - 
an,  Europe' an,  hymene'an,  pygme'an. 

Evangelical,      e-van-gel'i-eal,      or     Sv-an-gel'i-^al 
(Wore.),  e-van-gel'i-e-al  (Web.). 

Usage,  euphony  and  some  good  orthoepists  are 
in  favor  of  the  second  marking,  though  the  weight 
of  orthoepical  authority  is  in  favor  of  the  first. 
Evasion,  e-va'zhun,  not  e-va'shun.    See  adhesion. 

s6n,    6r,    do.,   wplf,   wdbl,    mdon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      can,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


198  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Evasive,  e-va'sive,  not  e-va'§ive.    See  effusive. 

Even,  S'vn,  not  e'ven. 

Evening,  e'vn-ing. 

Eventual,  e-v6nt'ti-al,  not  e-vgn'chu-al.    See  n. 

Everlasting,  e"v-er-last'ing,  not  ev-er-l3st'ing. 

E version,  e-vSr'shun,  not  e-vSr'zhun.  See  adhesion. 

Eversive,  e-v§r'sive,  not  e-ve"r'§ive.    See  effusive. 

Every,  ev'er-y,  not  ev'ry. 

Evident,  ev'i-dent,  not  ev'i-dunt. 

There  is  no  need  of  being  pedantic  in  the  utter- 
ance of  these  words,  but  care  should  be  observed  to 
avoid  the  slovenly  pronunciation. 

Evil,  e"'vl,  not  e'vil.     See  basin. 

Evolution,  ev-o-la'tion,  not  ev-o-lu'tion.    See  n. 

Evulsion,  e-vuTshun,  not  e-vuTzhun.    See  adhesion. 

Ewe,  yu  (Web.),  yn  (Wore,  and  almost  all  orthoe- 
pists). 

Webster  is  surely  correct  on  this  pronunciation, 
while  Worcester  and  other  orthoepists  are  wrong. 
It  is  impossible  to  join  a  pure  consonant  y  and  long 
u.  Long  u  is  of  itself  just  what  Webster  has 
marked  it,  consonant  y  and  u;  y  is  not  e",  as  some 
orthoepists  teach.  It  may  be  from  this  error  arises 
the  pronunciation  given  above,  yn,  i.  e.  (errone- 
ously) en. 

Exacerbate,  e^-SQ'er-bate  (Wore.),  g£-39'er-bate,  or 
ex-a-9§r'bate  (Web.). 
X  immediately  followed  by  an  accented  vowel,  or 

a,   e,   I,   0,   Q,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   6,   ii,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  §rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  199 

by  an  accented  vowel  preceded  by  li,  has  the  sound 
of  gz;  also,  in  some  words  derived  from  primitives, 
as  exaltation,  exemplary. —  Webster,  104. 

Exact,  ex-Set',  not  eks. 

Exactly,  ex-aet'ly,  not  eks. 

Exaggerate,  ex-ag'er-ate,  not  eks. 

Exalt,  ex-alt',  not  eks. 

Exaltation,  ex-al-ta'tion,  not  eks. 

Examination,  ex-a"m-i-na'tion,  not  eks. 

Examine,  ex-Sm'ine,  not  eks. 

Example,  ex-am' pie  (Wore.),  ex-3m'ple  (Web.),  not 

eks. 

Exasperate,  ex-Ss'per-ate,  not  eks. 
Exasperation,  ex-as-per-a'tion,  not  eks. 
Excel,  ex-gel',  not  egz. 
Excellent,  ex' gel-lent,  not  egz. 

Either  the  x  in  this  case  is  only  k  or  else  the  c  in 
second  syllable  is  silent.  This  will  be  found  to  be 
true  in  all  cases  where  "soft  c"  follows  x.  The 
error  occurs  throughout  both  unabridged  diction- 
aries. We  are  nowhere  taught  that  xis  k,  nor  is  the 
c  marked  silent.  (See  our  Critical  Survey.) 

Excerpt,  ex-ggrpt' (Web.); same,  oreVgerpt  (Wore.). 
Excise  (noun  and  verb),  ex-c.l§e',  not  eVqige. 
Excitant,  ex-qi'tant,  or  ex'gi-tSnt  (Wore.),  ex-glt'- 

ant  (Web.). 

Exclusion,  ex~elu'zhun,  not  ex-elu'zhun.    See  n. 
Exclusive,  ex-elu'sive,  not  ex-«lu'§ive.    See  effusive. 

s6n,    6r,    do,    wolf,   wdbl,    mdon,    byll,    torn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,     thy,     n-ug. 


200  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Excrement,  ex'ere-ment,  not  ex-erS'ment. 

Excretive,  ex'ere-tive  (Web.),  same,  or  ex-ere'tive 
(Wore.). 

Excretory,  Sx'ere-to-ry  (Web.),  same,  or  ex-erS'to-ry 
(Wore.). 

Excruciate,  ex-eru'she-ate,  not  ex-eri^i-ate.  See 
enunciation. 

Excursion,  ex-eur'shun,  not  ex-«ur'zhuu.  See  adhe- 
sion. 

Execute,  ex'e»ente,  not  egz. 

Execution,  ex-e-en'tion,  not  egz. 

Executive  (noun  and  adj.),  ex-eVn-tlve,  not  eks. 

Executorial,  ex-ee-n-to'ri-al,  not  eks. 

Exegesis,  6x-e-ge'sis,  not  egz. 

Exemplar,  ex-em'plar,  not  eks. 

Exemplary,  6x'em-pla-ry,  not  ex-6m'pla-ry. 

Exempt,  ex-emt',  not  ex-empt'.  nor  eks;  p  is  silent. 

Exemption,  ex-emp'shun  (Web.),  ex-gm'shun 
(Wore.). 

Exequial,  ex-S'qui-al  (Wore.)  eks  (Web.). 

Worcester  is  the  more  consistent  in  this  marking. 

Exequies,  6x'e-quie§,  not  egs. 

Exert,  ex-Srt',  not  eks. 

Exesion,  ex-e'zhun,  not  ex-e'shun,  nor  eks. 

Exeunt,  ex'e-unt,  not  eg'zhunt. 

Exhalation,  6x-ha-la'tion,  not  eks. 

Exhale,  ex-hale',  not  eks. 

Exhaust,  ex-haust',  not  eks. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   n,   y,   long;   3,   6,   I,   5,   «,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   6re,  6rr,  prey,  -mien,  sir, 


WARMAN  8   PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY. 


201 


Exhaustible,  e^-haust'i-ble,  not  eks. 

Exhaustion,  e^-haust'yun,  not  e^-haus'chun.     See 

equation. 
Exhaustive,  es-haust'ive,  not  eks. 

We  will  gladly  welcome  the  day  when  Worcester 
and  Webster  exhaust  this  li  (  "  to  draw  out  total- 
ly"). Exhaust,  exhaust-port  and  exhaust-valve 
(steam-engine  terms)  are  given  in  the  supplement  of 
Worcester's  as  eks,  not  egz.  Also,  the  word  exhale 
(to  draw,  as  a  sword)  is  given  eks,  not  egz. 

"  The  grave  doth  gape,  and  doting  death  is  near, 
Therefore  exhale." 

Exhibit  (noun  and  verb),  e$-hlb'it,  not  eks. 

When  the  word  is  used  as  in  a  later  day —  "The 
Chicago  exhibit,"  etc.  —  it  is  given  e&s-hlb'it. 

Exhibition,  Sx-hi-bi'tion,  not  egz. 

Exhibitive,  e?-hib'i-tive,  not  eks. 

Exhibitor,  ej-hib'it-or,  not  eks. 

Exhibitory,  e^-hlb'i-to-ry,  not  eks. 

Exhilarate,  e^-hil'a-rate,  not  eks. 

Exhilaration,  e?-hll-a-ra'tion,  not  eks. 

Exhort,  e$-hort',  not  eks. 

Exhortation,  ex-hor-ta'tion,  not  egz. 

Exhorter,  e$-hort'er,  not  eks. 

Exhume,     e£-hnnie'     (Wore.),     ex-hnme'     (Web., 

though  inconsistent). 
Exigence,  ex'i-genge,  not  egz. 
Exigency,  6x'i-gen-9y,  not  egz. 

s6n,    6r,    do,   wolf,   wdbl,    mcTm,    byll,    firn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,     gem,     go,      i§,     e$ist,      thy,     n-ng. 


202  WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OKTHOEPY. 

Exile  (noun),  eVlle,  not  egz. 

Exile  (adj.),  ex-lie',  not  eks. 

Exile  (verb),  6x'ile  (Web.),  ex-lie',  or  6x'ile  (Wore.). 

Exist,  ex-lst',  not  eks. 

Existence,  ex-lst'en9e,  not  eks. 

Exit,  6x'it,  not  egz. 

Exode,  ex'ode,  not  egz. 

Exodus,  ex'o-dus,  not  egz. 

Exonerate,  ex-Sn'er-ate,  not  eks. 

Exoneration,  e"x-on-er-a'tion,  not  eks. 

Exorable,  ex'o-ra-ble,  not  egz. 

Exorbitant,  ex-6r'bi-tant,  not  eks. 

Exorcise,  ex'or-9i§e,  not  egz. 

Knowles  is  the  only  orthoepist  who  marks  this 
word  ex-6r'cise.  It  surely  is  worthy  of  considera- 
tion; it  should  at  least  have  a  secondary  accent. 
You  may  exercise  a  crowd,  or  you  may  exorcise  a 
crowd. 

"Do  all  you  can  to  exorcise  crowds  who  are  possessed  as 
I  am." 

Exordium,  ex-6r'di-um,  not  eks. 
Exotic,  ex-6t'i«,  not  eks. 
Expansion,  ex-pan'sion,  not  egz. 
Expatiate,  ex-pa'she-ate,  not  egz. 
Expatriate,  ex-pa'tri-ate,  not  ex-pSt'ri-ate. 
Expatriation,  ex-pa-tri-a'tion,  not  ex-pat-ri-a'tion. 
Expedient,  ex-pe'di-ent,  not  ex-pe"d'yent,   nor  ex- 
pgd'jent. 

a,  e,   I,   0,   n,   y,  long;   a,  6,   I,   o,    a,   y,    short; 
4ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  e"rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  203 

Expenditure,  ex-pgnd'i-tnre,  not  ex-pSn'di-chur. 
See  a. 

Expensive,  ex-p8n'sive,  not  ex-pgn'zive.  See  effu- 
sive. 

Experience,  ex-ps'ri-enge,  not  ex-pir'i-enge. 

Expert  (adj.),  ex-pe"rt'. 

Expert  (verb),  ex-pgrt'. 

Expert  (noun),  ex-pert'  (Wore.),  Sx'pert,  or  ex-p5rt' 
(Web.). 

Explicable,  6x'pli-ea-ble,  not  ex-pLte'a-ble. 

Explode,  ex-plode',  not  egz. 

Exploit  (noun  and  verb),  ex-plolt',  not  Sx'ploit. 

Explore,  ex-plore',  not  egz. 

Explosion,  ex-plo'zhun,  not  ex-plo'shun.  See  adhe- 
sion. 

Explosive,  ex-plo'sive,  not  ex-plo'§ive.    See  effusive. 

Exponent,  ex-po'nent,  not  6x'po-uent. 

Export  (verb),  ex-port'. 

Export  (noun),  ex'pOrt. 

Expose  (verb),  ex-pO§e'. 

Expose  (noun),  ex-pO-§e'. 

Expository,  ex-p5§'i-to-ry,  not  ex-pos'i-to-ry. 

Expostulate,  ex-p5st'n-late,  not  ex-p&st'a-late,  nor 
ex-pos'chu-late. 

Expulsion,  ex-pul'shun,  not  ex-pul'zhun. 

Expulsive,  ex-pul'slve,  not  ex-pul'§lve. 

Expurgate,  ex-pur'gate  (Wore.),  6x'pur-gate,  or  ex- 
pur'gate  (Web.).  See  concentrate. 

Expurgator,  ex-pur'ga-tor,  or  ex'pur-ga-tor  (Wore.); 

s6n,    6r,    dg,    wolf,    wdbl,    mdon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


204  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

8x'pur-ga-tor,  or  ex-pur 'ga-tor  (Web.). 

Exquisite,  6x'qui-§ite,  not  ex-quls/it. 

Extant,  ex'tant,  not  ex-tSnt'. 

Extempore,  ex-tem'po-re,  not  ex-tSm'pore. 

Extenuate,  ex-ten'n-ate,  not  ex-tgn'u-ate.    See  n. 

Extinguish,  ex-tla'gwish,  not  ex-tin' gwish.  See  an- 
gular. 

Extirpate,  ex-tlr'pate  (Wore.),  6x'tir-pate,  or  ex- 
tir'pate  (Web.).  See  concentrate. 

Extirpator,  ex-tlr'pa-tor,  or  ex'tir-pa-tor  (Wore.). 
eVtir-pa-tor,  or  ex-tlr'pa-tov  (Web.). 

Extol,  ex-t5l',  net  ex-toT. 

Extortion,  ex-tor'tion,  not  ex-tor'tion. 

Extra,  ex'tra  (Web.),  ex'tra  (Wore.). 

Extraordinary,  ex-traor'di'-na-ry,  or  6x-tra-cr'di- 
na-ry. 

Extrinsic,  ex-tem'sie,  not  ex-trln'§if . 

Extrude,  ex-trude',  not  ex-trnde'.    See  n. 

Extrusion,  ex-tru'zhun,  not  ex-tru'shun. 

Exuberance,  ex-n'ber-an9e,  not  eks. 

Exuberant,  ex-n'ber-ant,  not  eks. 

Exudate,  ex-n'date  (Web.),  eks  (Wore.), 

Exudation,  6x-n-da'tioii  (Web.),  eks  (Wore.). 

Exude,  ex-nde'  (Web.),  eks  (Wore.). 

Exult,  ex-ult',  not  eks. 

Exultant,  ex-ult' ant,  not  eks. 

Exultation,  6x-ul-ta'tion,  not  eks. 

Exultingly,  ex-ult'ing-ly,  not  eks. 

Exutory,  ex-n'to-ry,  not  6x'u-to-ry. 

a,   e,   I,    0,    Q,   y,   long;   a,   g,   I,   0,    u,   y,    short; 
£ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  e"rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  205 


Eyre,  ar. 

Eyre  (Jane),  ar,  not  ir. 


(Web>)'  a/ry  (Worc')'  not  rry- 
There  is  no  authority  for  1're,  though  there  is 
one  or  more  for  S'ry,  and  Worcester  stands  alone 
for  S'ry,  while  there  are  many  for  a'ry. 

F. 

F  is  generally  slighted  more  or  less  in  the  matter 
of  pronunciation.  It  is  by  no  means  insignificant, 
but  forms  a  strong  link  as  an  articulative  element. 
It  requires  a  stronger  pressure  of  the  lip  and  teeth 
than  is  usually  given.  Throw  the  effort  beyond  the 
shut  position  without  opening  it  —  often,  of'n. 

Fabric,  fab'rie,  not  fa'brk*. 

Fabulist,  fab'a-list,  not  fa'bn-list. 

Facade,  fa-gade',  or  fa-cade'  (Web.),  fa-fade'  (Wore.). 

Facial,  fa'shal,  not  fa'gi-al,  nor  fa'shal. 

Facile,  fa^'ile,  not  fu9'ile. 

Fac-simile,  fa-e-sim'i-le. 

Factious,  fae'shus,  not  faet'yus. 

Factory,  faVto-ry,  not  faVtry. 

Facture,  filet'nre,  not  fa^'chur.    See  Q. 

For  ease  of  utterance,  yet  correct,  do  not  put 
two  non-voiced  elements  in  the  same  syllable  when 
it  can  be  avoided,  as  in  this  case  —  fsie'ttire.  See 
enrapture. 

son,    6r,    do,   w<?lf,   wot»l,    motm,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      can,     gem,     go,      i§,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


206  WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Fahrenheit,     fahr'en-heit     (Web.),     fahr-en-heit' 
(Wore.). 

In  Worcester's  list  of  names  in  the  back  of  the 
Unabridged,  as  also  in  the  School  Edition,  the  a  is 
marked  short. 

Fairy,  fair'y,  not  fa'ry. 
Faithful,  faith'ful,  not  faith'ful. 

In  all  similar  words  make  the  last  syllable  fool. 

Fakir,  fa'kir  (Web.),  fa-kir',  or  fa'kir  (Wore.). 
Falchion,   fal'chun   (Web.),   fal'chun,    or  fal'shun 

(Wore.). 
Falcon,  fa'-en,  not  fal'cn. 

There  is  very  slight  authority  for  the  last  mark- 
ing, and  it  is  not  sanctioned  by  either  Webster  or 
Worcester. 

Falconet,   faT-eo-net    (Web.),    same,   or    fal'eo-net 

(Wore.). 

Falconry,  fa'-en-ry,  not  fal'en-ry. 
Fallen,  fal'ln  (Wore.),  fain  (Web.). 
Falsetto,  fal-seYto  (Web.),  fal-sgt'to.  (Wore.). 
Familiar,  fa-mil'yar,  not  fa-mll'i-ar. 
Familiarity,  fa-mil-yar'I-tj^  (Web.),  fa-mil-ye-ar'e-te 

(Wore.). 

Family,  fSm'i-ly,  not  fSm'ly. 
Fanatic,  fa-naVi€,  not  fan'a-tk. 

There  are  many  who  argue  that  this  should  be 

a,   5,   I,    0,    Q,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   5,    ti,   y,    short; 
air,  a'rm,  ask,  all,  what,   ^re,  6rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  207 

fiu'a-ti-e,  if  we  so  accent  the  word  lu'na-tie,  or  else 
(they  claim),  to  be  consistent,  we  should  say  lu  na"t'- 
ic.  This  objection,  however,  does  not  emanate 
from  good  authority. 

Fancy,  fan'cy,  not  fan'9y. 

•Fandango,  fan-dan'gO  (Web.),  fan-dan'go  (Wore.). 

Webster  is  correct  and  is  the  more  consistent  in 
so  marking.     See  angular. 

Faneuil  (Faneuil  Hall),  fan'eu-il,  or  fun'el  (Wore.), 
fa"n'el,  or  commonly  fun'el  (Web.). 

The  writer  prefers  the  preference  given  by 
Worcester.  It  is  the  one  most  frequently  heard 
in  Boston,  and  is  surely  more  in  keeping  with  the 
dignity  of  the  place,  the  dignity  of  the  scenes  en- 
acted there,  and  the  dignity  of  the  men.  There  is 
a  stately  tread  heard  in  the  pronunciation  of  the 
word  of  three  syllables,  which  is  suggestive  of  times 
past;  there  is  a  slovenliness  about  the  other  two 
that  is  also  suggestive.  Selah. 
Fangled,  fftn'gld  (Web.);  fin'gld  (Wore.). 

Worcester  again  inconsistent.     See  angular. 
Fantasia,  fan-ts'§i-a. 
Faquir,  fS-ker'  (Web.);  fa-queer'  (Wore.). 
Far,  far,  not  ffrr. 
Fardel,  fSr'del,  not  far-deT. 

"  Who  would  far'dels  bear, 
To  groan  and  sweat  under  a  weary  life?  " 

son,    6r,    do.,   wolf,   wdbl,    mdon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
gent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


208  WARMAN'S   PRACTICAL.  ORTHOEPY. 

Far-fetched,  f ar'fStcht,  not  fa'r-fetcht'. 

"  Whose  pains  have  earned  the  far 'fetched  spoil." 

Farewell  (interj.),  fare-well'  (Web.);  fare-well',  or 
fare' we'll  (Wore.). 

Farewell  (noun),  fare' well,    or   fare-well'    (Web.); 
fare' well,  or  fare- well'  (Wore.). 

Farewell  (adj.),  fare'well  (Web.);  fare'wSll,  or  fare- 
well'(Wore.). 

Farina,  fa-ri'na,  or  fa-ri'na  (Web.),  fa-ri'na  (Wore.). 

Faro,  far'o,  not  fa'ro. 

Farrago,  far-ra'go,  not  far-ra'go. 

Far-sighted,  fiir'sight-ed,  not  fa'r-sight'ed. 

Farther,  farmer.     See  further. 

The  correct  and  genuine  orthography  is,  un- 
doubtedly, further,  but  farther  is  the  more  com- 
mon when  distance  is  signified.  "  Though  further 
passes  very  well  for  farther  when  far  is  out  of 
sight,  we  feel  the  utmost  repugnance  at  saying, 
'thus  far  shalt  thou  go,  and  no  further.'"  — 
Walker. 

Farthest,  fSr'Mest,  not  fa'r'/Aerst. 

Fascia,  fSsh'i-a,  not  faYi-a. 

Fast,  fast,  not  fast,  nor  fast. 

Fasten,  fas'n,  not  fas'n. 

Faster,  fast'er,  not  fast'er. 

Fastidious,  fas-tld'i-ous,  not  fas-tid'yus,  nor  fas- 

tlg'us. 
Father,  f&'ther,  not  fsfther. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    n,   y,   long ;    a,   5,    I,   o,    fi,   y,    short ; 
&ir,   Urm,  ask,  all,   what,    ere,  err,  prey,   mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  209 

Father-confessor,  fa7//er-t6u'fess-sor,  or  «on-fess'- 

sor. 

Fathom,  fatfi'om,  not  faYA'om. 
Fatigue,  fa-tlgue',  not  fa-tlgue'. 
Fatten,  fat'tn,  not  fat'ten. 
Fatuity,  fa-ta'i-ty,  not  fa-tu'i-ty. 
Faucet,  faucet,  not  fa'9et,  nor  fS9'et. 
Fault,  fault,  not  fault. 

Faust,  foust,  orfaust  (Web.);faust, orfoust  (Wore.) 
Favorite,  fa'vor-ite,  not  fa'vor-ite. 
Fawn,  fawn,  not  fawn. 
Fealty,  fs'al-ty,  not  feTty. 
Fearful,  fear'fvl,  not  fear'fvil.     See  faithful. 
Feasible,  fea'§i-ble,  not  fea§'ble. 
Feature,  feat'nre,  not  fga'chur.    See  a. 
Febrifugal,  fe-bnf'u-gal  (Wore.),   fe"b-ri-fu'gal,  or 

fe-brff'u-gal.  (Web.). 
Febrile,  fs'brile,  or  fSb'nle. 
February,  fSb'ru-a-ry,  not  feb'u-a-ry. 
Fecit,  fe'clt,  not  fe9'it. 
Fecund,  fe«'und,  not  fe'-eund. 
Fecundate,  fee'un-date  (Web.),  fe-efln'date,  or  feV- 

un-date  (Wore.). 

Federalist,  fed'er-al-Ist,  not  fed'erl-list. 
Fee-simple,  f5S'sim-ple,  not  fe"S-sim'ple. 
Feigned,  feignd,  not  feign'ed. 
Feignedly,  feign'ed-ly,  not  fgignd'ly. 
Feline,  fs'line,  not  fe-line'. 
Feminacy,  fSm'i-na-9y,  not  fem'i-nan-9y. 

s6n,   6r,    do,   wolf,   wot>l,    mdon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,      i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


210  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

A  word  rarely  used,  but  when  used,  rarely  used 
correctly.  See  effeminacy. 

Feminine,  f6m'i-nine,  not  f6m'i-nine. 

Femoral,  f£m'o-ral,  not  fs'mo-ral. 

Femur,  fs'mur,  not  fSm'ur. 

Fenian,  fe'ni-an,  not  fgn'yan. 

Feoff,  feoff,  not  fe'off. 

Feoffee,  feoffee,   or   f6of-fee'    (Wore.),    fSof-fse' 

(Web.). 

Ferine,  fs'rtne,  not  fe-rine'. 
Ferment  (noun),  fer'ment. 
Ferment  (verb),  fer-mSnt'. 
Ferriage,  feYri-age,  not  feYrage. 
Ferrule,  feVril,  or  fSr'rul  (Wore.),  fSr'ril,  or  f6r'r«l 

(Web.). 

Fertile,  fsr'tile,  not  fsr'tile. 

Ferule,  feYule  (Wore.),  fgr'ril,  or  feVrule  (Wore.). 
Fete,  fete,  not  fa-ta. 
Fetid,  fet'id,  not  fe'tid. 
Feud,  fend,  not  feud.     See  n. 
Fiasco,  fi-2s'«o  (Web.),  fr-as'«o  (Wore.). 
Fiat,  fi'at,  not  fi-St'. 
Fibril,  fl'bril,  not  flb'rile. 
Fibrillous,  fi-brtl'lous,  or  flb'ril-lofls. 

Worcester  gives  the  same  marking  with  the  ex- 
ception of  not  marking  the  first  i  long  but  ob- 
scure. 


6,   i,    0,    a,   y,   long;   2,   S,   I,    5,   fi,   y,    short; 
*,  arm,  ftsk,  all,  whg,t,   §re,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WABMAN  S    PRACTICAL   OKTHOEPY.  211 

Fico,  fi"€0  (Wore.),  flteo  (Web.). 

"  A  fico  for  the  phrase." 

Fidelity,  f  1-dSl'i-ty,  wo*  f  l-del'i-ty. 

Fiduciary,   fi-da'she-a-ry,    not   fi-da'gi-a-ry.     See 

enunciation. 

Fierce,  Serge,  not  fler9e. 
Fiery,  fl'er-y,  not  f  Try. 
Figurative,  f  ig'n-ra-tive,  not  f  ig'er-a-tlve. 
Figure,  fig'ure,  not  f  ig'er. 
Filch,  filch,  not  filch. 
Filial,  f  il'yal,  MO/  f  il'li-al. 
Filibuster,  f  ll'i-bfis-ter,  not  f  il-i-btts'ter. 
Film,  film,  not  f il'um. 
Finale,  fi-na'le  (Wore.),  fi-na'le.  (Web.). 
Finance,  f  l-n3n9e',  not  f  I'nSnQe. 
Financial,  f i-nSn'shal,  not  fi-nSn'shal. 
Financier,  f  m-an-9isr',  not  f  i-nan-^igr'. 

This  word  is  not  only  "apt  to  be"  but  generally 
is  mispronounced. 

Finesse,  f  i-n6sse'. 

Finis,  fi'nis,  not  fln'is. 

Finite,  f  I'nite,  not  fi-nite'. 

Fiord,  f  i'-ord'  (Wore.),  fy6rd,  in  one  syllable  (Web.). 

First,  first,  not  fust. 

Fissure,  flsh'yur  (Wore.),  flsh'ur  (Web.). 

Fistula,  fist'n-la,  not  f is'chu-la. 

Fitful,  f it'ful,   not  f it'ful.     See  faithful. 

Fixture,  f  Ixt'ure,  not  fix'chur. 

s6n,   6r,    do,   wolf,   wdbl,    m(5on,    bull,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


*          WARMAJST8    PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY. 

Flaccid,  flae'Qid,  not  flS9'id. 

Flageolet,  flsg'o-lst,  not  flag-o-leT. 

Flambeau,  flam'bo,  not  flSm-bo". 

Flannel,  flan'nel,  wo£  flan'l. 

Flare,  flare,  not  flare. 

Flash,  flash,  not  flash. 

Flask,  flask,  not  flask. 

Flatten,  flat'tn,  not  flat'ten. 

Flattery,  flat'ter-y,  not  flat'ry. 

Flatulence,  flat'n-le^e,  not  flat'chu-lei^e.    See  o. 

Flaunt,  flaunt,  not  flaunt. 

Flaw,  flaw,  not  flaw. 

Flaxen,  flax'n,  not  flax'en. 

Fleur  de  lis,  fleur  de  Is'  (Web,),  fleCtr  de  le'  (Wore.). 

Flew,  flu,  not  flu. 

Flimsy,  flim'sy,  not  flim'sy. 

Flora,  flo'ra,  not  fld'ra. 

Floral,  flo'ral,  not  flor'al. 

Florentine,  flQr'en-tine,  or  fl6r'en-tlne  (Web.),  flOr'- 

en-tlne,  or  fl6r'en-tlne  (Wore.). 
Florid,  flor'id,  not  flo'rid. 
Florin,  flSr'in,  not  flo'rin. 
Florist,  flo'rist,  not  flor'ist. 
Floss,  flOss,  not  fl&ss. 

Flour,  flour,  not  flou'er  (blend  in  one  syllable). 
Flourish,  flour'ish,  not  flour'ish. 
Flower,  flow'er,  not  like  flour. 
Fluctuate,  fluet'n-ate,  not  flfie'chu-ate.    See  n;  also 

facture. 

a,   6,   I,    0,   Q,   y,   long;   3,   6,   I,   5,   tf,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,   what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  213 

Flue,  fine,  not  flue.    See  n. 

Fluency,  fln'en-9y,  not  flu'en-9y.    See  fl. 

Fluid,  fln'id,  not  flu'id.    See  n. 

Flume,  flame,  not  flume.    See  a. 

Flunky,  flun'ky  (Web.),  flank'y  (Wore.).     See  an- 

gular. 

Flurry,  fliir'ry,  not  flur'ry. 
Flute,  flnte,  not  flute. 
Fob,  fob,  not  fob. 
Focile,  fo'qlle,  not  f09'ile. 
Foeticide,  fet'i-gide,  not  fet'i-gide. 
Fog,  f5g,  not  fag,  nor  fog. 
Foliage,  fo'li-age,  not  fol'yage. 
Folio,  fO'li-0,  or  fol'yO. 

Webster  does  not  mark  the  last  o  in  either. 

Fond,  f5nd,  not  fond. 
Food,  fo"od,  not  fdbd. 
For,  for,  not  for. 
Forage,  fOr'age,  not  for'age. 
Forbade,  for-bade',  not  for-bade'. 
Forbidden,  for-bid'dn,  not  for-bld'den. 
Force,  fOr9e,  not  forge. 
Forceps,  forceps,  not  for'ceps. 
Forecast  (noun),  forecast. 
Forecast  (verb),  fore-east',  not  fore-«Sst'. 
Forecastle,  fore'-eSs-sl.  (Web.);  fore'«as-sl  (Wore.). 
Forefather,  fOre'fa-#Aer  (Web.),  fore'fa-^er,  or  fore- 
(W'orc.). 


s6n,    6r,    do,    wolf,    wdbl,    mdon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,     ^an,     ^em,     go,      i§,     e?ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


214  WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Forehead,  for'ed  (Web.),  fOr'ed,  orfor'hgd  (Wore.). 

Foreign,  fOr'eign,  not  for'eign. 

Foremast,  fore'mast,  not  fOre'mast. 

Foremost,  fore'most,  not  fore'm6st. 

Forenoon,  fOre'nolm,  not  fore-noon'. 

Forensic,  fo-ren'sie,  not  fo-ren'§i«. 

Fore-ordain,  fore-or-dain',  not  fOre-6r-dain'. 

Forepart,  fore'part,  not  fore-part'. 

Forest,  fOr'est,  not  f6r'est. 

Forfeit,  for'feit,  not  for'feit. 

Forfeiture,  f6r'feit-nre,  not  f6r'fi-chur.    See  n. 

Forge,  forge,  not  f6rge. 

Forgery,  for'ger-y,  not  f6r'ger-y. 

Forget,  for-geY.,  not  for-glt'. 

Forgetful,  for-geTful,  not  for-ggt'fdl. 

Forlorn,  for-16rn',  not  for-lorn'. 

Form,  form  (Web.),  form,  or  form  (Wore.). 

Formidable,  for'mi-da-ble,  not  for-mid'a-ble. 

Formula,  f6r'mu-la. 

The  u  is  unmarked  by  Webster  and  Worcester. 
The  dot  placed  underneath  a  vowel  in  Worces- 
ter's signifies  that  the  vowel  is  obscure,  but  it  does 
not  say  what  vowel,  i.  e.,  u  or  \i.  One  may  say  for'- 
mu-la,  or  for'-mn-la.  The  absence  of  a  mark  in 
Webster's,  as  in  this  case,  designates  the  same  as 
the  dot  in  Worcester's,  and  thereby  sanctions  either 
pronunciation.  See  our  Critical  Survey. 

Worcester's  school  dictionary  gives  it  long  u,  un- 
accented. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   n,   y,  long;   a,   g,   I,   5,   u,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,  ere,  Srr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S    PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY.  215 

Forsooth,  for-s<5oth',  not  ior-sobth'. 

Fort,  fort,  not  f6rt. 

Fortify,  f6r'ti-fy,  not  for'ti-fy. 

Fortissimo,  for-tis'si-mo. 

Fortitude,  for'ti-tnde,  not  fdr'ti-tude. 

Fortnight,  fdrt'nlght,  or  fort'nit  (Wore.),  fdrt'nlght 

(Web.). 

Fortuitous,  for-tn'i-toiis,  not  for-tu'i-tous.    See  n. 
Fortunate,  f6rt'n-nate,  not  f&r'chu-nate.    See  Q. 
Fortune,  f6rt'nne,  not  f6r'chun.    See  Q. 
Forty,  f6r'ty,  not  for'ty. 
Forum,  fo'rum,  not  fo'rum. 
Forward,  for' ward,,  not  f&r'urd,  nor  for- ward'. 
Fossil,  fSs'sil,  not  f6s'sil. 
Foster,  fSs'ter,  not  f6s'ter. 
Foundery,  found'er-y,  not  found'ry. 
Fountain,  foun'tin,  not  fount'n. 
Four,  four,  not  f6ur, 

I  did  so,  f6r  there  were  four  of  them. 
Fracas,  fra'eas  (Web.),  fra'«as,  or  fra-ea'  (Wore.). 

This  is  sufficiently  Anglicized  to  say  fra'«as.  It 
is  surely  not  in  good  taste  to  use  the  second  mark- 
ing given  by  Worcester — frS-ea'. 

Fracture,  fra«t'Qre,  not  frSe'chur.    See  Q,  also  fac- 

ture. 

Fragile,  frig'Ile,  not  frag'ile. 
Fragmentary,  frag'men-ta-ry  (Wore.),  frag'ment- 

a-ry  (Web.).  See  note  next  page. 

s6n,    6r,    dp,   wplf,   wdbl,    mdDn,    byll,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,     ig,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


216  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

The  syllabification  by  Webster  is  even  more  dif- 
ficult of  pronunciation  than  that  given  by  Worces- 
ter. If  there  were  a  secondary  accent  on  the  penulti- 
mate the  difficulty  would  be  removed. 

France,  franfe,  not  fr3nc.  e. 
Franchise,  fran'chi§>e,  not  frSn'chige. 
Francolin,  fran'eo-lin. 

Frankincense,   fr2nk'in-9ense   (Wore.),    frank-ln'- 
9ense,  or  frSnk'in^ense  (Web.). 

The  majority  of  the  orthoepists  are  in  favor  of  first 
marking  (Worcester's),  though  ease  of  utterance 
shifts  the  accent  to  the  second  syllable  (Webster's) ; 
hence  is  largely  preferred. 

Fraternize,  fra'ter-nize,  or  fra-tSr'nize  (Web.),  fra- 
ter'nlze  (Wore.). 

Haldeman  favors  frSt'er-nize. 

Fratricide,  frat'ri-9ide,  not  frat'ri-cide. 
Fraudulent,  fraud'n-lent,  not  fraud'ju-lent.    See  n. 
Fraught,  fraught,  not  fra'ught. 
Free-hearted,  free'heart-ed,  not  free-heart'ed. 
Free-love,  free-love'  (Web.);  fre"e'love  (Wore.). 
Freemason,  fre6'ma-sn,  not  fre"S-ma'sn. 
Free-will  (noun),  fr6S-wlll'  (Web.),  free'will  (Wore.). 
Free-will  (adj.),  free'will. 
Frequent  (adj.),  fre'quent. 
Frequent  (verb),  fre-quent',  not  fre'quent. 

This  is  the  correct  pronunciation  of  the  word, 

a,  e,  i,  o,  Q,  y,  long;  a,  s,  i,  o,  a,  y,  short; 
Sir,  Srm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  e"rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  217 

when  used  as  a  verb,  i.  e.,  as  far  as  orthoepists  are 
concerned,  but  not  so  when  considering  usage. 

Freshen,  fresh'n  (Web.),  fresh'shn  (Wore.). 

Worcester  doubles  the  final  consonant  or  conso- 
nants preceding  en,  when  e  is  silent.  It  is  not 
so  marked  in  pronunciation  in  the  other  words  in 
this  list;  hence,  we  have  not  made  a  note  of  the 
difference  between  Webster  and  Worcester,  where 
such  words  are  given. 

Fretful,  frSt'ful,  not  freVful.    See  faithful. 
Fricassee,  fri«-as-se6',  not  fri«-a-§66'. 

This  word  has  become  fully  Anglicized. 

Friends,  friend§,  not  frien§. 

Frighten,  fnght'n,  not  frtght'en. 

Frightful,  fright'ful,  not  fright'ful.    See  faithful. 

Froebel,  froe'bel. 

When  spoken  correctly,  the  o  thus  marked  has 

the  sound  of  6,  given  with  the  lips  rounded,  as  in 

the  position  of  o.     See  Goethe. 
Frog,  frQg,  not  frog,  nor  frog. 
From,  frSm,  not  from. 

Frontier,  frSnt'ier,  not  fr5n-tier',  nor  fr6n-tiSr'. 
Frontispiece,  fr5n'tis-pie"ce,  not  fron'tis-piece. 
Frost,  frOst  (Web.),  frdst,  or  fr6st  (Wore.).     See 

costly. 
Frost-bitten,  frQst'blttn  (Web.),  frSst',  or  fr6st'- 

blt-tn  (Wore.). 

s6n,    6r,    dp.,   wolf,   wdbl,    moTm,    byll,   ftrn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


218 


WAKMAN  8   PKACTICAL   OETHOEPY. 


Froth,  froth  (Web.),  froth,  or  frdth  (Wore.).     See 

costly. 

Froude,  frcod,  (Web.);  froude  (Wore.). 
Frozen,  fro'zn,  not  fro'zen. 
Frugal,  fru'gal,  not  frn'gal. 
Fruit,  fruit,  not  fruit. 
Fruitful,  fruit'ful,  not  fruit'ful. 
Fuchsia,  f Q'she-a  (Wore. ) ;  f ueh'sr-a  (Web. ). 

Webster  marks  this  word  fach'si-a,  thus  making 
the  u  long  and  agreeing  with  Worcester  in  his 
marking;  but  he  respells  it  for  pronunciation,  and 
marks  it  in  such  a  way  that  it  agrees  with  the  pro- 
nunciation of  the  German  botanist  (Fuchs). 

Fuel,  fn'el,  not  fn'ul. 

Fugue,  fugue  (only  one  syllable.) 

Fulcrum,  fuT-erum,  not  fool'erum. 

Fulminate,  ful'mi-nate,  not  fool'mi-nate. 

Fulsome,  ful'some,  not  fcol'some. 

Funereal,  fu-ng're-al,  not  fu-ner'i-al. 

Furniture,  fur'ni-tnre,  not  fur'ni-chur.    See  u. 

Furor,  fo'ror  (Wore.),  fa'ror  (Web.). 

Furry,  fur'ry,  not  f ur'ry. 

Further,  fur'tf&er.    See  farther. 

"  TJponfurtTier  consideration  I'll  go  ten  miles  farther." 
"Further,  I  have  to  say,  you  will  find  him  at  the  farther 
end  of  town." 

Furthest,  fur7Aest  not  furVAerst. 
Fusible,  fn'§i-ble,  not  fn'si-ble. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    Q,    V,   long;    a,   6,    I,    o,    u,    y,    short; 
fiir,  arm,  &sk,  all,  wh?,t,   e"re,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OBTHOEPT.  219 

Fusillade   (no*n),   fn'§il-lade    (Web.),    fn-§il-lade' 

(Wore.). 

Fusion,  fn'zhun,  not  f  n'shun. 
Fustian,  fust'yan,  not  fus'chan. 
Futile,  fa'tlle,  not  fn'tile. 
Future,  fnt'ure,  not  fu'chur.    See  Q. 
Futurity,  fn-tn'ri-ty,  not  fu-chur'i-ty,  nor  fu-tu'ri-ty. 

G. 

G  has  two  sounds,  arbitrarily  called  "hard"  and 
"soft."  The  "hard"  g  is  made  with  the  back  of 
the  tongue,  as  in  the  word  go;  the  "  soft "  g  is 
made  with  the  point  of  the  tongue,  as  in  the  word 
George.  As  in  the  case  of  b  and  d,  there  should  be 
no  explosive  sound  following  the  utterance  of  this 
consonant  when  made  with  the  back  of  the  tongue. 
Keep  the  position  closed,  but  send  the  voice  be- 
yond the  shut  position.  See  practice  exercises 
given  under  consonants;  also,  see  b  and  d. 

Gabardine,  gSb-ar-dine',  not  gSb-ar-dine'. 

Gaelic,  gae'lie,  not  gSl'i-e. 

Gainsay,  gain-say',  or  gain'say. 

Gala,  ga'la,  not  ga'la. 

Galilean,  gSl-i-le'an,  not  ga-lll'e-an. 

Galileo,  gal-i-15'o,  not  ga-lil'e-o. 

Gallant  (daring),  gSl'lant. 

Gallant  (polite),  gal-lant'  (Wore.),  gal-lanf  (Web.). 

Gallantly  (in  a  brave  manner),  gaTlant-ly. 

son,    6r,    do,   wolf,   wdbl,    moTm,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,     gem,     go,     ig,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


220  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Gallantly  (in  a  polite  manner),  gallant 'ly  (Wore.), 

gal-lSnt'ly  (Web.). 
Gallery,  gaTler-y,  not  gaTry. 
Galliambic,  gal-li-am'bi*,  not  gal-li'am-bie. 
Gallic,  gaTli-e,  not  ga'lie. 
Gallows,  gaTlus,  not  gaTlows.     See  bellows. 
Galsome,  gal'some,  not  gal'some. 
Gambetta,  ga'm-bet'S;  French,  gQng-beh-ta'. 
Gamin,  ga-mSng',  not  gam'in. 

So  say  the  authorities.  The  trouble  is,  the  word 
is  used  indiscriminately;  hence,  the  term,  as  well 
as  the  pronunciation,  is  incorrect.  Until  it  becomes 
Anglicized  to  gam'in,  we  would  hesitate  using  the 
word  when  a  plain  English  word  would  better 
serve  the  purpose.  Worcester  gives  no  accent. 

Ganglion,  gan'gli-on,  not  gan'gli-on.    f>ee  aiigular. 

Gangrene,  giln'grCne,  not  gan'grene.    See  angular. 

Gaol,  gaol;  same  as  jail. 

The  word  is  now  obsolete.  It  is  the  only  word  in 
the  language  where g  is  "soft"  before  a. 

Gape,  gape  (Web.),  ga*pe,  or  gape  (Wore.),  not  gSpe. 

Garden,  giir'dn  (Web.),  gSr'dn,  or  gar'den  (Wore.). 

Gargle,  gSr'gle,  not  gur'gle. 

Garibaldi,  gar-i-baTdi;  Italian,  ga-ri-bsl'di. 

Garish,  gar'ish,  not  gSr'ish. 

Garrison,  gSr'ri-sn,  not  gSr'ri-gn. 

Garrot,  gSr'rot. 

Garrote  (noun  and  verb),  gSr-rOte'. 

a,   g,   I,   0,    Q,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   5,   fl,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   £re,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  221 

Garrulous,  g5r'ru-lous,  not  gSr'u-lous. 
Gas,  gSs,  not  gS§. 

Webster  remarks:  "Pronounced  g&g  to  some  ex- 
tent." So  are  very  many  words  pronounced  incor- 
rectly "to  some  extent." 

Gaseous,  g2s/e-ous  (Web.),  gSs/e-ous,  or  ga'§e-oiis 

(Wore.). 
Gasoline,  gSs'o-llne,  not  gSs'o-li'ne. 

This  word  is  also  written  gasolene,  in  which  case 
the  sound  of  long  e  is  allowable  on  the  last  sylla- 
ble; hence,  in  talking,  either  pronunciation  is  al- 
lowable, but  in  readingjthe  orthoepy  would  depend 
upon  the  orthography. 

Gasometer,     ga§-6m'e-ter     (Web.),      ga-§5m'e-ter 

(Wore.). 

Gasp,  gasp,  not  g£sp. 
Gastric,  gSs'trie,  not  ga§'tri«. 
Gather,  ga^A'er,  not  ge^/i'er. 
Gaudy,  gau'dy,  not  gUu'dy. 
Gaunt,  gaunt,  not  gaunt. 
Gauntlet,  gaunt'let,  not  gaunt'let. 
Gavel,  gaVel,  not  ga'vel. 
Gehenna,  ge-hen'na,  not  ga-h6n'n&. 
Gelatine,  gel'a-tine,  not  g6l'a-tine. 
Gemini,  g6m'i-m,  not  g6m'i-ni. 
Gendarme,  zh6ng-darm'(Web.);zhan-dSrm'(Worc.). 

See  encore. 

son,    6r,    do,   wolf,   wdbl,    mdDn,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,     gem,     go,      i§,     e^ist,      thy,     n=ng. 


222  WARMAN'S   PEACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Genealogical,  gSn-e-a-lQg'ie-al,  notfge-ne-a-ld'g'k-al. 
Some  of  the  orthoepists  divide  the  syllables  log-ic 
in  this  form,  l6d-jlc.  This  is  really  giving  an  extra 
d,  phonetically  speaking,  as  the  "soft"-  g  is  com- 
posed of  dzh.  This  is  not  so  noticeable,  however, 
in  such  words  as  in  the  word  suggest,  which  is 
given  with  both  markings. 

Genealogy,  gen-e-aTo-gy,  not  ge-ne-aTo-gy. 

There  is  an  abundance  of  authority  for  the  lat- 
ter marking,  but  it  is  not  allowed  by  either  Web- 
ster or  Worcester. 

Generally,  gSn'er-al-ly,  not  ge"n'er-ly. 

Genesis,  gSn'e-sis,  not  ge"n'e-sus. 

Genial,  gg'ni-al,  not  gSn'yal. 

Geniality,  g5-ni-aTi-ty,  not  gen-yaTi-ty. 

Genius,  gSn'yus  (Web.),  gSn'yus,  or  ge'ni-tis  (Wore.). 

Genius  (a  spirit),  gg'ni-tts. 

Genii,  gS'ni-l,  not  gS'ni. 

Genoa,  gSn'o-a,  not  gS-no'a;  Italian,  gSn'o-vM. 

Gentile,  ggn'tile,  not  ggn'tile. 

Gents,  a  corruption  not  admissible  in  good  society. 

Genuine,  gen'o-ine,  not  gSn'n-ine. 

Geoffrey,  gSf  'ry. 

Geography,  ge-6g'ra-phy,  not  g5g'ra-phy. 

Geometry,  ge-5m'e-try,  not  gSm'e-try. 

Gerome,  zha-rome',  not  ge-rOme'. 

Gerund,  ger'und,  not  ggr'und. 

Gesture,  gSst'are,  not  gSs'chur,  nor  geVchur. 

S,   6,   I,   0,    fl,   y,   long;    2,   S,   I,   0,    u,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  fi.sk,  all,   what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,   mi'en,  sir, 


WARM  AN' 8   PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  223 

Get,  gSt,  not  git. 

Geyser,  gey'ser,  not  gey'ger. 

Ghastly,  ghast'ly,  not  ghSst'ly. 

Gherkin,  ghSr'kin,  not  ghgr'kin. 

Ghoul,  ghgul,  not  ghoul,  nor  ghoul. 

Ghent,  gSnt  (Web.);  same,  or  g5ng  (Wore.). 

Giaour,  gour,  not  g(5&r. 

Gibber,  gib'ber,  not  gib'ber. 

Gibberish,  gib'ber-ish,  not  glb'ber-ish. 

Gibbet,  gib'bet,  not  gib'bet. 

Gibbous,  gib'bous,  not  glb'bofts. 

Giblets,  gib'lets,  not  gib'lets. 

Gigantean,  gi-gan-t6'an. 

Gigantic,  gi-gSn'tie,  not  gi-gan'ti«. 

Giraffe,  gl-rSffe',  not  gi-rS.Se',  nor  gl-raffe'. 

Girl,  girl,  not  gSrl. 

Gives,  give§,  not  give§. 

Given,  giv'vn,  not  glv'en. 

Glacial,  gla'shal  (Web.),  gla'she-al  (Wore.). 

Glacier,  gla'§ier,  or  glaq'i-er  (Web.),  glaYi-er  (Wore.). 

Glacis,  gla'gis,  or  glacjts'  (Web.),  glacis,  or  glagis 

(Wore.). 

Gladden,  glad'dn,  not  glad'den. 
Gladiator,  glad'i-a-tor,  not  glad-i-a'tor. 
Gladiolus,  gla-di'o-lus,  not  glad-i-o'lus. 
Glamour,  gla'mgur,  not  glam'our. 
Glance,  glanpe,  not  glange,  nor  glange. 
Gland,  gland,  not  gland. 
Glare,  glare. 

e6n,   6r,    dg,   wplf,   vrtibl,    mdon,    byll,   ftrn,   ryde, 
yent,     «an,     gem,     go,      i§,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


224:  WAKALAJff's   PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Glasgow,  glas'gO  (Web.) ; same, or glSs/gOw  (Wore.). 

Glass,  glass,  not  glass,  nor  glass. 

Glassy,  glass'y,  not  gliiss'y. 

Glib,  glib,  not  glib. 

Glisten,  glis'n,  not  glls'ten. 

Globule,  glob'nle,  not  glob'ule. 

Gloss,  glOss,  not  g!6ss. 

Glossary,  gl5s'sa-ry,  not  gl6s'sa-ry. 

Gloucester,  glSs'ter. 

Glucose,  glucose,  not  glu'cOse. 

Glue,  glue,  not  glue.     8ee  o. 

Gluten,  gln'ten,  not  gln'tn. 

Glutton,  gliit'tn,  not  glflt'ton. 

Glycerine,  glyQ'er-lne,  not  gly9'rtne. 

Gneiss,  gneiss,  not  gng'iss. 

O  before  n  at  the  beginning  of  words  is  silent. 
Gob,  gOb,  not  gob. 
God,  G6d,  not  Gad,  nor  G6d. 
Goethe,  go'teh,  not  gfir'ta,  nor  ga'ta. 

The  6  thus  marked  signifies  that  the  vowel  has 
the  sound  of  short  e,  given  with  the  lips  rounded. 
See  Froebel. 

Goggles,  gOg'gles,  not  gSg'gles. 
Going,  gO'ing,  not  goln,  nor  g6rn. 
Golden,  gold'n,  not  g^ld'en. 
Gondola,  g5n'do-la,  not  g6n-do'la. 
Gone,  gQne  (Web.),  g5ne,  or  g6ne  (Wore.). 
Gong,  gQng,  not  gong. 

a,    6,    I,    0,   n,    y,    long;   a,    6,    I,    5,    fi,    y,    short; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,  Sre,    §rr,    prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTEIOEPT.  225 

Good-natured,  gdbd'nat-nred  (Wore.);  good-nat'ured 
(Web.). 

Worcester  gives  these  accents  very  nearly  even, 
while  Webster  makes  a  strong  distinction.  He  is 
not  consistent,  however,  in  his  marking,  for  he 
gives  us  lll'nat-ured  and  gdbd-nat'ured. 

Gooseberry,  gdo§e'ber-ry,  not  gobse'ber-ry. 

Gordian,  gor'di-an,  not  gord'yan,  nor  g6r'jun. 

Gorgeous,  gor'geous,  not  gor'ge-oiis. 

Gormand,  gor'mand,  not  gor'mand. 

Gosling,  gOs/ling,  not  g5§'lin. 

Gospel,  gOs'pel,  not  gos'pel. 

Gossamer,  g5s'sa-mer,  not  go§'§a-mer. 

Gossip,  gos'sip,  not  gos'sip. 

Gothamist,   g5th'am-lst    (Wore.),   gO'tham-lst,   or 

gOth'am-Ist  (Web.). 

Gothamite,  gO'tham-ite,  or  g6th'am-ite. 
Gothic,  g5th'i«,  not  goth'ie. 
Gouge,  gouge  (Web.),  gouge,  or  go.uge  (Wore.). 
Gourd,  gourd  (Web.),  gourd,  or  gourd  (Wore.). 
Gourmand,  gour'mand,  not  gdur'mand. 
Government,  gov'ern-ment,  not  gov'er-ment. 
Governor,  gov'ern-or,  not  gov'ner. 
Gown,  gown,  not  gownd. 

Graceful,  grage'fyl,  not  gra9e'ful.     See  faithful. 
Gradual,  grSd'n-al,  not  gr2d'ju-al.     See  a. 
Graduate,  grad'n-ate,  not  grad'ju-ate.     See  Q. 
Graft,  grift,  not  graft. 


s6n,    6r,    dp.,   wplf,    wdbl,    m(5bn,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
ciMit,     «an,     ^em,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Granary,  gran'a-ry,  not  gran'a-ry. 

Grand,  grand,  not  grind  nor  grand. 

Grandeur,  grand'enr,  not  grSnd'jur. 

Grandmother,  grand'mo£A-er,  not  grSn'm6/A-er. 

Grant,  grant,  not  grant. 

Granule,  gran'nle,  not  granule. 

Grasp,  grasp,  not  grasp. 

Grass,  grass,  not  grass. 

Grass-widow,  grass'wid-Ow,  not  grass-wid'Ow. 

Grassy,  grass'y,  not  grass'y. 

Grateful,  grate'ful,  not  grate'fftl.     See  faithful. 

Gratiano,  gra-she-a'no,  not  gra-she-an'o. 

Gratis,  gra'tis,  not  grat'is. 

Gratitude,  grat'i-tade,  not  grat'i-tude.     See  n. 

Gratuitous,  gra-tn'i-tous,  not  gra-tu'i-toiis.    See  fl. 

Gratuity,  gra-tn'i-ty,  not  gra-tu'i-ty. 

Gravel,  grav'el,  not  grav'l. 

Graven,  gra'vn,  not  grav'en. 

Grease  (noun),  grease,  not  gr6a§e. 

Grease  (verb),  gr6a§e   (Wore.),  grSage,  or  grease 

(Web.). 
Greasy,  greas/y  (Wore.),  greag'y,  or  greas'y  (Web.). 

The  latter  pronunciation  allowed  by  Webster 
jars  on  a  sensitive  ear,  and  is  almost  wholly  disre- 
garded. 

Gregorian,  gre-go'ri-an,  not  gre"g-o-rTan 
Gridiron,  grid'i-urn,  not  grld'i-ron. 
Grievous,  griSv'ous,  not  grieVyus. 

ft,   6,   I,   0,    u,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   5,    «,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  227 


Grimace,  gri-ma9e',  not, 

Grimalkin,  grl-maTkin,  not  grl-mal'kin.     . 

Grime,  grime,  not  grim. 

Grimly,  grlm'ly,  not  grimely. 

Grimy,  grf'my,  not  grfm'y. 

Gripe,  gripe,  not  gripe. 

Grisly,  grls/ly,  not  grls'ly. 

Groat,  groat,  not  groat. 

Grocery,  gro'9er-y,  not  gr09'ry. 

Gross,  gross,  not  gr5ss. 

Grosvenor,  grov'nor. 

Grouse,  grouse,  not  grquse. 

Grovel,  gr5v'l,  not  grQv'el. 

Growse,  grow§e,  not  growse. 

Gruel,  gru'el,  not  gru'ul. 

Guano,  gwa'no. 

Guarantee  (verb  or  noun),  guar-an-tee'. 

Guaranty  (noun),  guaYan-ty. 

When  the  orthography  of  the  verb  is  that  of  the 
noun,  like  the  noun  it  has  the  accent  on  the  first 
syllable. 

Webster  states  that  "guaranty  is  the  prevalent 
form  of  writing  the  word  among  legal  writers  and 
in  law  books,  in  the  U.  S.,  both  for  the  verb  and 
the  substantive.  Guarantee  is  the  form  most  com- 
monly used  in  Eng." 

Guardian,  guard'i-an  (Web.);  guar'di-an,  or  guard'- 
yan  (Wore.),  not  guSr-dSn'. 

s6n,    6r,   dp.,   wolf,   wdbl,    m<5on,    bull,   urn,   rude, 
9ent,     €an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


228  WARMAN*S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Guava,  gwa'va,  not  gwa'va. 

Gubernatorial,  gu-ber-na-to'ri-al,  not  gu-ber-na-to'- 

ri-al. 

Guerdon,  guSr'don,  not  gw6r'don. 
Guide,  guide,  not  gyid. 

The  u  has  no  influence  on  the  i;  it  is  simply  gid. 

Guild,  guild,  not  guild. 

Guileful,  guile'ful,  not  guile'ful.     See  faithful. 

Guillotine,  guil'lo-tine  ( Web. ) ;  guil-lo-tine'  (Wore.). 

Guillotine,  (verb)  gull-lo-tlne'. 

Guipure,  ge-pnre'. 

Guizot,  ge-zo',  or  gwe-zo'  (Web.);  gwe'zo  or  ge'zo 
(Wore.). 

Gum,  gum,  not  gum  (a  very  common  error). 

Gum-arabic,  gum-Sr'a-bie,  not  gum-a-ra'bk. 

Gumption,  gump'shun  (Web.);gum'shun  (Wore.). 
"  When  p  is  preceded  by  m  in  the  same  syllable, 
and  followed  by  t  or  Tc  in  the  next  syllable,  it  is 
more  properly  sounded/' — Webster,  84. 

Gunstock,  gun'stOck,  not  gtin'st6ck. 

Gustavus,  gtis-ta'vus,  not  gus-tJi'vas. 

Gutenberg,  gu'ten-berg,  (Web. ) ;  gu'ten-b6rg.  (Wore) 

Guthrie,  giith'rle,  not  guth'rie. 

Gutta-percha,  gut'ta-pgr'cha,  not  giit-ta-pSr'eha. 

Webster  gives  a  primary  accent  to  the  first  syl- 
lable, and  secondary  to  the  penultimate,  while 
Worcester  marks  them  with  about  equal  stress. 

Guttural,  gut'tur-al,  not  giit'ral. 

a,  e,  i,  o,  n,  y,.  long;  a,  6,  i,  o,  ii,  y,   short; 
air,   Urm,  ask,  all,   whait,   ere,  Srr,  prey,   mi'en,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PBACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  229 

Guyon,  guy'on  or  gwS-yOng'  (Wore.);  gy'on  (Wish.). 

Guyot,  ge-o'. 

Guzman,  g(5bth-man'. 

Gybe,  gybe,  not  gybe. 

Gymnasium,  gym-na'gi-um  (Web.);  gym-nft'zhe-ttm 

(Wore.). 

Gypsum,  gyp'sum,  not  g^p'sum. 
Gyration,  gy-ra'tion,  not  gy-ra'tion. 
Gyves,  gyve§,  not  gyve§. 

H. 

H  is  generally  treated  as  an  "aspirate."  The  term, 
like  many  others,  is  too  indefinite,  and  too  indis- 
criminately used.  The  dictionary  defines  aspirate 
as  "  rough  breathing."  We  are  informed  that  "  in 
many  words  h  is  silent,  and  in  many  it  is  not." 
This  is  not  very  positive.  The  only  definite  rule 
given  is,  "  H  is  always  silent  after  r,  as  in  rheum, 
rhetoric,  rhapsody,  etc." 

Habakkuk,  hsb'ak-kuk  or  ha-bsk'kuk. 

Habeas  Corpus,  ha'be-as  «6r'pus,  not  ha"be-as  «6r' 

pus. 
Haberdine,  hsb-er-di'ne'  (Wore.);  same,  or  hsb'er- 

dlne  (Web.). 

Habergeon,  ha-bSr'ge-on,  not  hsb-er-ge'on. 
Habitual,  ha-bit'a-al,  not  ha-blt'chu-al.    See  a. 
Habituate,  ha-blt'a-ate,  not  ha-blt'chu-ate.     See  n. 
Habitude,  hab'i-tnde,  not  hsb'i-tude.    See  n. 

s6n,    6r,    dp.,   wolf,   wool,    mdbn,    byll,   urn,    ryde, 
c,ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


230  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Haft,  haft,  not  haft. 

Hagiarchy,  ha'gi-ar-ehy. 

Ha-ha,  ha-ha',  not  ha-ha'. 

Halberd,    hal'berd    (Web.);    hal'berd,    or  hal'berd 

(Wore.). 
Halcyon,  hal'9y-on  (Web.);  hal'she-un,  or  hal'cy-on 

(Wore.). 
Hale,  hale,  or  hale. 

"This  word  in  familiar  language  is  corrupted 
beyond  recovery  into  haul;  but  solemn  speaking 
still  requires  the  regular  sound,  rhyming  with  pale; 
the  other  sound  would,  in  this  case,  be  gross  and 
vulgar." —  Walker. 

"Lest  he  Jwle  thee  to  the  judge." 
Half,  half,  not  half  (I  is  silent). 
Halfpenny,   ha'pSn-ny,   hap'p6n-ny,  or  haf'pgn-ny 
(Wore.). 

Webster  allows  all  of  these  pronunciations,  but 
reverses  the  order  in  the  matter  of  preference. 

Halibut,  hal'i-but,  not  hal'i-but. 

Halleluiah,  \    hal-le-ln'ya  (Web.). 

Hallelujah,  f   hal-le-lu'-ya  (Wore.). 

Halloo,  hal-l(5b',  not  hel-lo'. 

Hallucination,  hal-ln-gi-na'tion,  not  hal-lu.-9i-na'tion. 

Halo,  ha'lo,  not  hallo. 

Halves,  halve§,  not  halvs  (I  is  silent). 

Hand,  hand,  not  hand. 

Handcuffed,  hand'«uft,  not  han'euft. 

a,  e,  I,   0,   n,   y,  long;   a,   6,   I,   5,   ti,   y,    short; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  e"rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OKTHOEPY.  231 

Handful,  hand'ful,  not  han'fftl. 
Handkerchief,  han'ker-chif. 
Handle,  han'dle,  not  han'dul.     See  cuddle. 
Handling,  handling,  not  han'dl-ing. 
Handsome,  hSn'some,  not  hand's6me, 
Happen,  hap'pn,  not  hap'pen. 
Harass,  har'ass,  not  ha-rass'. 
Harbor,  har'bor,  not  ar'bor. 
Harden,  hard'n,  not  ha'rd'en. 
Hare,  hare,  not  hare. 

Harem,  ha'rem  (Web.);  ha'rem,  or  ha'rem  (Wore.). 
Harlequin,  ha'r'le-kln  (Wore.);  har'le-kln,  or  harle- 
quin (Web.). 

Here  is  another  illustration  of  inconsistency. 
The  word  is  only  partly  Anglicized  when  pro- 
nouncing the  last  syllable  Jcin,  yet  it  is  the  mark- 
ing of  almost  all  the  orthoepists. 

Harmonica,  har-m5n'i-ea,  not  har-mo'ni-€a. 

Has,  ha§,  not  he§. 

Hasp,  hasp,  not  hasp. 

Hassock,  has'sock,  not  has'sik. 

Hasten,  has'n,  not  has'ten. 

Hateful,  hate'ful,  not  hate'ful.     See  faithful. 

Haughty,  haugh'ty,  not  haugh'ty. 

Haunch,  haunch,  not  haunch. 

Haunt,  haunt,  not  haunt. 

Have,  have,  not  hSv. 

Haven,  ha'vn,  not  ha'ven. 

s6n,    6r,    do,   wplf,   wdbl,    moTm,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
gent,      -ean,     gem,     go,      i§,     ejist,      thy,     n-=ng. 


232 


WARMAN  S   PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 


Haverill,  ha'ver-il  (IT.  S.);haVer-il  (Eng.). 

Hawaii,  ha-wi'e  (Web.);  ha-wi'e  (Wore.). 

Hawaiian,  ha-wi'yan. 

Haydn,  hay'dn;  German,  hay'dn. 

Hayfever,  hay'fs-ver,  not  hay-fs'ver. 

Hazel,  ha'zl,  not  ha'zel. 

Healthful,  health'ful,  not  hSalth'fftl.    See  faithful. 

Heard,  heard,  not  heard. 

Hearken,  heark'h,  not  hesrk'en. 

Hearth,  hearth,  not  hearth,  except  by  poetic  license. 

Heathen,  hsa7An,  not  hea'then. 

Heather,  header  (Web.);  heath'er  (Wore.). 

Heathy,  heath'y,  not  heath' j. 

Heaven,  heav'n,  not  hgav'en. 

Hebe,  hs'be,  not  hebe. 

Hebraism,  h6'bra-I§m  (Web.);  same,  or  hSb'ra-l§m 

(Wore.). 
Hebraist,    he'bra-Ist    (Web.);    same,    or    hgb'ra-lst 

(Wore.). 

Hebraize,   h5'bra-Ize    (Web.);    same,    or  heb'ra-lze 
Hebrew,  hs'bru,  not  hs'brn.  [(Wore.). 

Hecatomb,  hee'a-tQm,  not  he«'a-tOm. 
Heedful,  heed'fyl,  not  hsed'ful.    See  faithful. 
Hegel,  he'g^l,  not  heg'el. 
Hegira,  he-gi'ra,  or  h6g'i-ra. 
Heigh,  heigh,  not  heigh. 
Heigh-ho,  heigh'ho,  not  heigh-0'. 
Height,  height,  not  heighth. 

The  association  of  this  word  height  with  length, 

a, '  e,   i,   o,   a,   y,  long ;   a,  6,   I,   o,   fi,   y,   short : 
Sir,   arm,  ask,  all,   wh^t,    ere,  6rr,  prey,   mi'en,  sir, 


WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  233 

breadth,  depth  is  probably  what  causes  the  addi- 
tional th  which  we  so  often  hear. 

Heighten,  height'n,  not  height'en. 
Heine,  lu'neh,  not  hlne. 

The  final  e  in  German  is  never  silent. 

Heinous,  hein'ous,  not  hein'ofls. 

Heir,  £ir,  not  eir. 

Heiress,  eir'ess,  not  heir'ess. 

Helen,  hel'cn  not  heTun. 

Heliotrope,  he'li-o-trope,  not  heTya-trOpe. 

Hellenic,  hel'len-ie,  or  hel-len'ie  (Wore.);  hel-len'i-e, 

or  hel-le'nle  (Web.). 
Helm,  helm,  not  heTum. 

Helot,  hel'ot  (Wore.);  he'lot,  or  hel'ot  (Web.). 
Helpful,  help'fi.il,  not  help'ful.     See  faithful. 
Hemans  (Mrs.),  he"m'an§,  not  he'mang. 
Hemiopia,  hem-i-o'pi-a,  not  hem-i-o-pl'a. 
Hemistich,  hem'i-stl«h  (Web.);  h6m'is-tl€h,  or  he- 

mls'tich  (Wore.). 
Hempen,  hemp'n,  not  hemp'en. 
Henceforth,  hen^e'forth,  or  hgnce-forth';  Webster 

same,  transposed. 

Hepatitis,  hep-a-ti'tis,  not  he-pat'i-tis. 
Herald,  hSr'ald,  not  hur'ald. 
Heraldic,  he-rfil'di«,  not  heVal-dk. 
Herb,  erb,  not  hSrb. 

Herbaceous,  her-ba'shus,  not  er-ba'shus. 
Herbage,  Prb'age,  or  hSrb'age. 


s6n,    6r,    da,    wolf,    wool,    moon,    byll,    (irn,    rude, 
can,     gem,     go,      i§,     e$ist,      thy,     n=ng. 


234  WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OETHOEPY. 

Herbal,  h§rb-al,  not  erb'al. 
tjerby,  erb'y  (Wore.);  hgrb'y  (Web.). 
Herculean,  her-eu'le-an,  not  her~eu-le"'an.     See  Eu- 
ropean. 

Hereafter,  hsre-aft'er,  not  hSre-Sft'er.- 
Herein,  h5re-ln',  not  hsre'ln. 

"Herein  is  my  Father  glorified,  that  ye  bear  much  fruit." 
"Herein  is  our  love  made  perfect." 

Hereinto,  hsre-in'to   (Web.);  same,   or  here-in-tp/ 

(Wore.). 

Hereof,  he"re-5ff',  or  here-oV. 
Hereon,  hSre-Qn',  not  hSre-6n'. 
Heresiarch,  hSr'e-si-areh,  or  he-r6'gi-ar«h  (Web.); 

he-r6'§i-ar«h  (Wore.). 

Orthoe'pists  differ  on  the  pronunciation  of  this 
word,  there  being  as  many  as  five  markings. 

Heresy,  her'e-sy,  not  h6r'e-§y. 
Heretofore,  here-to-fOre',  not  hgre'to-fore. 
Hereunto,  here-un-tp/,  not  here-un'tg. 
Hereupon,  h5re-up-5n',  not  he"re'up-6n. 
Herewith,  hgre'wlth  (Wore.);  here- with',  or  hsre- 

w«7t'  (Web.). 

Hernia,  her'ni-a,  not  hgrn'ya. 
Herodian,  he-ro'di-an,  not  hgr'o-di-an. 
Heroine,  h6r'o-lne  (Web.);  same,  or  hs'ro-lne  (Wore.); 

not  Ine. 
Heroism,    her'o-l§m    (Web.);    same,    or    hs'ro-i§m 

(Wore.). 

a,   6,   I,    0,    n,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   6,   u,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,   what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  235 

The  marking  given  by  Webster  has  the  weight 
of  authority.  Hs-ro-ism  may  imply  either  sex,  but 
it  is  exceedingly  distasteful  to  say  hs-ro-ine,  as  it 
suggests  too  much  of  the  masculine  element. 

Herring,  heYring,  not  heYrin. 

Hesitancy,  he"s/i-tan-9y,  not  heVi-tan-Qy. 

Hesitate,  hSs/i-tate,  not  heVi-tate. 

Hessian,  hesh'an,  not  he"§h'an. 

Heterodox,  hSt'er-o-d5x,  not  h6t'ro-dOx. 

Heterogeneous,  h6t-er-o»ge'ne-ofis,  not  hSt-ro-gs'ne- 
ous. 

Heteropathy,  he't-er-6'p'a-thy,  not  het-er-o-pa'th'y. 
See  allopathy. 

Hexameter,  hex-Sm'e-ter,  not  hgx'a-me-ter. 

Hexastich,  hex'a-stteh,  not  hex'a-stltch. 

Hexateuch,  hex'a-tetteh,  not  h8x'a-te\i€h.     See  fl. 

Hey,  hey,  not  hey. 

Heyse,  hey'§eh,  not  hey§e.     See  Heine. 

Hiatus,  hi-a'tus,  not  hi'a-tus. 

Hibernate,  hi'ber-nate,  not  h!-b§r'nate. 

Hiccough,    hte'eup,    or    hl€'«Cf    (Wore.);    hle'-eup 
(Web.). 

Though  hiccough  is  the  most  general  orthogra- 
phy, liickup  is  the  most  usual  pronunciation. 

Hickory,  hick'o-ry,  not  hlck'ry* 
Hidden,  hid'dn,  not  hid'den. 
Hideous,  hid'e-oiis,  not  hld'yus. 
Hierarch,  hl'e-rSr«h,  not  hl'rareh. 

son,    or,   dg,   wplf,   wool,   moTm,   bull,   ftm,    ryde, 
9ent,      «an,      gem,     go,     i§,     exist,     thy,    n-»ng. 


236  WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Hieroglyphic,  hi-e-ro-glyph'if;,  not  hi-ro-glyph'ie. 
High-minded,  high'-mind-ed. 
High-pressure,  hlgh'-presh-ur. 
High-spirited,  high'-spir-it-ed. 
High-strung,  high'-strung. 
High-toned,  higli'-toned. 
Highway,  high'way  (Web.);  high-way'  (Wore.). 
Highwayman,  high' way-man,  not  high- way 'man. 

Of  all  words  compounded  with  high  as  a  prefix, 
Worcester  gives  only  one  that  does  not  have  the 
accent  on  high  (high-way'),  while  Webster  gives 
only  two  (high-bound',  high-lift'). 

Hilarious,  hi-la'ri-otis,  or  hl-la'ri-ous  (Web.);  hl-la'- 

ri-ous  (Wore.). 
Hilarity,  hi-lSr'i-ty,  or  hl-lSr'i-ty  (Web.);  hi-lSr'i-ty 

(Wore.). 

Hindmost,  hlnd'mOst,  not  hind'm6st. 
Hindoo,  hin-doD'  (Wore.);  hln'dco  (Web.). 
Hindooism,  hin-doo'l§m  (Wore.);  hln'doo-l§m  (Web.). 
Hindostan,  hin-do-stan',  not  hln'do-stan. 
Hippopotamus,  hip-po-p5t'a-mus,  not  hlp-po-po-ta'- 

mus. 

Hirsute,  hir-snte',  not  hlr'snte. 
Historian,  his-to'ri-an,  not  hi§-to'ri-an. 
Historical,  his-tQr're-al,  not  hi§-t6r'i«-al. 
History,  his'to-ry,  not  his'try. 

"  How  large  is  the  number  of  those  who  make 
the  distinction  between  the  e  and  the  o  in  mystery 

a,   6,   I,   0,   Q,   y,  long;   3,   6,   I,   o,    «,   y,    short; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  e"rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  237 

and  history?  And  yet  in  that  and  in  like  distinc- 
tion lie  the  beauty  and  the  elegance  of  cultivated 
speech.  The  slovenly  speaker  '  lumps '  almost  all 
such  vowels  into  the  obscure  sound  of  u,  saying 
mystur-y,  histur-y,  even  if  he  does  not  go  further 
and  say  mystry,  histry." — Richard  Grant  White. 

Histrionic,  hls-tri-Sn'i-e,  not  his-tro"n'i€. 

Hog,  h5g,  not  hog,  nor  hag. 

Hogshead,  hSgs/head,  not  hSgs/hgad. 

Hoist,  h6ist,  not  hoist. 

Hold,  hold,  not  hoi. 

It  is  a  very  common  tendency  to  drop  the  final  d 
in  such  words  as  hold,  sold,  etc.  How  frequently 
we  hear  "hoi  on,  there,"  and  "I  sol  it  yesterday." 

Holinshed,  hoTing-hed,  not  h5l'in-shed. 

Holloa   |  h51"10'  (Worc-);.hOn°  (Web.);  not  hel-lo'. 
Hollow,  (to  shout)  hoTlOw,  or  h5l-10w' (Wore. ) ;  hoi' 

low  (Web.). 

Hollyhock,  hSl'ly-hQck,  not  hoTly-h6ck. 
Holocaust,  hOl'o-eaust,  not  ho'lo-eaust. 
Homage,  hDm'age,  not  Om'age. 
Homely,  home'ly,  not  home'ly. 
Homestead,  home'stgad,  not  home'stld. 
Homeopathic,  ho-me-o-path'ic.    See*  allopathy. 
Homeopathist,    ho-me-5p'a-thlst,     not     ho-me-o- 

pSth'ist. 
Homeopathy,  hO-me-5p'a-thy,  not  hO-me-o-pSth'y. 

s6n,    6r,   do,    wolf,   wool,   radon,   byll,   urn,    ryde, 
9ent,      «an,      ^em,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thj,     n-ng. 


238  WAKMAJS'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Homogene,  ho'mo-gSne  (Web.);h5m'o-ggne,  or  ho'- 

mo-gene  (Wore.). 
Homogeneous,    ho-mo-gs'ne-ofis,   or  hOm-o-g6'ni- 

ous  (Wore.);  ho-mo-ge"'m-ous  (Web.). 
Homogenesis,  hSm-o-ge'n'e-sis  (Wore.);  ho-mo-ge'n'- 

e-sis  (Web.). 

Honest,  Cn'est,  not  Qn'Sst,  nor  Qn'ist. 
Honorable,  5n'or-.a-ble,  not  5n-or-ble. 
Hoof,  hoof,  not  hdbf. 
Hook,  hook,  not  hook. 
Hoop,  h6T>p,  or  hdbp. 

Hopeful,  hope'fyj,  not  hope'fftl.     See  faithful. 
Horatio,  ho-ra'she-o,  not  ho-ra'sho. 
Horizon,  ho-rl'zon,  not  hoYi-zon. 
Horizontal,  h5r-i-zQn'tal,  not  hor-i-zon'tal. 
Horologe,  hOr'o-lOge  (Web.);  h5r'o-l5ge  (Wore.). 
Horoscope,  hoYo-seSpe,  not  ho'ro-s«0pe. 
Horrible,  h5r'ri-ble,  not  h'6r'ri-ble. 
Horrid,  hor'rid,  not  h6r'rid. 
Horrify,  hor'ri-fy,  not  hor'ri-fy. 
Horror,  h5r'ror,  not  h6r'ror. 
Horseradish,  h6rse'rSd-ish,  not  h6rse'rSd-ish. 
Horticulture,    hdr'ti-efilt-nre,    not   hdr'ti-ettl-chur. 

See  Q.     . 
Horticulturist,  h&r-ti-etilt'u-rtst,  not  h6r-ti-«iilt'u- 

ral-ist. 

Hosanna,  ho-§an'na,  not  ho-§an'na. 
Hospitable,  hoYpi-ta-ble,  not  hos-plt'a-ble. 
Hospital,  h6s'pi-tal,  not  6s'pi-tal,  nor  h6s'pit-al. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   Q,   y,  long;   a,   g,   I,   5,    fi,   y,    short; 
&ir,  firm,  ask,  all,  what,   £re,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  239 

There  are  as  many  as  six  orthoepists  who  cling 
to  the  antiquated  pronunciation  ospital,  and  two 
who  give  awspital. 

Hospitality,  hSs-pi-taTi-ty,  not  ho§-pi-taTi-ty. 

Hostage,  hOst'age,  not  host'age. 

"  Your  hostages  I  have;  so  have  you  mine." 

Hostess,  host'ess,  not  host'is. 

Hostile,  hoYtile,  not  hOs'tile. 

There  are  scores  of  words  ending  in  ile  and  ine 
which  have  changed  from  the  antiquated  pronun- 
ciation lie  and  Ine.  The  New  Imperial,  however, 
holds  to  the  latter  pronunciation  of  almost  all  the 
words  of  this  class. 

Hostler,  Os'ler  (Wore.);  hQs'ler,  or  Cs'ler  (Web.). 

Hotel  de  Ville,  0-teTdu-vSl. 

Hough,  h5k,  not  huf. 

Hound,  hound,  not  houn. 

Housewife,  house' wife,  or  hfis/wtf  (Web.);  Worces- 
ter, same  transposed. 

Hovel,  hoVel,  not  h5v'l  nor  hdv'el. 

Hover,  hov'er  not  hoVer. 

Hudibras,  hn'di-bras,  not  hu'di-bra. 

Huddle,  httd'dle,  not  hud'dul.     See  cuddle. 

Humble,    hum'ble    (Web.);    hum'ble,     or    iim'ble 
(Wore.). 

Humor,  ha'mor,  or  yvi'mor  (Web.);  Worcester,  same 
transposed. 

Smart  marks  this  word  hn'mor,  when  it  signifies 

s6n,    6r,    do,   wplf,   wot>l,    moon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,     gem,     go,      i§,     ejist,      thy,     n=ng. 


240  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

moisture,  as  in  one's  body,  and  yn'mor  when  used 

in  any  other,  sense. 
It  is  impossible  to  give  yd  in  one  sound  as 

Worcester  and  others  mark  it.     See  dishumor. 
Humorist,  hu'mor-Ist,  or  yu'mor-ist  (Web.);  yn'mor- 

ist  (Wore.).     See  dishumor. 
Humorous,  hn'mor-ous,  or  yu'mor-oiis  (Web.);  yu'- 

mor-ous  (Wore.). 

Hundred,  hun'dred,  not  hun'derd. 
Hunger,  hun'ger,  not  hun'ger.     See  angular. 
Hungry,  hun'gry,  not  hun'ger-y. 

Hurra,    ) ,        ..,      , ,  .       , 
__  V  hur-ra  not  hur-ra  . 

Hurrah,  ) 

Hurricane,  httr'ri-eane,  not  hur'ri-eane. 

Hurry,  hur'ry,  not  hur'ry. 

Hurtful,  hurt'f\il,  not  hurt'ful. 

Hussar,  hu§-§ar'  (Wore.);  hv§-§ar'  (Web.). 

Hussy,  hti§'sj,  not  hiis'sy. 

Hustle,  hus'l,  not  hus'tle. 

Huswife,  huz'zlf,  or  httz'wlf. 

Huzza,  huz-zU'  (Wore.);  huz-za'  (Web.);  not  hfiz-za'. 

Hybrid,  hy'brid,  or  hyb'rid. 

Hydatid,  hyd'a-tid  (Web.);  hyaa-tld,  or  hyd'a-tld 

(Wore.). 

Hydraulic,  hy-drau'lie,  not  hy-draul'ie. 
Hydrometer,  hy-dr6m'e-ter,  not  hy'dro-me-ter. 
Hydropathic,  hy-dro-pSth'i€.     See  allopathy. 
Hydropathist,  hy-drQp'a-thlst,  not  hy-dro-path'ist. 
Hydropathy,  hy-dr5p'a-thy,  not  hy-dro-p2th'y. 

a,   6,   I,   0,    O,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   0,    u,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,  ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY  241 

Hydrophobia,  hy-dro-phsb'i-e,  not  hy-dro-pho'bie. 
Hyemal,   hy-e'mal   (Web.);  hy-e'mal,   or  hy'e-mal 

(Wore.). 
Hygiene,  hy'gi-ene,  or  hy'giene  (Wore.);  hy'gi-6ne 

(Web.). 

Hygienic,  hy-gi-eVie. 
Hygienist,  hy'gi-en-ist. 
Hymeneal,  hy-me-ne'al,  not  hy-m6'ne-al. 

Webster  syllabifies  the  word  differently,  but  does 
not  change  the  accent  —  (hy-men-6'al. ) 

Hyperbaton,  hy-pe"r'ba-tSn,  not  hy-per-ba'ton. 

Hyperbole,  hy-pSr'bo-le. 

Hypercritical,  hy-per-erlt'ie-al,  not  hyp-er-erlt'ie-al. 

Hyperion,  hy-pe"ri-on. 

Hypochondriac,  hyp-o-«hQn'dri-a€. 

Hypocrisy,  hy-pQ^'ri-sy,  not  hy-poVri-sy. 

Hypocritical,  h^p-o-«rlt'i€-al,  not  hy-po-erlt'ie-al. 

Hypodermic,  h^p-o-dsr'mk. 

Hypothenuse,  hy-p6th'e-nnse  (Wore.);  same,  or  hy- 
po" th'e-nnse  (Web.). 

Hypothesis,  hy-pOth'e-sls  (Wore.);  same,  or  hy- 
p5th'e-sls  (Web.). 

Hypothetical,  hy-po-thet'ie-al  (Wore.);  same,  or 
hyp-o-thet'ie-al  (Web.). 

Hypsometer,  hyp-s5m'e-ter,  not  hyp-so-m6'ter. 

Hyson,  hy'son  (Wore.);  hy'sn  (Web.). 

Hyssop,  hy§'§op,  or  hys'sop  (Wore.);  hys'sop,  or  hy'- 
§op  (Web.). 

s6n,   6r,   dg,   wglf,   wdbl,    m<5bn,    byll,   drn,    rijde, 
9ent,     -can,     gem,     go,     ig,     e?ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


242  WARJLAN'S  PRACTICAL  OETHOEPY. 

Hysteria,  hys-ts'ri-a,  not  hys-ter'i-a. 
Hysterical,  hys-tgr'i-e-al,  not  h 


I. 

Worcester  regards  this  vowel  —  and  correctly  sc 
as  a  diphthong,  while  Webster  treats  it  as  a  long 
vowel  sound,  making  no  distinction  between  a,  I, 
0,  n.  I  and  n  should  not  be  classed  with  a  and  0. 
Neither  a  nor  0  can  be  given  without  the  name 
sound  of  each  forming  its  initial  sound.  Not  so 
with  I  and  n.  See  our  Critical  Survey. 

I  ago,  i-a'go. 

Ice  Cream,  ^e'eream,  not  ige-ergam'. 

There  is  a  general  tendency,  in  compound  words, 
to  misplace  the  accent. 

Iceland  Moss,  ipe'land-mOss,  not  ice-land-mOss'. 
Iconoclast,  l-eOn'o-elSst. 
Idea,  l-de'a,  not  I'de,  nor  l-de'ur. 

Those  who  say  i-de-ur,  Em-mar,  operar,  etc., 
make  the  mistake  of  not  pulling  up  at  the  right 
time.  See  carve. 

Ideal,  i-ds'al.  not  i-deT. 

Idealism,  i-de'al-i§m,  not  i'de-al-l§m. 

Ides,  id§,  not  i'de§. 

"A  soothsayer  bids  you  beware  the  ides  of  March." 
Idiosyncracy,  id-i-o-s^n'«ra-sy. 
Idle,  I'dle,  not  I'dul.     See  cuddle. 

a,   6,  I,   o,   Q,   y,  long;   a,  6,   I,   5,   fi,   y,    short; 
fiir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   Sre,  Srr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  I'RACTICAL  ORTHOEPY  243 

Idol,  I'dol,  not  fell. 

Idyl,  i'dil  (Wore.);  I'dyl,  or  Icl'yl  (Web.). 
Ignis-fatuus,  ig'nis-fat'a-fis,  not  ig'nis-fat'chu-fis. 
Ignominious,  ig-no-mln'i-ous,  not  Ig-no-mln'yus. 
Ignominy,  Ig'no-mln-y,  not  Ig-no-mln'y. 
Ignoramus,  ig-no-ra'mus,  not  ig-no-rSm'us. 
Illinois,  il-le-nol',  or  il-ll-nols/  (Web.);  il-li-n6ls',  or 

il-li-nol'  (Wore.). 
Ill-natured,  ill'nat-ared,  not  ill-nat'ured,  nor  ill-nat'- 

churd. 

Illuminate,  il-ln'min-ate,  not  il-lu'min-ate.     See  Q. 
Illusion,  il-ln'zhun,  not  il-ln'shun.     See  adhesion. 
Illusive,  il-la'sive,  not  il-lu'zive.     See  effusive, 
Illustrate,  il-lus'trate,  not  il'lus-trate. 
Illustration,  il-lus-tra'tion,  not  ll'lus-tra-tion. 
Illustrative,  il-lus'tra-tive,  not  Il'lus-tra-tive. 
Illustrious,  il-lus'tri-oiis,  not  il-lus'troiis. 
Image,  im'age,  not  im'ig;  it  should  be  a  obscured. 

"  It  is  in  the  delicate  but  firm  utterance  of  the 
unaccented  vowels  with  correct  sound  that  the  cult- 
ured person  is  most  surely  distinguished  from  the 
uncultured.  In  such  words  as  purpose,  favorable, 
pliant,  lion,  the  unaccented  vowels  are  made  short 
u  by  slovens  in  speech,  who  pronounce  them  pur- 
pus,  favoriible  (orfavruNe),  pliunt,  liun.  In  like 
manner,  such  words  as  damage,  ravage,  savage,  or- 
ange, are  pronounced  damig,  ravig,  savig,  oring." 
— Richard  Grant  White. 

son,    Cr,    dg,   wolf,   wdbl,    mdon,    by  11,    firn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


244  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Imagery,  im'age-ry  (Web.);  im'a-ger-y,  or  Im'age-ry 

(Wore.). 
Imbecile,  Im'be-Qlle,  or  Im-be-glle'  (Web.);  im-beY- 

ile,  or  im-be-9'ile'. 

The  first  pronunciation  has  euphony  and  usage 
in  its  favor,  the  second  is  very  unusual,  while  the 
third  is  quite  fashionable  —  with  a  certain  class  who 
are  imbecile  enough  to  invite  attention  to  their  pro- 
nunciation. 

Imbroglio,  im-broTyo  (Web.);  im-brol'ye-0  (Wore.). 

It  seems  to  be  quite  the  thing  with  Worcester  to 
get  out  of  a  word  all  there  is  in  it. 

Imbrue,  im-brue'  not  im-brae'. 

Immature,  im-ma-tnre'  not  im-ma-ture'.     See  n. 

Immediate,  im-ms'di-ate,  not  im-me'jate. 

Immersion,  im-mSr'shun,  not  Im-mgr'zhun.  See  ad- 
hesion. 

Imminent,  Im'mi-nent,  not  im'mi-nunt.    See  image. 

Immobile,  Im-mob'ile,  not  im-mo'bile. 

Immoral,  Im-mOr'al,  not  Im-m6r-al. 

Immortelle,  im-mor-telle'. 

Imogen,  Im'o-gen,  not  Im'o-g£ne. 

Impartiality,  im-pSr-shi-al'i-ty,  or  im-par-shsl'i-ty 
(Web.);  im-pa'r-she-aTe-te  (Wore.). 

We  invariably  give  the  preference  to  either  Web- 
ster or  Worcester  in  the  marking  of  unaccented 
vowels.  In  this  case  Webster  marks  them,  in  some 

a,   6,   I,   o,   Q,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   5,   fi,   y,    short; 
4ir,  firm,  ftsk,  all,  what,  ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  air, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  245 

cases  Worcester  marks  them.     Our  object  is  clear- 
ness.    See  image. 

Impeccable,  im-p&e'ea-ble,  not  im'pe-ea-ble. 
Impedible,  im-ped'i-ble  (Wore.);  im-ped'i-ble,  or  im- 
ped'i-ble  (Web.). 
Impenitent,  im-pe'n'i-te'nt,  not  im-pSn'i-tunt. 

In  this  case  Worcester  marks  the  unaccented  syl- 
lables, and  Webster  does  not. 

Imperious,  im-pe'ri-oiis,  not  im-per'i-ous. 
Imperspicuity,  im-per-spi-en'i-ty,  not  Im-per-spie'n- 

i-ty. 

Imperturbable,  im-per-tur'ba-ble. 
Impetuous,  im-pet'n-ous,  not  im-pet'chu-tts.    See  u. 
Impious,  im'pi-ous,  not  im-pi'ous. 

"  Where  vice  prevails,  and  impious  men  bear  sway, 
The  post  of  honor  is  a  private  station." 

Impiously,  Im'pi-otis-ly,  not  im-pl'ous-ly. 
Implacable,  im-pla'-ea-ble,  not  im-plSe'a-ble. 
Importunate,  im-port'n-nate,  not  im-por'chu-nate. 
Importune,  Im-por-tnne',  wo^lm-por-tune',  nor  chun'. 
Impostor,  im-pos'tor. 
Impotent,  Im'po-t6nt,  not  im-pO'tent. 
Imprison,  im-prl§'n,  not  im-prl§'on. 
Impromptu,  im-promp'tQ,  not  im-pr6mp'tu-    See  n. 
Improvise,  lm-pro-vi§e'  (Web.);lm-pro-v'f§e'  (Wore.). 
Improvise,  Im-pro-vl'§o,  not  Im-pro-vii'§o. 
Imprudent,  im-pru'dent,  not  im-prd'dent. 
Impuissance,  Im-pa'is-sange,  not  Im-pu-ls'sance. 

son,    6r,    do,    wolf,    wdbl,    md&n,    byll,    ftrn,    rude, 
9ent,      can,     gem,     go,      i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


246  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Impulsion,  im-pul'shun,  not  im-puTzhun.  See  adhe- 
sion. 

Impulsive,  im-pul'sive,  not  im-puTzive.  See  effusive. 
Inamorata,  in-am-o-ra'ta. 

Inaptitude,  in-a'p'ti-'tade,  not  iri-ap'ti-tude.    See  u. 
Inaugurate,  in-au'gu-rate,  not  in-au'ger-ate. 
Incendiary,  in-gen'di-a-ry,  not  in-gen'dyar-y. 
Inchoate,  in'-eho-ate  (Wore.);  In'-eho-ate  (Web.). 

Webster  ignores  his  own  rule  in  this  case,  which 
Worcester  follows.     See  angular. 

Inchoative,  in-eho'a-tlve,  not  in-eho'a-tlve. 

The  accent  being  removed,  the  first  syllable  does 
not  change  to  ng.     See  angular. 

Incisive,  in-gi'sive,  not  in-gi'zive.    See  effusive. 

Incisor,  in-gi'sor  (Wore.);  in-g!'§or  (Web.). 

Inclemency,  in-elem'en-py,  not  in-ele'm'un-cy. 

Include,  in-elnde',  not  in-elude'.     See  u. 

Inclusion,  in-eln'zhun,  not  in-eln'shun.  See  adhe- 
sion. 

Inclusive,  in-eln'sive,  not  in-eln'zive.     See  effusive. 

Incognito,  in-eog'ni-to",  not  in-eog-nl'to. 

Incoherent,  In-eo-he'rent,  not  In-eo-her'ent. 

Incommensurate,  In-eom-mgn'shu-rate,  not  in-€om- 
m6n'zhu-rate. 

Incommodious,  in-eom-mo'di-ous,  not  in-com-mo'- 
jus. 

Incomparable,  in-€om'pa-ra-ble,  not  in-«om-par'a- 
ble. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    n,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   o,    fl,   y,    short; 
&ir,   arm,  &sk,  all,   what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,   mi'en,  slPj, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  247 

Incomposite,  in-com-po§'ite,  not  in-eOm'po-§ite. 
Incondite,  in'eon-dite,  or  in-e5n'dite  (Wore.);  in- 

€5n'dlte,  (Web.). 
Incongruence,  in-€5n'gru-enge,  not  in-edn'gru-enge, 

(Web.).    See  angular. 

Incongruity,  In-eon-gru'i-ty,  not  in-eon'gru-i-ty. 
Inconsummate,  in-eon-sum'mate,  not  in-e5n'sum- 

mate. 

Incontiguous,  in-eon-tlg'u-ous,  not  in-eon-tlg'n-ous. 
Incontiguously,  in-«on-tig'u-ous-ly. 

Worcester  marks  this  word  in-eon-tlg'u-ous-ly. 
Does  he  mean  it? 

Inconvenience,  m-eon-ven'yenqe,  or  m-€on-v6'ni- 
en9e  (Wore.);  In-^on-v^n'ienge  (Web.). 

Incorporeal,  In-eor-p5're-al,  not  In-«or-po-r6'al. 

Incorrigible,  ln-€5r'ri-gi-ble,  not  ln-«6r'ri-gi-ble. 

Increase  (noun),  m'«rSase,  or  in-erease'  (Wore.); 
same  transposed  (Web.). 

Incredulity,  in-ere-dn'li-ty,  not  ln-€re-du'li-ty. 

Incredulous,  in-ergd'a-lotis,  not  in-er6d'ju-lous. 
See  n. 

Increment,  in'ere-ment  (Wore.);  ln'«re-ment  (Web.). 

Again  Worcester  is  the  more  consistent.   See  an- 
gular. 

Incubus,  in'eu-bus  ( Wore. );ln'€u-bus( Web.). 
Incursion,  in-eur'shun,  not  in-efir'zhun.     See  adhe- 
sion. 

s6n,    6r,    dg,   w<?lf,   wdbl,    m6T>n,    byll,   urn,   rude, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,     i§,     e?ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


248  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Indeciduous,  in-de-qld'n-otis,  not  in-de-gid'ju-ous. 
Indecisive,  in-de-qi'sive,  not  In-de-qi'zive. 
Indecorus,  In-de~e5'rus,  or  in-deVo-rfis.     See  de- 

«orus. 

Indecorum,  ln-de-€0'rum,  not  in-deVo-rum. 
Indefatigable,  In-de-fst'i-ga-ble,  not  in-de-fSt'i-ga- 

ble. 

Indenture,  in-dent'nre,  not  in-den'chur. 
India,  in'di-a  (Web.);  In'di-a,  or  In'je-a  (Wore.). 
Indian,  Ind'yan,  or  In'dl-an  ("Web.);lnd'yan  (Wore.). 

It  is  strange  that  Worcester  does  not  say  injun, 
as  a  native  of  in-je-a,  for  he  says  In-ja-rub'ber  and 
In-je-Sn'a. 
Indiana,  m-di-Sn'a  (Web.);  in-di-Sn'a,  or  m-je-a"n'a 

(Wore.)- 
Indianapolis,  m-d!-an-ap'o-lis  (Web.);  m-dian-ap'o- 

lls  (Wore.). 
India-rubber,   In'dia-rub'ber    (Web.);  m'ja-rub'ber 

(Wore.). 

Indicative,  in-di«'a-tive,  not  in'di-ea'tive. 
Indicatory,  ln'di-«a-to-ry,  not  in-dl€'a-to-ry. 
Indict,  in-dit'. 

' '  C  is  silent  in  the  words  indict,  indicter,  indicta- 
ble and  indictment." — Worcester,  65. 

Indigenous,  in-dig'e-nofls,  not  in-di-gS'notis. 
Indigestion,  in-di-gest'yun,  not  in-di-geYchun. 
Indisputable,  in-dls'pu-ta-ble,  not  in-dis-pn'ta-ble. 
Indissoluble,  in-dls'so-lu-ble,  not  in-dis-sSl'u-ble. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   n,   y,   long;   2,   6,   I,   5,   fi,   y,    short; 
£ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  whg,t,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  249 

Individual,  m-di-vid'a-al,  not  m-di-vld'ju-al.    See  Q. 
Indocible,  in-dQQ'i-ble,  not  in-do'gi-ble. 
Indocile,  in-d59'ile,  not  in-docile. 
Induce,  in-dQ9e',  not  in-dtuje'.     See  n. 
Inducement,  in-dnge'inent,  not  in-du9e'ment. 
Indue,  in-dae',  not  in-due'.     See  n. 
Industry,  in'dus-try,  not  in-dus'try. 
Ineffectual,  in-ef-feet'n-al,  not  in-ef-feVchu-al. 
Inequitable,  in-gk'wl-ta-ble,  not  in-e-kwlt'a-ble. 

Worcester  spells  this  word  with  the  prefix  In,  but 

pronounces  it  with  the  prefix  Sn. 
Inertia,  ln-e"r'she-a,  not  in-Sr'sha. 
Inexhaustible,  in-es-haust'i-ble. 

The  writer  petitions  for  this  h  to  be  dropped 

from  this  word  in  all  its  forms,  but  so  long  as  our 

standards  recognize  it,  so  should  we.    See  exhaust. 
Inexorable,  in-ex'o-ra-ble,  not  in-ex-0'ra-ble. 
Inexpedient,  in-ex-pe"di-ent,  not  m-ex-ped'yent. 
Inexpiable,  in-ex'pi-a-ble,  not  in-ex-pl'a-ble. 
Inexplicable,  in-ex'pli~ea-ble,  not  in-ex-plte'a-ble. 
Inexpugnable,  m-ex-pug'na-ble  (Wore.);  same,  or 

m-ex-pQgn'a-ble  (Web.). 

Inextricable,  in-^x'tri-ea-ble,  not  In-ex-trle'a-ble. 
Infamously,  m'fa-mous-ly,  not  in-fa'mous-ly. 
Infantile,  In'fan-tlle,  or  In'fan-tlle. 
Infantine,  In'fan-tlne,  or  m'fan-tlne. 

It  is  impossible  to  formulate  any  rule  concerning 

words  ending  in  He  and  ine.     See  hostile. 


son,    6r,    do,   wolf,    wdbl,    mdon,    byll,   drn, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,     i§,     e^ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


250  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Infatuate,  in-fat'n-ate,  not  in-fat'chu-ate.     See  a. 

Inferable,  in-feYa-ble,  not  in-fgr'a-ble. 

Inferrible,  in-feYri-ble,  not  in-fgr'ri-ble. 

Infidel,  m'fi-del,  not  in'fi-dul. 

Infinite,  in'fi-nlte,  not  in'fi-nlte. 

Infinitesimal,  In-fin-i-tes'i-mal,  not  In-fin-i-teyi-mal. 

Infinitude,  in-fm'i-tnde,  not  in-f  In'i-tude. 

Inflammable,  in-flam'ma-ble,  not  in-flam'ma-ble. 

Infusion,  in-fa'zhun,  not  in-fn'shun.     See  adhesion. 

Infusive,  in-fa'sive,  not  in-fa'zive.     See  effusive. 

Ingelow  (Jean),  j5n  In'ge-low. 

Ingenious,  in-gSn'yus  (Web.);  same,  or  in-gS'ni-ous 

(Wore.). 

Ingenuity,  m-ge-nn'i-ty,  not  m-ge-nu'i-ty.    See  o. 
Ingenuous,  in-gen'a-ous,  not  in-ggn'a-ous. 
Ingratitude,  in-grat'i-tnde,  not  in-grSt'i-tvide.  See  Q. 
Ingredient,  in-gre'di-ent,  not  in-grg'gent. 
Inherent,  in-hSr'ent,  not  in-heYent. 
Inhospitable,  in-h6s'pi~ta-ble,  not  in-hos-pit'a-ble. 
Inimical,   in-Im'i-eal   (Web.);  same,   or  In-i-ml'eal 

(Wore.). 

Initiate,  in-lsh'l-ate,  not  in-lsh'ate. 
Innate,  In-nate'  (Wore.);  in'nate,  or  in-nate'  (Web.). 
Innocent,  ln'no-96nt,  not  in'no-sunt.     See  image. 
Inofficial,  In-of-f  ish'al,  not  in-o-f  Ish'al. 
Inopportune,  m-5p-por-tnne',   not   in-Sp'por-tane, 

nor  ln-6p-por-tune'. 
Inquiry,  in-qul'ry,  not  In'qui-ry. 
Insatiate,  in-sa'she-ate,  not  in-sa'shate. 

a,  e,  i,  o,  Q,  y,  long;  a,  s,  i,  Q,  a,  y,  short; 

&ir,  arm,  Ask,  all,  whg,t,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  251 

Insatiety,  in-sa-ti'e-ty,  not  in-sa'she-ty. 
Insaturable,   in-sat'u-ra-ble,  not   in-sat'chu-ra-ble. 

See  Q. 

Inscrutable,  in-seru'ta-ble,  not  in-s€ra'ta-ble. 
Insects,  In's&ets,  not  in'sSes. 
Insidious,  in-sld'i-oiis,  not  in-sld'yus. 
Insignia,  in-slg'ni-a,  not  in-slg'nya. 
Insition,   in-slsh'un,   or    in-slzh'un    (Web.);  same, 

transposed  (Wore.). 
Inspiratory,  m'spi-ra-to-ry,  or  in-spi'ra-to-ry  (Wore.); 

same,  transposed  (Web.). 
In-statu-quo,  in-sta'tu-quo  (Wore.);  not  in-stst'u- 

quO. 

Instead,  in-stead'  not  in-stld'. 
Institute,  m'sti-tnte,  not  In'sti-tute.    See  fl. 
Institution,  in-sti-tn'tion,  not  in-sti-tu'tion.     See  G. 
Instrument,  in'stru-m6nt,  not  in'strn-mSnt. 
Insulate,  in'su-late.     ?    ?     ? 

This  is  as  clear  as  either  Unabridged  gives  it. 
Webster  does'  not  mark  the  u,  nor  does  he  respell 
the  word.  Worcester  marks  the  u  obscure.  This 
is  very  indefinite,  as  we  do  not  know  which  u  he 
obscures.  In  Worcester's  school  dictionary  the  u  is 
marked  as  long  u  obscure,  i.  e.,  as  loqg  u  always  is 
when  unaccented.  This  would  make  the  pronunci- 
ation in'syu-late. 

»     We  find  the  word  having  the  same  root — pen-in- 
su-la  —  marked  by  both  authorities.  Webster  gives 

s6n,    6r,    do,   wolf,   wdbl,    m<5on,    bull,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


252  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

it  so,  or  shu;  Worcester  gives  it  shu  in  the  Un- 
abridged, and  n  obscured  (syu)  in  the  school  edition. 

Integer,  In'te-ger,  not  In'te-ger. 

Integral,  in'te-gral,  not  in-te'gral. 

Intellect,  m'tel-leet,  not  In'tu-leet. 

Intellectual,    in-tel-leet'n-al,    not   m-tel-leVchu-al. 

See  Q. 

Intercalary,  in-tSr'-ea-la-ry,  not  in-ter-eaTa-ry. 
Interest  (verb),  m'ter-Sst,  not  ln-ter-6st'. 
Interest  (noun),  In'ter-est,  not  In'ter-Sst,  nor  In'trest. 
Interested,  in'ter-est-ed,  not  In-ter-est'ed. 
Interesting,  In'ter-6st-ing,  not  ln-ter-6st'ing. 
Interim,  in'ter-lm,  not  In'ter-um. 
Interlocutor,     m-ter-l6Vu-tor,     or    ln-ter-lo-€0'tor 

(Wore.);  In-ter-l6€'Q-tor  (Web.). 
Interlude,  in'ter-lade,  not  in'ter-lude.    See  n. 
Intermezzo,  m-ter-mgd'zo. 
International,  in-ter-nSsh'un-al,  not  in-ter-na'shun- 

al. 

Interpolate,  in-tgr'po-late,  not  in'ter-po-late- 
Interstice,  In'ter-stl9e,  or  in-t6r'stl9e. 
Intestine,  in-tes'tlne,  not  in-teYtine. 
Intransitive,  in-trSn'si-tlve,  not  in-trSn'gi-tive. 
Intrigue  (noun  and  verb),  in-trigue',  not  In'trigue, 

nor  in-trlgue'. 

Intrinsic,  in-trln'si-e,  not  in-trln'§i€. 
Introduce,  in-tro-dnge',  not  in-tro-duQe'.    See  Q. 
Intrude,  in-trude',  not  in-trnde'. 

a,  e,  i,  o,  n,  y,  long;  a,  6,  i,  s,  u,  y,   short; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir. 


WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  253 

Intrusion,  in-tru'zhun,  not  in-tru'shun.  See  adhe- 
sion. 

Intrusive,  in-tru'sive,  not  in-tru'zive.     See  effusive. 

Intuition,  m-tn-ish'un,  not  m-tu-lsh'un. 

Intuitive,  m-tn'i-tlve,  not  in-tu'i-tlve. 

Inure,  in-nre',  not  in-ure'. 

Invalid,  m'va-lid  (Web.);  m-va-lld'  (Wore.).  See 
Brazil. 

Invasion,  in-va'zhun,  not  in-va'shun.    See  adhesion. 

Invasive,  in-va'sive,  not  in-va'f-dve.     See  effusive. 

Inveigh,  in-veigh'. 

Inveigle,  in-ve'gl,  not  in-ve'gl. 

Inventory,  In'ven-to-ry,  not  in-v6n'to-ry. 

Inversion,  in-v§r'shun,  not  in-vSr'zhun.  See  adhe- 
sion. 

Invidious,  in-vld'i-oiis,  not  in-vid'yus. 

Involution,  in-vo-la'tion,  not  in-vo-lu'tion.    See  Q. 

Iodide,  i'o-dide  (Web.);  i'o-dlde  (Wore.).  See  bro- 
mide. 

Iodine,  i'o-dine,  not  i'o-dlne. 

Ionia,  l-5'ni-a,  not  l-On'ya. 

Iowa,  I'o-wa,  not  i-o'wa,  nor  l-o-wa'. 

Iphigenia,  iph-i-ge-ni'a,  not  Iph-i-ge'ni-a. 

Irascible,  i-ras'9i-ble,  not  ir-rSs'yi-ble. 

Irate,  frate  (Wore.);  i-rate'  (Web.). 

Irene,  l-rg'ne,  not  l-rgne'. 

Iridescent,  ir-i-deYgent,  not  i-re-dgs'gent. 

Iridium,  i-rld'i-um,  not  Ir-rld'i-um. 

Irksome,  Irk'some,  not  Irk'sm. 

son,    6r,    do,   wolf,   wool,    moTm,    byll,   ftrn^    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e^ist,     thy,     a-ng. 


254:          WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL.  ORTHOEPY. 

Iron,  I'urn,  not  I'ron. 

Irony  (like  iron),  I'urn-y. 

Irony  (satire),  I'run-y. 

Iroquois,  lr-o-kwoi'(Web.);  Ir-o-kwois',  or  ir-o-kwoi' 

(Wore.). 

Irrational,  ir-rSsh'un-al,  not  ir-ra'shun-al. 
Irrecognizable,  Ir-re-e5g'ni-za-ble,  not  ir-reVog-m- 

za-ble. 
Irrefragable,  ir-rgf  'ra-ga-ble,  not  ir-re-f  ratable. 

We  often  hear  this  word  correctly  syllabified,  yet 
the  g  given  its  "  soft "  sound.  Bear  in  mind  that 
g  is  always  " hard"  before  a  (except  gaol). 

True,  there  are  many  orthoepists  who  pronounce 
this  word  Ir-re-frag'a-ble,  but  it  is  not  sanctioned 
by  either  Worcester  or  Webster.  Walker,  in  speak- 
ing of  placing  the  accent  on  the  second  syllabic, 
says:  "I  am  much  mistaken  if  it  has  not  only  the 
best  usage  on  its  side,  but  the  best  analogy  to  sup- 
port it." 

Irrefutable,  ir-rgf  'u-ta-ble,  or  ir-re-fnt'a-ble  (Web.); 
Ir-re-fn'ta-ble,  or  ir-r&f 'u-ta-ble  (Wore.). 

Why  this  inconsistency  in  Worcester?  It  is  some- 
times argued  that  having  the  verb  refute  is. suffi- 
cient reason  for  placing  the  accent  on  the  third  syl- 
lable. Then  why  should  not  the  words  irrevocable, 
indisputable,  incomparable,  irreparable  be  similarly 
influenced? 

Irremediable,  Ir-re-m6'di-a-ble,  not  ir-rSm'e-di-a-ble. 

a,   e,   I,   0,    G,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,  5,    fi,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  255 

Irreparable,  Ir-rgp'a-ra-ble,  not  Ir-re-par'a-ble. 

Irresoluble,  Ir-res/o-lu-ble,  not  Ir-re-sol'u-ble. 

Irrespirable,  ir-res'pi-ra-ble,  not  ir-re-spl'ra-ble. 

Irrevocable,  Ir-rev'o-ea-ble,  not  Ir-re-v0'«a-ble. 

Isaiah,  i-§a'ya,  not  i-za'a. 

Isinglass,  i'§in-glass,  not  i'§m-glass. 

Islamism,  ls/lam-I§m,  not  Is'lam-I§m. 

Isobare,  I'so-bare,  not  Is'o-bare. 

Isochronal,  l-sfeh'ro-nal,  not  I'so-ehrO-nal. 

Isolate,  is/o-late  (Wore.);  is'o-late  (Web.),  not  f so- 
late. 

Isolation,  i§-o-la'tion  (Wore.);  is-o-la'tion  (Web.). 

Isomerism,  i-s5m'er-i§m,  not  ls/o-mer-i§m. 

Isotonic,  i-so-t5n'i€,  not  Is-o-t5n'i-e. 

Israel,  i§'ra.-el,  not  is'ra-el. 

Isthmus,  is'mus,  or  Ist'mus  (Web.);  Ist'mus  (Wore.). 

Italian,  i-tal'yan,  not  1-taTyan. 

Italic,  l-t$.l'ie,  not  i-tal'i€. 

Worcester  gives  these  words  It-tal'yan  and  it-taT- 
i«.  This  difference,  as  almost  all  other  differences 
of  unaccented  or  secondary  accented  syllables,  be- 
tween Webster  and  Worcester  is  scarcely  discerni- 
ble in  general  conversation,  unless  it  is  that  the 
Worcester  markings  cause  one  to  be  more  careful, 
possibly  not  a  little  pedantic. 

Itch,  Itch,  not  i'tch. 

Ithuriel,  i-tha'ri-el. 

' '  Such  spirits  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  detecting  spirit 
of  Ithuriel." 

son,    or,    do,    wolf,    wdbl,    moon,    by  11,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      can,     gem,     go,      i§,     ejist,      thy,     n-ng. 


256  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Ivory,  l'vo-ry,  not  iv'ry. 
Ixion,  ix-l'on,  not  ix'l-on. 

J. 

The  component  parts  of  J  are  d  and  zh  given 
with  one  impulse  of  the  voice  (dzli),  just  as  ch  in 
charm  is  tsh  with  one  impulse  of  the  breath.  To 
give/  it  is  necessary  to  place  the  tongue  in  position 
of  d;  to  give  ch  (charm)  it  is  necessary  to  place  the 
tongue  in  position  of  t,  which  is  the  unvoiced  d, 
just  as  sh  is  the  unvoiced  zh.  /and  the  so-called 
soft  g  are  the  same  in  sound.  This  is  well  illus- 
trated in  the  word  judge.  The  d  by  sight  is  silent; 
it  is  jug. 

Jackal,  jack'al,  not  jack-all'. 

Jackdaw,  jack'daw,  not  jack-daw'. 

Jacob,  Ja'-eob,  not  Ja'-eup. 

Jacquard,  ja^-eard',  or  zhak-kar'  (Wore.);  zhs-kar' 

(Web.). 

Jaguar,  jag-n-ar',  not  jag-war'. 
Jalap,  jal'up,  not  jal'up. 
January,  jan'n-a-ry,  not  jan'u-a-ry. 
Japanese,  j3p-a-ne§e',  not  jap-an-ese'. 

How  much  one  will  wander  out  of  the  way  to 
pronounce  words  in  some  unaccustomed  manner 
that  is  sure  to  invite  more  attention  to  the  man 
than  the  matter.  It  is  affectation  personified  to 
hear  the  sound  of  s  instead  of  z  in  such  words  as 

a,   S,   I,   0,   n,   y,   long;   2,   6,   I,   0,    u,   y,    short; 
fi,ir,  arm,  ask,  §11,  what,   £re,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  257 

Japanese,  Chinese  and  Portuguese.  The  latter  word 
is  very  suggestive  of  some  affinity  between  the  af- 
fected speaker  and  his  pronunciation. 

Jaques,  zhsk.     Actors  and  readers  say  Ja'kwSz. 
Jasmine,  js§'miue,  or  jSs'mine. 

Webster  and  Worcester  agree  in  this  marking, 
except  in  the  matter  of  the  unaccented  syllables. 
In  all  cases  we  give  such  words  a  diacritical  mark, 
when  given  by  either  authority,  but  we  do  not 
consider  it  necessary  to  so  state  it  in  every  word 
where  such  differences  occur,  as-  it  does  not  affect 
the  pronunciation,  except  in  its  clearness. 

Jaundice,  jaun'd^e,  not  jaun'dlqe. 
Jaunt,  jaunt,  not  jaunt. 
Jaunty,  jiiun'ty,  not  jaunt'y. 
Javelin,  jaVlin,  not  jaVe-lin. 
Jean  Paul,  jsan  paul,  or  zhon  powl. 
Jehovah,  Je-ho'vah,  not  Je-ho'ver.     See  idea. 
Jeremiade,  jer-e-mi'ade. 
Jerusalem,  je-ru'sa-lSm,  not  je-ru'§a-l6m. 
Jesuit,  jes/a-it,  not  jeYu-it. 
Jew,  jn,  or  ju. 

Jewel,  jn'el  or  ju'el  (Web.);  jn'el  (Wore.). 
Jewelry,  jo'el-ry,  not  jul'ry. 
Jewess,  jo'ess. 

Jewish,  ja'ish,  or  ju'ish  (Web.);  ju'ish  (Wore.). 
Jewsharp,  jQ§'harp,  or  jus/harp   (Web.);  jQg'harp 
(Wore.),  not  jus'harp. 

s6n,   6r,   dp,   wolf,   wdbl,    m(5bn,    byll,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,     €an,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,     thj,     n-ng. 


258  WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL,  ORTHOEPY. 


Jocose,  jo-eSse',  not  jSe'ose,  nor  jO' 

Jocund,  jde'und,  not  jo-€tind'. 

John,  jShn,  not  j6hn. 

Johnson,  jShn'son,  not  j6hn'son. 

Join,  join,  not  jine. 

Jointure,  jolnt'nre,  not  join'chur. 

Joist,  J6ist,  not  jist. 

Jostle,  joYl,  not  jQs'tle. 

Jostling,  jos'ling,  not  jOst'ling. 

Jovial,  jo'vi-al,  not  jov'yal. 

Jowl,  jowl,  not  joul. 

Joyful,  joy'fyl,  not  j&y'ful.     See  faithful. 

Juan  (Don),  ju'an,  not  ju-2n'. 

Jubilee,  jn'bi-lee,  not  ja-bi-lee'. 

Judaical,  ju-da'i-«al,  not  ju-da-l€'al. 

Judaism,  jn'da-l§m,  not  ju'da-i§m. 

Judgment,  jfidg'ment,  not  judg'munt.     See  image. 

Jugular,  ja'gu-lar,  not  jiig'lar. 

The  Q  in  the  second  syllable  is  not  marked  by 
Webster,  but  is  marked  obscure  by  Worcester  in 
the  Unabridged,  while  in  the  school  edition  it  is 
given  as  long  u  obscured.  This  is  definite,  and 
every  obscure  u  in  the  Unabridged  should  be  so 
designated,  otherwise  it  is  not  known  whether  it  is 
to  have  the  sound  of  u  obscure,  or  u  obscure.  See 
such  words  as  deputy,  sinew  and  inaugurate. 

Jujube,  jn'jnbe,  not  ju'ju-bs,  nor  ju'dy  (paste). 
Julian,  jnl'yan,  not  ju'li-an. 


e,   I,   0,   o,   y,  long;   a,   6,   I,   0,   «,   y,    short; 
:•,  firm,  ask,  all,  what,   §re,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


SV    F2ACTICAL   OKTHOEPY.  259 


Juliet,  ju'li-et,  not  jul'yet,  nor  ju-li-St'. 

Junior,  jun'yur  (Web.);  jan'yur,  or  jn'ni-or  (Wore.). 

Junius,  jQ'ni-ous  (Wore.);  same,  or  jnn'yus  (Web.). 

Juniper,  ja'ni-per,  not  ju/ni-per. 

Juno,  ju'no,  not  ju'no. 

Jupiter,  jn'pi-ter,  not  ju'pi-ter. 

Jurist,  ja'rist,  not  ju'rist. 

Jury,  jn'ry,  not  ju'ry. 

Just,  jttst,  not  jlst,  nor  j6st. 

Justificative,  jus'ti-fi-ea-tive  (Web.);  jfis-tlf'i-ea-tive 

(Wore.). 
Justificatory,  jtt3'ti-fi~ea-to-ry(Web.);  jiis-tif'i-ea-to- 

ry  (Wore.). 
Juvenile,  jn've-nlle,  not  jn've-mle.     See  hostile. 

K. 

This  non-voiced  consonant  is  made  by  the  back 
of  the  tongue  coming  in  contact  with  the  soft  pal- 
ate. There  should  be  no  explosive  force  given  to 
this  element  when  it  is  final  in  a  syllable  or  word, 
as  the  tongue  should  be  kept  in  its  position  with 
an  endeavor  to  place  the  result  out  of  the  mouth 
without  removing  the  tongue.  When  speaking  the 
word  lecture,  it  should  have  the  first  syllable  (lee) 
ended  by  placing  the  tongue  quickly  and  accurately 
in  position  of  k,  and  this  being  done,  the  syllable 
ture  can  be  given  easily,  at  the  same  time  avoiding 
the  disagreeable  sound  chur.  See  P  and  T,  as  also 
our  instruction  on  the  consonants. 

son,   6r,    do,   wolf,   wot>l,    nuSbn,    bull,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,     -eon,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


260  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Kaleidoscope,  ka-lei'do-S€Ope,  not  ka-le"i'do-s€0pe. 

Kangaroo,  kSn-ga-roo',  not  kSn-ga-r<5o'. 

Karmathian,  kar-ma'thi-an. 

Katydid,  ka'ty-did,  not  ka-ty-did'. 

Kearny  (Philip),  kear'ny,  not  kear'ny. 

Keble  (John),  keb'l,  (Web.);  keVbl  (Wore.). 

Keelson,  keel'son,  or  kel'son  (Wore.);  keTson  (Web.). 

Kellog  (Clara  Louisa),  kell'og,  not  kel'ldg. 

Kemble  (Fanny),  kem'b'l,  not  kgm'bul. 

Kennel,  ken'nel,  not  kSn'l. 

Kept,  kept,  not  kSp. 

Kernel,  kSrn'el,  not  kern'l. 

Kettle,  kSt'tle,  not  klt'tle. 

Khan,  kan,  or  kSn. 

Khedive,  khe-di've',  or  khe'dlve  (Web.);  khe-dr've, 

or  khe-dlve'  (Wore.). 
Kiln,  kll,  not  kiln. 

Kind,  kind,  not  ke-ind,  nor  kylnd.     See  guide. 
Kindergarten,  kln'der-gar-ten,  not  kln'der-gSr-den. 
Kindle,  kin'dle,  not  kln'dul.     See  cuddle. 
Kindness,  klnd'ness,  not  kin'ness,  nor  kind'nuss. 
Kirchmaier,  kireh'mai-er. 
Kirschwasser,  ki'rsch'vas-ser  (Wore.);  kirsch'w^s- 

ser  (Web.). 

This  word  being  purely  German,  Webster  is 
surely  at  fault  in  his  pronunciation  of  the  second 
syllable. 

Kitchen,  kitch'en,  not  kltch'n. 

a,   6,   I,   0,    n,   y,  long;   a,   6,   I,   o,   u,   y,    short; 
fiir,  arm,  ftsk,  all,  what,   ere,  err,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  261 

Kitten,  klt'tn,  not  klt'ten. 

Kleptomania,  klep-to-ma'ni-a. 

Klick,  kllck,  not  klick. 

Klopemania,  klSp-e-ma'ni-a  (Wore);  klo-pe-ma'ni-a 

(Web.)- 

Knapsack,  knap'sack. 
Knavery,  knav'er-y,  not  knav'ry. 
Knowledge,  nSl'edge,  not  no'ledge. 
Kossuth,  kOsh'oot  (Web.);  kQs'shdbt  (Wore.). 
Kuklux,  ku'klux,  not  ku'klux. 

L. 

The  prevailing  fault  in  the  formation  of  this 
consonant  is  in  placing  the  point  of  the  tongue  too 
high  above  the  teeth.  It  should  have  exactly  the 
position  of  d,  but  instead  of  the  tongue  pressing  its 
sides  upward,  as  in  d,  it  relaxes  them  for  L 

Speak  the  words  file  down.  If  the  point  of  the 
tongue  is  correctly  placed  on  ending  the  first  word, 
it  will  begin  the  second  with  no  change  of  position 
at  the  point  but  an  additional  pressure.  Speak  the 
words  slowly,  halting  a  moment  between  the  words. 

Labarum,  lab'a-rum,  not  la-ba'rum. 
Label,  la'bel,  not  la'bl. 
Labial,  la'bi-al,  not  lab'yal. 
Laboratory,  lab'o-ra-to-ry,  not  Isb'ra-to-ry. 
Laborer,  la'bor-er,  not  lab'rer. 
Labyrinth,  lab'y-rinth,  not  Isb'rinth. 

son,   6r,    do,   wolf,   wot>l,    mflon,    byll,   ftrn,   rude, 
$ent,      «an,     gem,     go,      i§,     ejist,     thy,     n=ng. 


262  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEFT. 

Laccine,  la€'9ine,  not  lae'cine. 

Lacerate,  lag'er-ate,  not  la^'er-ate. 

Lachrymose,    laeh'ry-mose    (Web.);  laeh-ry-mOse' 

(Wore.),  not  laeh'ry-mo^e. 

Lackadaisical,  lack-a-dai'§i-e -al,  not  lack-si-da'si-«al. 
Laconism,  la€'on-i§m,  not  la/€on-l§m. 
Lacquer,  lae'er,  not  lae'ewer. 
Lacrosse,  Ia-€r6sse',  not  la-erosse'. 
Ladle,  la'dle,  not  la'dul.     See  cuddle. 
Laertes,  la-e"r'te§. 
LaFayette    (city),    18-fay-ette'    (Wore.);    laf-a-gf 

(Web.). 
LaFayette  (General),  la-fay-eW  (Wore.);  la-fa-ySt' 

(Web.). 

LaFontaine,  Ia-f6n-taine'. 
Lager,  la'ger,  not  la'ger. 
Lalla  Rookh,  lal'la  rook,  not  lal-la  rdbk'. 
Lamentable,  lam'ent-a-ble,  not  Ia-m6nt'a-ble. 
Lancaster,  lan«'as-ter  (Web.);  lanc'as-ter  (Wore.), 

not  ISn'eSst-er. 
Lance,  lanqe,  not  lanQe. 
Lancet,  lancet,  not  lancet. 
Land,  land,  not  land. 
Landau,  iSn'dau  (Web.);  lan-dgu'  (Wore.). 

When  written  l&ndaw,  Worcester  places  the  ac- 
cent on  the  first  syllable. 

Landlord,  land'ldrd,  not  ISn'lurd. 

Webster  does  not  mark  the  unaccented  syllable. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    Q,   y,   long;    a,   6,   I,   5,    u,   y,    short; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  err,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  263 

Lang  Syne,  lang-syne'  (Wore.);  lang'syne  (Web.). 

Language,  ISn'gwage,  not  lan'gwage.    See  angular. 

Languid,  ISs'gwid,  not  lan'gwid. 

Languish,  lan'gwish,  not  lan'gwish. 

Languor,  lan'gwor,  not  lan'gwor. 

Laocoon,  la-oVo-Qn,  not  la-5Voon. 

Lapel,  la-peT,  not  lap-el'. 

La  Place,  la-plage'. 

Lapse,  lapse,  not  lapse. 

Larum,  lar'um,  or  la'rum  (Wore.);  lar'um  (Web.). 

Laryngeal,  la-rjfn'ge-al  (Wore.);  lar-yn-gg'al,  or  la- 
r^n'ge-al  (Web.). 

Laryngitis,  lar-yn-gl'tis,  not  lar-yn-gf  tis.  See  men- 
ingitis. 

Laryngoscope,  la-ryn'go-seOpe,  not  la-ryn'go-seOpe. 

Larynx,  ISr'ingks  (Web.);  lar'ingks,  or  la'ringks 
(Wore.),  not  lar'nyx. 

La  Salle,  la'-salle',  not  Ia-s2lle'  nor  la-sel'. 

Chicagoans  haven't  time  to  say  La  Salle'  street. 

Lash,  lash,  not  lash. 
Lass,  lass,  not  lass. 
Lassie,  las'sie,  not  las'sie. 
Lassitude,  las'si-tade,  not  l£s'si-tude. 
Lasso,  las'so,  not  las'so. 
Last,  last,  not  last. 
Lasting,  last'ing,  not  last'ing. 
Lastly,  last'ly,  not  last'ly. 
Latent,  la'tent,  not  1st'. 

s6n,   6r,    do,   w<?lf,   wdbl,    mdon,    byll,   ftrn,   riide, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


264  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Lath,  lath  (Web.);  lath  (Wore.),  not  lath. 

Laths,  la%  (Web.);  la^§  (Wore.).     See  truths. 

Latin,  lat'in,  not  lat'n. 

Latitude,  lat'i-tade,  not  lat'i-tude. 

Latria,  la'tri-a  (Wore.);  la'tri-a,  or  la-trfa  (Web.). 

The  second  marking  given  by  Webster  is  that 
of  Johnson  and  Ash,  of  which  Walker  remarks: 
"One  of  these  modes  of  accentuation  must  be 
wrong;  and  my  opinion  is,  that,  as  these  words 
(latria  and  dulia)  are  appellatives,  we  should  adopt 
that  accent  which  Dr.  Johnson  did  when  his  Greek 
was  out  of  his  head;  that  is,  the  antepenultimate." 

Walker  here  refers  to  Dr.  Johnson  forgetting  his 
Greek  when  he  marked  the  word  dulia  with  the 
-accent  on  the  antepenultimate,  du'li-a. 

Lattice,  lat'ttye,  not  lat'tus. 

Laudanum,  lau'da-num  (Web.);  laud'a-num,  or  laud'- 

a-ntim  (Wore.),  not  laud'num. 
Laugh,  laugh,  not  laugh. 
Launch,  launch,  not  launch. 
Laundress,  laun'dress,  not  la.un'dresB. 
Laundry,  laun'dry,  not  laun'dry. 
Laura,  lau'ra,  not  lau'ra. 
Laureate,  lau're-ate,  not  lau're-ate. 
Laurel,  lau'rel  (Web.);  laur'el,  or  laur'el  (Wore.). 
Lava,  la'va,  or  la'va. 

Wright  is  the  only  orthoepist  who  marks  this 
with  short  a  (lav'a). 

a,   6,   I,    0,   n,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   6^    fi,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  265 

Lawful,  law'ful,  not  law'ful,  nor  laVful. 

Lawn,  lawn,  not  lawn. 

Leaden,  le^d'n,  not  lead'en. 

Leap,  leap,  not  leap. 

Leaped,  leaped'  (Web.);  leaped  or  leapt'  (Wore.). 

Learned  (adj.),  learn'ed,  not  learned.    See  blessed. 

Leash,  leash,  not  I6ash. 

Leatheret,  lea^'er-et  (Wore.);  leatfA-er-et'  (Web.). 

Leatherette,  lea^A-er-ette'. 

Leaven,  leav'n,  not  leav'en,  nor  leav-en. 

Leclerc  (Jean),  le-eler". 

Lecture,  leet'nre,  not  le-e'chur.     See  Q;  also  facture. 

Legato,  le-ga'to,  not  le-gS'to 

Legged,  legd  not  leg'ged. 

Do  not  say  "a  two  leg'ged  animal." 

Legend,  le'gend,  or  leg'end. 

Legendary,  leg'en-da-ry  (Web.);  same,  or  le'gen- 
da-ry  (Wore.). 

Worcester  respells  this  word  and  gives  an  extra 
sound  of  d  (ISd'gen-da-ry). 

We  say  an  extra  sound  because  j  or  g  is  composed 
of  dzh.  This  is  really  the  correct  pronunciation, 
theoretically  and  practically.  It  is  seldom  we  hear 
the  word  pronounced  as  syllabified.  Were  the  g  en- 
tirely finished  with  the  first  syllable,  it  would  give 
a  pedantic  pronunciation.  The  d  given  by  Worces- 
ter avoids  this. 

Legislative,  leg'is-la-tive,  not  lSg-is-la'tive. 

s6n,    6r,    do,   w?lf,   wdbl,    m<5on,    byll,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


266  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Legislator,  le"g'is-la-tor. 

Legislature,  led'gis-lat-yur  (Wore.);    lgg'is-la-tare 
(Web.),  not  I6g-is-la'tare,  nor  lSg'is-la-chur. 

With  the  exception  of  the  extra  d  given  to  the 
first  syllable  by  Worcester  there  is  no  difference 
in  the  pronunciation  by  Worcester  and  Webster. 
Wherever  an  unaccented  syllable  contains  long  u, 
as  does  the  last  syllable  of  the  last  word  (tare),  it  is 
always  the  same  in  both  dictionaries.  When  Web- 
ster respells  the  word,  he  places  the  t  with  the  syl- 
lable preceding  it  —  as  does  Worcester  • —  and  gives 
the  last  syllable  yur. 

Leicester,  leVter,  not  lei'9Ss-ter. 

Leipsic,  leip'ste. 

Leisure,  le'zhur,  not  lezh'ur,  nor  le'zhur. 

Leisurely,  le'zhur-ly.  not  I6zh'ur-ly. 

Length,  length,  not  lenth. 

Lengthen,  length'n,  not  Ignth'n. 

Lenient,  l6'ni-ent,  not  I6n'i-6nt,  nor  len'yent. 

Lenitive,  iSn'i-tive,  not  le'ni-tlve. 

Lenore,  le-nore',  not  Ie-n6re. 

Lenten,  iSnt'n,  not  l^n'ten. 

Lentigo,  len-ti'go,  not  iSn'ti-go. 

Lentulus,  len'tu-lus  not  len-tul'uB. 

Leonine,  Is'o-nine,  not  Is'o-nlne. 

Leporine,  lep'o-rine,  or  lep'o-rlne. 

Lessen,  I6ss'n,  not  16ss'en. 

Lesson,  les'sn,  not  less'on. 

Lessor,  leYs&r,  or  les-s&r'  (Wore.);  iSs'sor  (Web.). 

a,  e,  i,  o,  n,  y,  long;  a,  5,  i,  o/  u,  y,  short; 
&r,  arm,  &sk,  gill,  what,  §re,  §rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  267 

% 
Lethal,  le'thal,  not  Isth'al. 

Lethargic,  iS-tha'r'gie,  not  leth'ar-gi«. 

Lethargy,  leth'ar-gy,  not  le7A'ar-gy. 

Lethe,  Is'the,  not  Isthe. 

Lethean,  le-the*'an,  not  Isth'e-an. 

Lettuce,  let'tis,  not  ISt'tus. 

Leuctra,  leae'tra,  not  leue'tra. 

Levant  (adj.),  Is'vant  (Web.);  16'vant,  or  le-vSnt' 

(Wore.). 

Levant  (noun),  le-vSnt'. 
Levantine,  le-vSnt'lne,  or  lev'an-tine. 
Levee  (an  embankment),  leVee. 
Levee  (an  assembly  of  guests),  leVee  (Eng.);  le-vS6' 

(U.  S.). 

Used  in  the  latter  sense,  both  Webster  and 
Worcester  make  a  note  sanctioning  the  shifting  of 
the  accent  to  the  last  syllable.  Formerly  the  term 
was  applied  the  same  as  matinee  to  denote  a  morn- 
ing assembly,  to  distinguish  it  from  a  soiree  as  sig- 
nifying an  evening  assembly.  Levee  is  now  used 
same  as  soiree,  for  any  special  assemblage,  but  gen- 
erally in  the  evening;  while  matinee  is  universally 
used  only  in  connection  with  an  afternoon,  or  day 
time,  performance. 

Level,  leVel,  not  I6v'l. 

Lever,  le'ver  (Wore.);  le'ver,  or  leVer  (Web.). 

Leverage,  leVer-age,  not  le'ver-age. 

Leyden,  ley'dn,  or  ley'dn.  (Wore.);  ley'den  (Web.). 

s6n,    6r,    do,    wplf,    wool,    mdon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      can,     gem,     go,      i§,      e^ist,      thy,     n=*ng. 


268  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Leydenjar,  ley 'den- jar  (Wore.);  ley'dn,  or  Igy'dn-jSr, 
(Web.). 

Liaison,  Ie'a-z5ng  (Wore.);   lS-a-zOng'  (Web.),  not 
ll'a-son. 

Libel,  li'bel,  not  li'bl. 

Liberality,  lib-er-aTi-ty,  not  llb-r&Ti-ty. 

Libertine,  lib'er-tine,  not  lib'er-tine,  nor  tine. 

Librarian,  li-bra'ri-an,  not  li-brar'i-an. 

Library,  If  bra-ry,  not  li'ber-y. 

Licentiate,  ll-9en'she-ate,  not  ll-cen'shate. 

The  penult  in  the  verb  is  marked  ate,  while  in 
the  noun  it  is  left  obscure.  It  were  better  to  give 
the  a  in  the  noun  as  marked  in  the  verb,  else  it 
tends  to  rather  a  slovenly  pronunciation,  being  two 
removes  from  the  accented  syllable. 

Lichen,  If ehen,  or  lich'en. 

Licorice,  lle'o-riqe,  not  Lte'o-rish. 

Liddell,  lid'dell,  not  lid-dell'. 

Cornell,  Bushnell,  Parnell,  Battell,  Bedell,  Wid- 
dell,  Weddell,  Morrell,  Linnell,  Brownell,  etc., 
should  have  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable.  But 
a  name  is  personal  property,  and  the  owner  thereof 
feels  that  he  has  the  right  to  do  with  it  as  he 
chooses. 

A  man  in  an  ordinary  position  of  life  may  be 
known  by  the  name  of  Da'vies,  but  should  he  arise 
to  great  prominence  he  must  shift  the  accent  as  he 
shifts  his  fortune,  and  he  must  be  known  by  the 
name  of  Da-vies'. 

a,   c,   I,    0,    u,   y,   long;   2,   6,   I,   o,    u,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  $11,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,   mien,  sir, 


w  ARMANIS  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  269 

Alas,  for  poor  Mr.  Smith!  Yet,  he  may  say  Sml- 
Ith'  with  the  same  propriety  as  did  our  friend  Cox, 
who  insisted  upon  being  called  el-Ox'. 

Lief,  lief,  not  Isv. 

Lien,  li'en,  or  li'en,  not  lsn. 

Lieu,  lien,  not  lieu.     See  a. 

Lieutenant,  lien-tSn'ant,  or  lef-te"n'ant  (Web.);  I6v- 
tgn'ant,  or  lieu-te'n'ant  (Wore.). 

Ligature,  llg'a-tnre,  not  llg'a-ture,  nor  llg'a-chur. 
See  n. 

Lighten,  light'n,  not  light'en. 

Light-hearted,  light'hea'rt-ed,  not  light-heart'ed. 

Lignum-vitae,  llg'num-vl'ts  (Wore.);  llg-num-vl'tae 
(Web.). 

Ligure,  li'gore,  or  llg'ure  (Web.);  li'gure  (Wore.). 

Liken,  li'kn,  not  lik'en. 

Lilac,  li'la€,  not  li'la"«,  nor  li'la«. 

Lima,  li'ma  (U.  S.);  li'ma  (Peru). 

Limature,  li'ma-ture,  not  lim'a-ture. 

Limner,  lim'ner,  not  lim'ner. 

Lincoln,  lin'«oln  (Wore.);  llnk'on  (Web.).  See  an- 
gtilar. 

Linden,  lin'den,  not  lind'n. 

Lineament,  lin'e-a-me'nt,  not  lln'a-ment. 

Linen,  lin'en,  not  lin'n. 

Linger,  lin'ger,  not  lin'ger.     See  angular. 

Lingual,  lin'gwal  (Wore.);  lln'gwal  (Web.).  See  an- 
gular. 

s6n,    6r,    do,   wolf,   wool,    moon,    byll,    (irn,    rude, 
9ent,      can,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,      thy,     n==ng. 


270  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.   ^ 

Linguist,  llu'gwlst.    This  marking  is  inconsistent. 

"VVe  fail  to  see  why  linguist  should  not  have  the 
same  sound  of  n  as  lingual.  Worcester  gives  n  in 
lingual  the  sound  of  ng,  but  does  not  so  mark  it  in 
linguist.  Webster  does  not  mark  either  word  in 
accordance  with  his  rule.  See  angular. 

Linsey  Woolsey,  lin'sey  wdbl'sey,  not  lin'gey  wdbl'- 
§ey. 

Lion,  li'on,  not  li'un.     See  image. 

Liquor,  llk'ur,  not  llk'wor. 

Listen,  lis'n,  not  lis'ten. 

Liszt,  list. 

Literati,  lit-er-a'ti. 

Literature,  lit'er-a-tnre,  not  lit'er-a-ture,  nor  chur. 

• 

It  is  immaterial  whether  the  word  is  syllabified 
thus:  llt'er-a-tare,  or  llt'er-at-are.  In  either  case 
the  u  is  long  u  unaccented,  which  is  always  yu.  In 
many  words  the  t  coming  in  the  same  syllable  with 
the  u  will  make  it  easier  of  utterance,  and  appear 
less  labored  than  when  placed  with  the  preceding 
syllable.  Bear  in  mind  what  long  u  is,  and  the  rest 
will  take  care  of  itself.  See  n. 

Lithe,  \tfhQ,  not  lithe. 

Lithesome,  lithe'sbme,  not  lith'some. 

Lithograph,  lith'o-grSph,  not  ltfA'o-gra"ph. 

Lithographer,  Ii-th5g'ra-pher,  not  lith'o-graph-er. 

Lithographic,  llth-o-gnlph'ie,  not  ll^-o-grSph'i€. 

Lithography,  ll-thog'ra-phy,  not  llth'o-grSph-y. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   u,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   6,    fi,   y,    short; 
Sir,  arm,  ftsk,  all,  what,   £re,  6rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  271 

Lithomancy,  lith'o-ma'n-qy,  not  li^A'o-miln-gy. 
Litigious,  li-tld'gus,  not  ll-tlg'i-oiis. 

Here  Webster  agrees  with  Worcester  on  prefac- 
ing soft  g  with  a  d.  See  legendary. 

Little,  lit'tle,  not  lit'tul.     See  cuddle. 

Liturgy,  lit'ur-gy,  not  lit'ur-gy. 

Livelong,  live'lQng,  not  live'lOng. 

Livery,  liv'er-y,  not  llv'ry. 

Livid,  liv'id,  not  liv'ud.     See  image. 

Llama,  la'ma,  or  la'ma  (Web.);  la'ma  (Wore.). 

Loath  (adj.),  loath,  not  lOa^A,  nor  ISath. 

Loathe  (verb),  loa^e. 

Loathsome,  loa^'some. 

Lobelia,  lo-be'li-a,  not  lo-bsl'ya. 

Location,  lo-ea'tion  (Wore.);  lo-ea'tion  (Web.). 

Lochinvar,  Ifreh-m-var',  not  lQ^h'in-\ar. 

Locust,  lo'eust,  not  lo'eus. 

Lodi,  lo'di  (U.  S.);  lo'di  (Italy). 

Lodovico,  lo-do-vif'€o. 

Lofty,  iQf 'ty,  not  lofty. 

Log,  iQg,  not  log,  nor  lag. 

Logarithm,  ISg'a-riif/im  (Web.);  I5g'a-rithm  (Wore.). 

Logomachy,  lo-gOm'a-ehy,  not  log-a-ma'chy. 

Loitering,  16i'ter-ing,  not  161'tring. 

Loll,  1511,  not  loll. 

Lombard,  Idm'bard,  or  l6m'bard  (Web.);  lOm'bard, 
(Wore.). 

Long,  iQng,  not  16ng. 

s6n,   6r,    do,   wolf,   wdbl,    moon,    byll,   ftrn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     ig,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


272  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Longevity,  lon-geVi-ty,  not  lon-geVi-ty. 
Longitude,  l5n'gi-tade,  not  l5n'gi-tude.    See  Q. 
Long-lived,  l5ng'lived,  not  iQng-lived'. 
Loof,  loof,  or  loof  (Web.);  same  transposed  (Wore.). 
Look,  look,  not  look. 
Loosen,  loos'n,  not  loos'en. 
Loquacious,  lo-qua'shus,  not  lo-qua'shus. 
Lord,  lord,  not  lord. 
Lore,  lore,  not  lore. 

Los  Angeles,  los-3n'ge-les   (Wore.);    los-Sn'he'1-e's 
(Web.);  not  I5s-Sn'ge-Io§. 

The  last  syllable  of  the  word  is  quite  frequently 
incorrectly  written,  i.  e.,  los  instead  of  Us. 

Loss,  lQss,  not  loss. 

Lost,  l(3st,  not  lost. 

Loth,  loth,  not  16th.     See  loath,  which  is  the  more 
correct  and  usual  orthography. 

Lottery,  l5t'ter-y,  not  lOt'ry. 

Louisiana,  lp.u-i'-§i-8'na  (Web.);  lo.u-is-i-a'na  (Wore.). 

Louisville,  Igu'is-vllle,  or  lo.u'i-vllle. 

Lower  (as  the  clouds),  lou'er,  not  low'er. 

"That  no  cloud  might  lower  on  my  young  fame." 

Loyal,  loy'al,  not  loy'yal. 

Lucid,  la'9id,  not  lu'9id.  •   See  a. 

Lucifer,  ln'9i-fer,  not  lu'9i-fer.     See  a. 

Lucrative,  la'cra-tive,  not  lu'«ra-tlve.     See  d. 

Lucre,  In'eer,  not  lu'«er.     See  Q. 

Lucretia,  la-ers'shi-a,  not 


a,   6,   I,   0,   Q,   y,   long;   2,   6,   I,   5,   fl,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   £re,  6rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  273 


Luculent,  lu'^u-lSnt,  not  lue-u-lSnt. 
Lucullite,  lu-eul'lite,  not  lue'ul-llte. 
Lucy,  ln'9y,  not  lu'9y.     See  Q. 
Ludicrous,  la'di-erous,  not  lu'di-«rous.     See  n. 
Lugubrious,  lu-ga'bri-ous,  not  lu-gu-bri-ous. 
Lukewarm,  luke'warm,  not  luke'warm.    See  a. 
Lullaby,  lull'a-by,  not  lull'a-by,  nor  lull-a-by'. 
Luminous,  In'mi-nous,  not  lu'mi-nous.     See  Q. 
Lunacy,  la'na-qy,  not  lii'na-cy.    See  n. 
Lunatic,  la'na-ti€,  not  lu'na-ti«,  nor  lu-nat'i«. 
Luncheon,  liinch'eon,  not  liinch'e-6n. 
Lupercal,  Iu-p6r'«al. 

In  Shakespeare  the  accent  is  invariably  placed  on 
the  'first  syllable.  Webster  allows  it;  Worcester 
says  it  is  incorrect. 

Lure,  Inre,  not  lure.     See  Q. 

Lurid,  la'rid,  not  lu'rid.    See  Q. 

Luscious,  lush'us,  not  liish'i-ous. 

Luther,  In'ther;  German  lu'ter. 

Lutheran,  la-ther-an,  not  luth'ran. 

Luxuriance,  lu$-Q'ri-ange  (Wore.);  same,  or  lux-d'- 

ri-an9e  (Web.). 
Luxuriant,  lu$-a'ri-ant  (Wore.);  same,  or  Ittx-n'ri- 

ant  (Web.). 
Luxuriate,  lu^-a'ri-ate  (Wore.);  same,  or  lux-n'ri- 

ate  (Web.). 
Luxurious,  lu?-a'ri-ofis  (Wore.);  same,  or  lux-G'ri- 

ous  (Web.). 

s6n,   6r,   da,   wolf,   wdbl,    moon,    bvll,   firn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


274  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Luxury,  lux'n-ry,  not  lu^'n-ry. 

Where  the  x  is  marked  as  having  the  sound  of 
gz,  in  the  four  words  just  given,  Webster  and 
Worcester  differ  somewhat  in  the  respelling,  but, 
like  the  word  legendary,  the  division  of  the  compo- 
nent parts  of  the  consonant  ending  the  first  sylla- 
ble, makes  so  slight  a  change  in  the  pronuncia- 
tion, that  it  would  scarcely  be  noticeable  in  ordi- 
nary conversation.  The  x  in  these  words  (except  in 
luxury)  is  gz,  but  by  Worcester  the  g  is  divorced 
from  the  z,  while  Webster  retains  them  in  same  syl- 
lable. Lugz-yu'ri-ant  (Web.);lug-zu're-ant  (Wore.). 

Lyceum,  ly-c,e"'um,  not  ly'9e-um. 
Lyonnaise,  le"-un-naz'. 
Lyrical,  lyr'ie-al,  not  lyr'ie-al. 
Lyrist,  ly'rist,  not  Ijrr'ist. 
Lytton  (Bulwer),  lyt'on,  not  lyt'ton. 

M. 

M  is  a  nasal  consonant,  and  is  made  with  the 
lips  in  the  position  of  p  and  b.  B  is  voiced^?,  and 
m  is  the  result  of  p  and  b  position,  with  the  cur- 
rent of  air  passing  through  the  nostrils.  See  in- 
struction on  consonants. 

Ma,  ma,  not  ma. 

Ma'am,  yes,  ma'am,  not  mSm. 

Mabel,  ma'bel,  not  ma'bl. 

Macadamize,  mae-Sd'am-ize,  not  ma-cSd'em-lze. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   Q,   y,   long;   a,   8,   I,   5,   «,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  e"rr,  prey,  mi'en>  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  275 


Maccabean,  mae-ea-be'an,  not 
Maccabees,  ni3€'-ea-bee§,  not 
Macerate,  mag'er-ate,  not  ma'ger-ate. 
Machiavelian,  maeh-i-a-veTyan. 

Machinal,  maeh'i-nal  (Web.);  same,  or  ma-chl'nal 
(Wore.). 

Mackerel,  mSck'er-el,  not  mack'rel. 

Macrocosm,  ma€:'ro-€5§!m,  or  ma'cro-€5§m  (Web.); 
ma'«ro-€5§m  (Wore.). 

Madam,  mad'am. 

Madame,  ma-dame'  (Web.);  ma-dame'  (Wore.). 

Madden,  mad'dn,  not  mSd'den. 

Madeira,  ma-de"i'ra,  or  ma-dei'ra  (Web.);  ma-d6'ra 
(Wore.). 

Madamoiselle,  mad'mwa-zeT  (Web.);  mad-em-wa- 
zel'  (Wore.). 

Worcester  is  incorrect  in  his  marking,  as  a  French- 
man would  not  say  madem  nor  um.  We  think  Web- 
ster's marking  is  not  quite  what  it  should  be,  as  the 
d  and  m  should  be  so  closely  joined  in  utterance  that 
no  mark  of  accentuation  could  be  given  between 
them. 

Madrid,  mad'rid  (U.  S.);  mS-drld'  (Spanish). 

Maelstrom,  mael'strdm,  not  mSel'strom. 

Magazine,  mag-a-zine'. 

Magi,  ma'gi,  not  ma"g'i. 

Magna  Charta,  mag'na-ehar'ta,  not  chsr'ta. 

Magnesia,  mag-ne'zhe-a  (Wore.);  same,  or  mag-ne'- 
zha  (Web.). 

s6n,    6r,    dQ,   wglf,   wdbl,    m6T>n,    byll,    ftrn,    rude, 
9ent,     ean,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     /Ay,     u=ng. 


276  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Magnetism,  mSg'net-i§m,  not  mag'net-i§-um. 
Magnitude,  mag'ni-tnde,  not  mag'ni-tude.    See  ti. 
Magnolia,  mag-no'li-a,  not  mag-noTya. 
Mahogany,  ma-h5g'a-ny,  not.  ma-h6g'a-ny. 
Mahomet,  ina-hOm'et,  or  ma'ho-met,  or  mS'ho-met 
(Web.);  ma'hom-et  (Wore.). 

"  Ma-hSm'et  is  not  only  the  prevailing  English 
pronunciation,  but  it  corresponds  more  nearly  with 
the  Arabic." — Dr.  Thomas. 

Maiden,  maid'n,  not  maid'en. 

E  before  terminal  n  is  almost  always  silent;  but 
the  nearest  that  definiteness  can  be  approached  — 
owing  to  so  many  exceptions  to  any  rule  cover- 
ing all  the  words  —  may  be  put  in  the  following 
form:  1st,  e  before  terminal  n  should  always  be 
silent  in  participles.  3d,  e  before  terminal  n  should 
always  be  sounded  in  any  word  (not  a  participle)  in 
which  terminal  epi  is  immediately  preceded  by  /,  m, 
n  or  r. 

Maintain,  main-tain'  (Web.);  same,  or  main-tain' 

(Wore.). 

Maintenance,  main'ten-an9e,  not  main-tain'ance. 
Majolica,  ma-j5l'i-ea,  not  ma-yOl'i-ea. 
Malaria,  ma-la'ri-a,  not  ma-la'ri-a. 

Worcester  gives  the  same  vowel  mark,  but  sylla- 
bifies the  word  differently  —  mal-a'ri-a. 
Malay,  ma-lay',  not  ma-lay'. 

a,  e,   I,   0,   n,   y,  long;   a,  6,  I,  6,   fi,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ftsk,  all,  what,  £re,  Srr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMJLN'S  PKACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  277 

Malefactor,    mal-e-fae'tor    (Wore.);    mal'e-fa^-tor 
(Web.). 

Worcester  is  consistent  in  his  marking  of  the 
words  bgn-e-fae'tor  and  mal-e-fac'tor,  but  Webster 
is  not,  as  he  does  not  place  the  accent  on  the  same 
syllable  in  both  words,  and  there  is  no  good  reason 
for  the  difference  as  shown  by  him — bgn-e-fae'tor 
and  mal'e-fae-tor. 

Malefeasance,  mal-fga'^ance. 

Malpractice,    mal-pr3€'tice,  not  mSl'pra«-tice. 

Malice,  maTice,  not  maTus. 

Malignant,  ma-lig'nant,  not  ma-li'nant. 

Maligner,  ma-lln'er,  not  ma-lig'ner. 

Mall  (a  public  walk),  mall,  not  mall. 

Malvolio,  mal-vO'li-0,  not  mal-voTyO. 

Mamma,  mam-ma'',  not  ma'm'ma. 

We  wish  the  children  were  sufficient  authority 
for  placing  the  accent  of  this  word  and  also  that 
of  papa,  then  we  should  be  authorized  in  saying 
what  we  universally  hear  —  mam'ma  and  pa/pa. 
Surely  usage  has  not  been  considered  in  the  mark- 
ing of  these  words. 

Mammillary,  mam'mil-la-ry,  not  ma-mil'la-ry. 

Man,  man,  not  a  nasal  vowel. 

Not  one  person  in  ten  thousand  pronounces  this 
little  word  correctly,  i.  e.  they  do  not  give  the 
pure  sound  of  short  a,  but  a  nasal  sound.  Listen 
when  you  hear  it  pronounced,  and  see  if  the  a  in 
man,  can,  etc.,  is  like  a  in  an. 

son,    6r,    do,   wolf,   wdbl,    moTm,    bull,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e^ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


278  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Manakin,  man'a  kin,  not  man'a-kun. 
Mandamus,  man-da'mus,  not  man'da-nms. 
Mandarin,  man-da-ri'n',  not  man'da-rln. 
Mandolin,  man'do-lln,  not  man-do-lln'. 
Manege,  ma-nazh'. 
Manes,  ma'ne"§. 

Maneuver,  ma-nen'ver  (Web.);  ma-neu'ver  (Wore.). 
Manganese,  man-ga-ne"§e',  not  mSn-ga-ngge'. 
Mangel  wurzel,  mSn'gl-wiir'zl. 
Mango,  man'go,  not  man 'go. 
Mania,  ma'ni-a,  not  man'ya. 
Maniacal,  ma-nl'ae-al,  not  ma-ni-Se'al. 
Manikin,  man'i-kln,  not  mSn'i-kun. 
Mannerism,  man'ner-i§m,  not  mSn'ner-i§-um. 
Manor,  man'or,  not  m2n'ur,  nor  ma'nor.  See  image. 
Mansard-roof,  man'sard-rdbf  (Web.);  man'sa'rd-r(5bf 

(Wore.). 

Mansuetude,  man'swe-tnde,  not  man'swe-tijde.  See  n. 
Mantel,  man'tl,  not  mSn-tel. 
Mantilla,  man-tll'la,  not  man-tll'ly. 
Mantle,  man'tle,  not  mSn'tul.    See  cuddle. 
Mantua,  man'tu-a,  or  man'tn. 
Mantua-maker,  mSn'tu-mak'er,w0tf  man'shu-mak'er. 
Manufacture,  man-n-fa^t'nre,  not  mSn-n-fa^'chur. 

See  n. 

Manure,  ma-nnre',  not  ma-nure'.     See  n. 
Many,  men'y,  not  man'y. 
Many-legged,  men'y-legd,  not  meVy-leg'ged. 
Marabou,  mar-a-bgu',  not  mar'a-bgu. 

a,  e,  i,  o,  n,  y,  long;  a,  &,  i,  o,  fi,  y,   short; 
^ir,   a'rm,  ask,  all,   what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,   mi'en,  sir, 


WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OKTHOEPY.  279 

Marabout,  mar-a-bgut',  not  mar-a-bout'. 
Maranatha,  mar-a-natb/a  (Wore.);  mar-a-n3th'&,  or 

mar-a-na'tha  (Web.). 
Marasmus,  ma-ras/mus,  not  ma-ras'mns. 
Marathon,  mar'a-th.5n. 

Marchioness,  mar'shun-e's,  not  mar^hi-on-gas. 
Marian,  ma'ri-an,  not  mdr'i-on. 
Marigold,  mar'i-gold,  not  ma'ri-gold. 
Marital,  mar'i-tal,  not  ma-rl'tal. 
Market,  mSr'ket,  not  mar'kit. 
Marmalade,  mar'ma-lade,  not  mSr-ma-lade'. 
Marquess,  mSr'kwes,  not  mSr'kes. 
Marriage,  mar'rig,  not  mar'ug. 
Marseilles,  mar-salz'. 
Marseillais,  mar-sal-ya'. 
Marseillaise,  mar-sal-yaz'. 
Marten,  mSr'ten,  not  ma'r'tn. 
Marvel,  ma'r'vel,  not  mSr'vl. 
Marvelous,  ma'r'vel-ous,  not  marv'lofis. 
Mascott,  mas'eott,  not  mas'«ott,  nor  mas'eott. 
Masculine,  mas'€u-line,  not  mas'cu-llne. 
Mask,  mask,  not  mask. 
Mason,  ma'sn,  not  ma'son. 
Masque,  mask,  not  mask. 
Mass,  mass,  not  mass. 
Massacre,  mas'sa-eer,  not  mas'sa-ere. 
Massacred,  mas'sa-eerd,  not  mas'sa-€red. 
Massacrer,  mas'sa-erer,  not  mas'sa-«er-er. 
Massacring,  mas'sa-€ring,  not  mas'sa-€er-ing. 

s6n,    6r,    dq,    wplf,    wdbl,    mdDn,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
c,ent,      €an,     gem,     go,     ig,     e$ist,      thy,     n-ng. 


280  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Massage,  mass'age  (Web.);  mas-sazh'  (Wore.). 
Mast,  mast,  not  mast. 
Master,  mas'ter,  not  mas'ter. 
Mastiff,  mas'tiff,  not  mas'tiff. 
Mastodon,  mas'to-don,  not  mas'to-d5n. 
Mathesis,  ma-the'sis,  not  math'e-sis. 
Matin,  mat'in,  not  ma'tin. 
Matinee,  mat-i-na',  not  mat-i-nee'. 
Matrix,  ma'trix,  not  mat'rix. 
Matron,  ma'tron,  not  mat'ron. 
Matronal,  mat'ron-al,  or  ma'tron-al. 
Matronly,  ma'tron-ly,  not  mat'ron-ly. 
Matthew,  math'thu.     The  u  is  obscure.    Which  uf. 
In  all  other  names  than  that  of  the  apostle  it  is 

marked  long  u.     This,  we  think,  is  what  it  should 

be.     Math'n,  not  math'thu. 

Mattress,  mat'tress,  not  ma-tras'. 

None  but  the  most  affected  speakers  ever  use  the 
latter  pronunciation.  They  belong  to  the  either 
and  neither  class,  who  are  such  invalids'  that  they 
could  not  rest  upon  a  mat'tress.  There  would 
surely  be  a  frS-ea"  (pure  English,  fra'-eas)  if  they 
could  not  have  their  mat-trSss'. 

Mature,  ma-ture',  not  ma-ture'.     See  n. 
Maturity,  ma-tn'ri-ty,  not  ma-tu'ri-ty.     See  n. 
Matutinal,  mat-n-ti'nal,  not  ma-tn'she-nal. 
Mauch  Chunk,  maueh  chttnk'. 
Mausoleum,  mau-so-le'um,  not  m^u-so'le-urn. 

a,   €,   I,   0,    n,   y,   long ;   2,   6,    I,   o,    Q,   y,    short ; 
£ir,   arm,  ask,  all,   what,    ere,  6rr,  prey,   mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S   PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY.  281 

Mauve,     mOv,   not  mauve. 

Maximilian)  mSx-i-mll'yan,  not  max-i-mlTi-an. 

Mayor,  may'or,  not  mar. 

Mayoralty,  may'or-al-ty,  not  mar'al-ty. 

Webster  gives  the  two  incorrect  pronunciations 
as  colloquial.  We  do  not  consider  "  colloquial "  as 
authority,  but  as  a  synonym  of  laziness.  Git  is 
colloquial  for  get,  and  €§tch  for  eatch. 

Mazurka,  ma-zur'ka,  not  ma-zur'ka. 
Measure,  mSzh'ur  (Wore.);  mezh'yur  (Web.). 
Mechanist,  meeh'an-ist,  not  me-eha'n'ist 
Medal,  med'al,  not  med'l. 
Medallion,  me-daTyon,  not  me-dal'li-on. 
Meddle,  med'dle,  not  mgd'dul.     See  cuddle. 
Mediaeval,  mS-di-e'val  (Web.);  m6d-i-6'val  (Wore.). 
Medici,   med'e-che"   (Wore.) ;    same,   or   mgd'a-che" 

(Web.). 

Medicinal,  me-dl9'i-nal,  not  med-e-9l'nal. 
Medicine,  med'i-9ine,  not  med'sn.     See  mayoralty. 
Again  Webster  says  "colloquially  mgd'sin,  or 

med-sn." 

Mediocre,  me"'di-0-eer,  not  m6-di-o'«er,  nor  m6-di- 

Oe'er. 

Medium,  mS'di-tlm,  not  med'yum,  nor  mS'jum. 
Meerschaum,   m6Sr's9haum    (Web.);    mesr'shoum 

(Wore.). 

Melancholy,  mgl'an-€h6l-y,  not  mel-an-ehoTy. 
Melee,  ma-la',  not  mg-le'. 

son,    6r,    do,   wplf,   wdbl,    moDn,    byll,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,      thy,     n-=ng. 


282          WAEMAN'S  PEACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Meliorate,  meTyo-rate,  not  me'li-o-rate. 

Mellow,  mel'low,  not  mel'ler. 

Melodeon,  me-lo'de-on  (Web.);  same,  ormelo-de'on 

(Wore.)- 

Melodious,  me-lo'di-ous,  not  me-lo'jus. 
Melodrama,  mel-o-dra'ma,  not  mel-o-drSm'a. 
Memoir,  me-m6lr',  or  mSm'war  (Wore.);  mSm'wor, 

or  mSm'wor  (Web.). 

Memorial,  me-mo'ri-al,  not  me-m6r'i-al. 
Memory,  mem'o-ry,  not  mgm'ry. 
Menage,  me-nazh'. 
Menagerie,  men-azh'e-ry  (Web.);  me-nS'zhe-re,  or 

men-a'ge-ry  (Wore.). 
Mene,  me'ne,  not  mene. 
Mendelssohn,  mgn'dels-sohn. 
Menial,  mS'ni-al,  not  mSn'yal. 
Meningitis,  men-in-gl'tis,  not  m6n-in-gl'tis. 

We  are  surprised  not  to  find  a  note  in  Webster's 
Unabridged,  saying  "colloquially"  men-in-gi'tis. 
Bronchitis,  laryngitis  and  meningitis  are  all  given 
with  the  i  long. 

Mensurable,  men'shu-ra-ble  (Web.);  m6ns'yu-ra-ble 

(Wore.). 
Mercantile,  mSr'ean-tile,  not  mSr'can-tlle,  nor  mSr'- 

•ean-tlle. 

Mercenary,  mgr'qe-na-ry,  not  mSr-9e-na"ry. 
Merchandise,  mer'chan-di§e,  not  m6r'chan-dise. 
Merciful,  mSr'ci-fyl,  not  m6r'ci-fM.     See  faithful. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   a,   y,   long;   2,  6,   I,   5,   ii,   y,    short; 
&1T,  arm,  ask,  gll,  whg,t,   ere,  3rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  283 

Merino,  me-rfno,  not  me-rl'no. 
Merrilies  (Meg),  meg-m6r'ri-lle§,  not  liie§. 
Mesmeree,  me§-mer-e6',  not  me's-mer-es'. 
Mesmeric,  meg-mer'ie,  not  mes-mer'i€. 
Mesmerism,  me§'mer-I§m,  not  mes'mer-ism. 
Mesmerist,  mSs/mer-Ist,  not  mes'mer-Ist. 
Mesmerize,  mes/mer-lze,  not  mes'mer-lze. 
Mesne,  mene. 

Messianic,  mes-si-Sn'ie,  not  mes-sl'an-ie. 
Messieurs,  mesh'yerz  (Web.);  mSsh/urz,  or  mSs'yerz 

(Wore.);  not  mes'sers. 
Metal,  mgt'al,  or  meTtl  (Web.);  met'tl,  or  mSt'al 

(Wore.). 
Metalline,  mgt'al-line,  not  me-taTin. 

Sheridan,  Johnson,  Ash  and  Bailey  place  the 
accent  on  the  second  syllable,  but  the  majority  of 
orthoepists  agree  with  the  marking  of  Worcester 
and  Webster  as  herein  given. 

Metamorphose,  met-a-mor'phose,  not  met-a-m6r'- 

pho§e. 

Metaphor,  met'a-phor,  not  mSt'a-ph6r. 
Meteorolite,  me-te-5r'o-lite,  not  ms'te-or-o-lite. 
Methodism,  meth'od-l§m,  not  meth'od-i§-um. 
Metonymy,  me-t5n'y-my,  or  mgt'o-nym-y. 
Meyerbeer,  mey'er-baer. 
Mezza  voce,  med'za-vo'cha  (Wore.);  nied-za-vO'cha, 

or  met-za-vo'cha  (Web.). 
Mezzo,  med'zO,  or  met'zO. 

s6n,    6r,    do,   wplf,   wool,    m6T)n,    bull,    firn,    rude, 
9ent,      fan,     gem,     go,      ig,     e^ist,      thy,     r^ng. 


284  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Mezzo  soprano,  med'zo  so-pr:i'no. 

Mezzo  tint,  m6d'zo-tlut  (Wore.);  same,  or  mgz'zo- 

tlnt  (Web.). 
Mi,  ml,  not  ml. 

Miasma,  ml-as/ma,  not  ml-as/ma. 
Michael  Angelo,  mi'ka-el  Sn'ge-lo;  me-kel  Sn'ge-lo 

(Italian). 

Michaelmas,  mleh'al-mas. 

Michigan,   m^h'i-gan  (Web.);  mlgh'i-ga'n  (Wore.). 
Microscope,  mi'ero-s-eOpe. 
Microscopic,  mi-ero-s^Sp'ie,  not  mi€-ro-s«6p'i€. 
Microscopist,  ml'-ero-seo-pist  (Wore.); 

pist,  or  mi'ero-seO-pist  (Web.). 
Microscopy,   mi-erQs'eo-py   (Wore.); 

(Web.). 

Middle,  mld'dle,  not  mld'dul.     See  cuddle. 
Mignonette,     min-yon-e't'     (Web.);     min-yo-n6t' 

(Wore.). 

Mikado,  ml-ka"do.  (Web.);  mi-kS'do  (Wore.). 
Milan,  mll'an,  or  ml-lSn'. 

"  The  usage  of  the  best  English  poets,  as  well  as 
of  the  best  speakers,  is  decidedly  in  favor  of  the 
first  pronunciation. " — Webster. 

Milch,  milch,  not  milch,  nor  mlkh. 
Mildew,  mil'do,  not  mil'du.     See  n. 
Millinery,  mll'li-ngr-y,  not  mll'li-nSr-y,  nor  mll'ner-y. 
Millionaire,  mll'yun-air  (Web.). 
See  next  page  (millionnaire). 

a,   e,   I,    0,    o,    y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   o,    u,   y,    short; 
0.ir,   Urm,  ask,  all,   what,    ere,  6rr,  prey,   mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  285 

Millionnaire,  mll'yun-ar  (Web.);  mIl-yun-ar'(Wor<?. ). 
Mimetic,  mi-mgt'ie,  not  mim'e-ti«. 
Mindful,  mind'ful,  not  mind'ful.     See  faithful. 
Mineralogy,  mln-er-al'o-gy,  not  min-er-al'o-gy. 
Miniature,  mln'i-a-tnre,  or  mln'it-yur  (Web.);  mm'- 

ia-ture,  or  mln'i-a-tare  (Wore.). 
Minute  (noun),  mln'it   (Web.);   mln'ut,  or  min'it 

(Wore.). 
Minute  (adj.),  ml-nnte'  (Web.);  mi-nute',  or  mi-note' 

(Wore.). 

Minutely,  mi-nute'ly,  not  mi-nnte'ly. 
Minutia,  mi-nn'shi-a,  not  mi-nu'sha. 
Mirabel,  mir'a-bSl. 
Miracle,  mlr'a-ele,  not  m^r'a-€le. 
Miraculous,  mi-r2€'u-lofis,  not  m'rSe'u-lofis. 
Mirage,  mI-razh'(Web.);nil-razb.'(Worc.);wo^mir'age. 
Mirthful,  mirth'ful,  not  mlrth'ful.     See  faithful. 
Misanthrope  mls'an-thrope,  not  ml§'an-thr0pe. 
Misbehave,  mis-be-have',  not  mi§-be-have'. 
Mischance,  mis-change',  not  mis-change'. 
Mischievous,  mis'che-vus,  not  mls-che'vus. 
Misconstrue,  mls~eSn'strue,  not  mls-«on-strue'. 
Misdemeanor,  mis-de-mean'or,  not  ml§-de-mean'or. 
Miserere,  mi§-e-rs're. 
Misery,  mls/er-y.  not  mls'ry. 

Misfortune,  mls-fort'ane,  not  mis-fort'chun.    See  Q. 
Mississippi,  mls-sis-sip'pi,  not  mls-slp'pi. 
Misnomer,  mls-nO'mer,  not  ml§-nO'mer. 
Misogynist,  ml-s6g'y-nist. 

s6n,    6r,    dg,   wolf,   wdbl,    moTm,    byll,   ftrn,    rude, 
gent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e^ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


286  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OKTHOEPY. 

Missouri,  mis-sou'ri  (Wore.);  miss-ou'ri  (Web.). 

Missile,  mis'slle,  not  mls'slle. 

Missionary,  mish'un-a-ry,  not  mlsh'un-a-ry. 

Mistletoe,  mlz'1-toe,  not  mls'1-tOe. 

Mitten,  mlt'ten,  not  mlt'tu. 

Mixture,  mlxt'nre,  not  mlxt'chur.     See  n. 

Mizzen,  miz'zn,  not  mlz'zen. 

Mnemonics,  ne-mSn'ies,  not  ne-mOn'ies. 

Mobile,  mo'blle  (Web.);  mo-bi'le',  or  mQb'ile  (Wore.). 

Moccasin,  m&e'ea-sin,  not  moV€a-§in. 

Mocha,  mo'eha,  not  m5«h'a. 

Mock,  m5ck,  not  m6ck. 

Mockery,  m5ck'er-y,  not  mSck'ry. 

Model,  mSd'el,  not  m5d'l. 

Moderate,  m5d-e-ra'to,  not  m6d-e-ra'to. 

Modest,  mdd'est,  not  mQd'ist. 

Modiste,  mo-dist',  not  mo-di'st-a'. 

Modulate,  mOd'Q-late,  not  mQd'ju-late. 

Mohammedan,   mo-hSm'med-an,   not  mo-ham'me- 

dan. 
Moiety,   moi'e-ty   (Wore.) ;    mdi'e-ty,   or  maw'e-ty 

(Web.). 

Moire  antique,  mw6r'2n-tsk'. 
Moisten,  mol'sn,  not  mols'ten. 
Moisture,  moist'nre,  not  mois'chur.    See  Q. 
Molecular,  mo-l&e'u-lar. 
Molecule,  m5l'e-enle,  not  mol'e-€Qle. 
Molestation,  m6l-es-ta'tion,  not  mo-les-ta'tion. 
Moliere,  mo-li-ere'. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   Q,   y,  long;   a,  S,   I,  5,   H,   y,    short; 
Sir,  firm,  ask,  all,  what,   Sre,  §rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY,  287 

Mollient,   mSl'yent,   or  mdl'le-ent  (Wore.) ;    same 

transposed  (Web.). 
Moloch,  mO'l&eh,  not  mSl'Seh. 
Molten,  mol'tn,  not  mol'ten. 
Momentary,  mo'men-ta-ry,  not  mo'men-ta'ry. 

"In  the  terminations  a-ny  and  a-ry,  the  a  has 
usually  the  same  sound  as  short  e  unaccented." — 
Webster. 

Monad,  m5n'ad,  not  m5'nad. 

Monadic,  mo-nSd'ie,  not  mo-na'di€. 

Monarchic,  mo-nSreh'k. 

Monarchist,  m5n'ar-eh-ist,  not  mo-na'rch'ist. 

Monastery,  m5n'as-ter-y,  not  mOn'as-te'ry. 

Monetary,  mon'e-ta-ry  (Web.);  m5n'e-ta-ry,  or  m6n'- 

e-ta-ry  (Wore.). 

Mongolian,  mon-go'li-an,  not  mon-gol'yan. 
Mongrel,  mon'grel,  not  mSn'grel. 
Monk,  monk,  not  m5nk. 
Monocotyledon,  m6n-o-€6t-y-l6'don. 
Monogamist,  mo-n5g'a-mist,  not  m6n'o-gam-ist. 
Monogamy,  mo-nOg'a-my,  not  m5n'o-g5m-y. 
Monogram,  m5n'o-gram,  not  mo'no-gram. 
Monograph,  mSn'o-graph,  not  mo'no-gr^ph. 
Monologue,    m5n'o-l6gue,    not    mO'no-l5gue,    nor 

m5n'o-10gue.     See  apalogue. 
Monomania,  m5n-o-ma'ni-a,  not  mo-no-man'ya. 
Monomaniac,  m6n-o-ma'ni-a€,  not  mo-ni-ma'ni-ac. 
Monostich,  mQn'o-stleh,  not  mQn'o-stltch. 

son,    6r,    do,   wolf,    wdbl,    md5n,    bi.ill,   ftrn,    rude, 
gem,     go,      i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


288 


WARM AN  8   PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY. 


Monosyllabic,  mOn-o-syl-lSb'ie,  not  mOn-o-syl'la-bk. 

Monosyllable,  m6n'o-syl-la-ble,  not  mOn-o-syTla-ble. 

Moral,  mSr'al,  not  m6r'al. 

Morale,  mo-rale'. 

Morgue,  morgue,  not  morgue. 

Moribund,  mOr'i-bund,  not  m6r'i-bund. 

Morpheus,  mor'phens,  or  mdr'phe-tis  (Web.);  m&r'- 

pheus  (Wore.). 

Morphine,  mor'phlne,  not  m&r'phi'ne. 
Morsel,  mdr'sel,  not  m&r'sl. 
Mortal,  m6r'tal,  not,  mor'tl. 
Mortise,  m6r'tise,  not  mor'tige. 
Mortuary,  mort'Q-a-ry,  not  m6r'chu-a-ry. 
Mosaic,  mo-§a'i«,  not  mo-sa']>. 
Moscow,  m<5s'€0w,  not  m5s'«o\v. 
Moslem,  m6§'lem  (\Veb.);  mOs'lem  (Wore.). 
Mosque,  m6sque,  not  mOsque. 
Moss,  m5ss,  not  m6ss. 
Mossy,  mSs'sy,  not  m6s'sy. 
Moth,  mOth,  not  m6th. 

Moths,  m6^§,  not  m6^A§,  nor  mSths.     See  truths. 
Mountain,  moun'tln,  not  moun'tn,  nor  moun'ting. 

See  image. 

Mountainous,  moun'tin-fls,  not  moun'tain-ous. 
Mouths  (noun),  mouthy,  not  mouths. 
Mozart,  mo-za'rt';  mOt'sart  (German). 
Mucilaginous,  mn-^i-lag'i-nous,  not  mn^i-la'gi-noiis. 
Muddle,  mud'dle,  not  mud'dul.     See  cuddle. 
Multifarious,  mfil-ti-fa'ri-ous,  not  mul-ti-fa'ri-oQs. 

a,   e,    I,    G,    Q,    y,   long;    2,   8,   I,    o,    u,    y,    short; 
&ir,  a'rm,  ask,  §11,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  289 

Multiplication,  mul-ti-pli-ea'tion,  not  mfil-ti-pi-ea'- 

tion. 

Multitude,  mul'ti-tude,  not  mfil'ti-tude.    See  a. 
Munich,  mu'ni^h,  not  mn'nich. 
Municipal,  mu-ni9'i-pal,  not  mn-ni-9lp'al. 
Murderer,  mur'der-er,  not  mur'drer. 
Muriate,  mn'ri-ate,  not  mu'ri-ate. 
Murillo,  mu-rll'lo;  mu.-reTyo  (Spanish). 
Murrain,  mur'raln,  not  mur-rain'. 
Muscovado,  miis-eo-va'do. 
Museum,  mn-§e'um,  not  mu'se-um. 
Mushroom,  mush'rdbm,  not  mush'roTm  . 
Muskallonge,  mus'kal-longe  ( Web. );l5nge'( Wore.). 
Muskrat,  musk'rSt,  not  mush'rSt. 
Mussulman,  mus'sul-m3n,  not  mu§'§ul-man. 
Mustache,  mus-tache'  (Web.);  same,  or  mus-tache' 

(Wore.). 

The  latter  pronunciation  is  very  harsh,  but  for- 
tunately it  is  seldom  heard. 

Mutton,  miit'tn,  not  mut'ton. 

Mutual,  mdt'n-al,  not  mn'chu-al. 

My,  my  (Web.);  my,  or  me";  e  obscure  (Wore.). 

This  is  a  little  word,  but  a  very  troublesome  one. 
The  y  has  its  full  long  sound  when  the  word  my  is 
so  circumstanced  as  to  be  brought  in  contradistinc- 
tion with  any  other  possessive  pronoun.  This  is  my 
book,  not  yours.  In  all  other  cases  it  should  be 
long  y  obscured,  or  may  possibly  be  accepted  when 

s6n,    6r,    dp.,    wplf,   wdbl,    m<5on,    byll,    Cirn,    rude, 
cent,      «an,     gem,     go,     i§,      e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


290  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL.  ORTHOEPY. 

given  as  shorty,  inasmuch  as  Worcester  sanctions 
it;  yet  the  short  y  sound  (ml)  tinges  a  little  of 
affectation.  It  is  quite  common  upon  the  stage, 
but  the  stage  is  no  longer  recognized  authority. 

By  all  means  do  not  let  the  y  be  turned  into  long 
e,  as  Webster  says,  "after  the  Irish  fashion,  'I 
took  down  m56  hat."  Neither  should  ml  be  used 
in  serious  or  solemn  discourse. 

Myrtle,  mgr'tle,  not  mSr'tul.     See  cuddle. 
Mythological,  mjfth-o-lSg'ie-al,  not  my^A-o-lOg'ie-al. 
Mythology,  my-thoTo-gy,  not  my-th6To-gy. 

N. 

If  you  place  your  tongue  in  the  position  of  t,  and 
while  retaining  it  in  that  position  make  the  t  audi- 
ble without  removing  the  tongue,  you  will  produce 
d.  Keep  the  point  of  the  tongue  in  t  and  d  posi- 
tion, and  by  changing  the  vocal  current  of  air  from 
the  mouth  to  the  nostrils,  the  result  will  be  n.  As 
p,  b  and  m  can  be  made  with  the  lips  held  in  the 
position  of  the  first  of  the  three  elements  (p),  so 
t,  d  and  n  can  be  made  without  removing  the  point 
of  the  tongue  after  placing  it  in  the  position  of 
the  first  element  (t). 

Bear  in  mind  that  we  make  a  distinction  between 
p  and  t  position,  and  p  and  t  breath.  Observe  the 
same  rule  for  p,  t  and  Tc  —  as  regards  keeping  the 
position  closed  —  as  we  give  for  b,  d  and  g,  under 

a,   e,   I,   0,   Q,   y,   long ;   2,  £,   I,   5,   ti,   y,    short ; 
Mr,  arm,  ask,  §11,  what,   £re,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WABMAN's    PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY.  291 

their  respective  headings.   For  further  information 
concerning  n,  see  our  Critical  Survey. 

Nabob,  na'bob  (Web.);  na'bSb  (Wore.). 

Naiad,  na'yad,  not  na'id,  nor  nl'ad. 

l^Iaive,  nS'i've,  not  nive. 

Naively,    nS'ive-ly    (Web.) ;    nS'ive-ly,   or   naively 
(Wore.). 

Naivete,  ns'lve-te  (Web.);  na'ev-te'  (Wore.). 

Nape,  nape,  not  nSpe. 

Naphtha,   nap'tha    (Wore.) ;    nap'tha,    or    naf'tha 
(Web.). 

Narcotine,  nSr'eo-tlne,  not  n&r'-eo-tlne,  nor  tine. 

Narrate,  n£r'rate,  or  n£r-rate'  (Wore.);  same  trans- 
posed (Web.). 

Narrator,  nar-ra'tor,  not  nSr'ra-tor. 

Narrow,  nSr'rOw,  not  na'r'rOw. 

Nasal,  na'gal,  not  na'sal. 

Nasality  na-§al'i-ty,  not  na-ssl'i-ty. 

Nascent,  n2s'9ent,  not  na'sent. 

Nastily,  nas'ti-ly  (Web.);  nSs'ti-ly  (Wore.). 

Nasty,  nas-ty,  not  n^s'ty. 

Natal,  na'tal,  not  niit'al. 

National,  nSsh'un-al,  not  na'shun-al. 

The  orthoepists,  with  the  exception  of  Knowles, 
fully  agree  on  this  pronunciation. 

Nationality,  n3sh-un-aTi-ty,  not  na-shun-aTi-ty. 
Natural,  nat'n-ral,  not  nat'chur-al. 
Naturalize,  nSt'Q-ral-ize,  not  na"t'chur-al-ize. 

s6n,    6r,   dq,   \vx?lf,   wdbl,    mdon,    byll,   urn,    rude, 
<;ent,     ean,     gem,     go,     ig,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


292  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Nature,  nat'nre,  not  na'chur.     See  n. 

The  same  with  all  words  of  this  nature. 

Naught,  naught,  not  naught. 

Naughty,  naugh'ty,  not  na'ugh'ty. 

Nausea,  nau'she-a,  not  nau'sha. 

Nauseant,  nau'she-Snt,  not  nau'se-ant. 

Nauseate,  nau'she-ate,  not  nau'se-ate. 

Nauseous,  naw'shus,  not  naw'she-us,  nor  nftw'se-ous. 

Naval,  na'val,  not  na'vl. 

Navel,  na'vl,  not  na'vel. 

Nazarene,  nSz-a-re"ne',  not  nSz'a-rSne. 

Nearest,  nSar'est,  not  nSar'ist.     See  image. 

Nebraska,  ne-br3s'ka,  not  ne-bra's'ka. 

Necessitate,  ne-96s'si-tatc,  not  ne-96s'si-ate. 

Necklace,  ngck'lage,  not  neck'lus. 

Necrologic,  n&e-ro-lSg'ie,  not  ne-€r5l'o-gi€. 

Necrology,  ne-er5l'o-gy,  not  ng€-r6To-gy. 

Necromancy,  nS€'ro-man-9y,  not  ne'ero-man-qy. 

Necropolis,  ne-€r6p'o-lis. 

Necroscopic,  n6€-ro-s«5p'i€. 

Necroscopy,  ne-er5s'-eo-py,  not  n6«'ros-€5p-y. 

Necropsy,  nee'rop-sy,  not  ne-erOp'sy. 

Nectarean,  ng€-ta're-an,  not  nee-ta-re"an. 

Nectarine,  nge'tar-lne,  not  neVtar-ine,  nor  i'ne. 

Nee,  na,  not  nee. 

Needful,  ueed'fyl,  not  nsed'fdl.     See  faith'ful. 

Ne'er,  ner,  not  neT  nor  ner. 

Negligee,  neg-li-zha'. 

ft,   6,    i,    0,    n,    y,   long;    3,   6,    I,    0,    d,    y,    short; 
Sir,  Urm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  'Srr,  prey,   mi'en,  sir, 


WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  293 

Negotiable,  ne-gO'shs-a-ble,  not  ne-gO'shl-ble. 
Negotiate,  ne-go'shi-ate,  not  ne-go'shate. 
Negotiation,  ne-go-shi-a'shun,  not  ne-gO-sha'shun. 
Negro,  ne'gro,  not  nlg'ger. 
Neighboring,  neigh'bor-lng,  not  neigh'bring. 
Neither,  nSi7Aer  (Wore.);  ne~i7Aer,  or  nel7Aer  (Web.). 

See  either,  where  you  will  find  a  note  in  reference 
to  both  words  either  and  neither. 

Nemesis,  nSm'e-sis,  not  ne-mls'is. 

Nephew,  ngf'yu  (Web.);  nev'vu,  or  n8f  'fu  (Wore.). 

"This  word  is  uniformly  pronounced  neVvn  by 
the  English  orthoepists;  but  in  the  United  States 
it  is  often  pronounced  nef'fu."  —  Worcester. 

We  would  like  to  see  a  uniformity  established  in 
these  ph  combinations  —  diphthong,  diphtheria, 
triphthong,  naphtha,  nephew,  etc.  See  triphthong. 

Nepotism,  n6p'o-ti§m,  not  ne'po-tism. 

Neptune,  nep'tnne,  not  nep'chun.     See  Q. 

Nervine,  nSrv'lne,  not  ne"r'vine,  nor  vine. 

Nescience,  nesh'enge  (Web.);  ne'sh'e-e'nge  (Wore.). 

Nestle,  nes'l,  not  nes'tle. 

Nether,  ne^A'er,  not  ngth'er. 

Nethermost,  ne^'er-most,  not  n^th'er-mOst. 

Neuralgia,  nen-r3l'gi-a,  not  neu-ral'i-gy. 

Neuter,  neo'ter  not  neu'ter.     See  Q. 

Neutral,  nea'tral,  not  ne\j'tral. 

Nevada,  ne-va'da  (Wore.);  ne-va'da  (Web.). 

Neve,  ne've. 


son,    Cr,    dcj,   wplf,   wdbl,    mdon,    by  11,    fkrn, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


294  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

New,  nn,  not  nu.     See  n. 

Newfoundland,  nn'f ond-land  (Web. ) ;  same,  or  new- 

found'land  (Wore.). 
Newfoundland  (adj.),  nn-found'land. 
New  Orleans,  nn-6r'le-an§,  not  new-or-lgn§'. 
News,  nQ§,  not  nu§.     See  n. 
Newsmonger,  nti§'m6n-ger,  not  nus/m5n-ger. 
Newspaper,  nu§'pa-per,  not  nus'pa-per. 
Niagara,  ni-Sg'a-ra,  not  ni-ag'ra. 
Nice  (city),  ni'ge,  not  nlge. 
Nicety,  m'ge-ty,  not  nige'ty. 
Niche,  niche,  not  ntehe. 

Nicotine,  nte'o-tlne,  not  nle'o-ti'ne,  nor  nle'o-tlne. 
Night-Blooming  Cereus,  night-bleom-ing-ge're-tts, 

not  ge'rtis. 

Nihilist,  ni'hil-ist,  not  nl'le'ist. 
Nihilistic,  ni-hil-ls'tk,  not  nll-Wtie. 
Niobe,  ni'o-be,  not  ni'obe. 
Nomad,  nSm'ad,  not  no'mad. 
Nomadian,  no-ma'di-an,  not  no-mSd'i-an. 
Nomadic,  no-mad'k,  not  no-ma'di«. 
Nom  de  plume,  u5m-de-plnme',  not  nOm'de-plnme. 
Nomenclature,  nO'men-«lat-nre   (Wore.);  no-men- 

dat'nre  (Web.). 

Nominative,  n6m'i-na-tlve,  not  n6m'na-tlve. 
Nonchalant,  n6n'gha-lang'  (Wore.);  nOn-gha-l6ng' 

(Web.). 
None,  n6ne  (Wore.);  n6ne,  or  none  (Web.). 

Webster  is  the  only  orthoepist  who  allows  the 

ft,   6,   I,   0,   Q,   y,   long;   a,  8,   I,   6,   ti,   ?,    short; 
air,  a'rm,  ask,  all,   what,   ere,  §rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  295 

second   marking.     It  is  seldom  used  by  the  best 

speakers. 

Nonpareil,  nSn-pa-rSil',  not  nQn'pa-rell. 
Nonplussed,  nSn'plust,  not  n5n-plust'. 
Nonsuit,  nOn'snit,  not  nSn-snit',  nor  nSn'sviit. 
Nook,  nook  (Web.);  n6T>k,  or  nook  (Wore.). 
Noology,  no-51'o-gy. 
Noon,  noon,  not  noon. 
Noose,  noo§e,  or  noose. 
Normal,  nor'mal,  not  nOr'mal. 
Norwegian,  nor-we"'gi-an,  not  nor-we'gan. 
Norwich,   nor'rig  (Eng.);    ndr'wich  (U.  S.)« 
Northern,  n6r^A'ern,  not  n6r^'en. 
Nosology,  no-s5l'o-gy  (Web.);  same,  or  no-§oTo-gy 

(Wore.). 

Nostril,  nQs'tril,  not  n6s'tril. 
Nostrum,  nOs'trum,  not  nos'trum. 
Notable  (remarkable),  not'a-ble. 
Notable  (careful),  not'a-ble. 

"  When  this  word  signifies  remarkable,  it  ought 
to  be  pronounced  not'a-ble;  and  when  it  means  care- 
ful or  bustling,  not'a-ble.  The  adverb  follows  the 
same  analogy;  nor  ought  this  distinction  (though  a 
blemish  in  language)  to  be  neglected. " — Walker. 

Nothing,  n6th'ing   (Wore.);  n6th'ing,   or  nSth'ing 
(Web.). 

Webster  stands  alone  in  the  second  marking. 
Notice,  no'tlge,  not  no'tus. 

s6n,    6r,    dp.,   wplf,   wdbl,    m6T>n,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


296  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Notwithstanding,  n6t-with-stand'ing,    not    nOt- 


Nought,  nought,  not  naught. 

Novel,  n5v'el,  not  nQv'l. 

Novice,  n6v'i9e,  not  n5v'us. 

Novitiate,  no-vlsh'i-ate,  not  no-vlsh'ate. 

Noxious,  nOx'shus,  not  nOg'shus,  nor  nSx'i-ous. 

Nubia,  nn'bi-a,  not  nu'bi-a,  nor  nu'by. 

Nucleous,  nn'ele-ous,  not  nu'ele-ous.     See  u. 

Nudity,  nn'di-ty,  not  nu'di-ty.    See  n. 

Nugget,  nug'get,  not  nug'get. 

Nuisance,  nni'sange,  not  nui'sange.     See  Q. 

Numb,  num,  not  numb. 

Numerous,  nn'mer-ous,  not  nu'mer-ous.    Seen. 

Nuncio,  niin'she-0,  not  niin'gi-o. 

Nuptial,  nup'shal,  not  nupt'yal. 

Nurture,  nurt'nre,  not  nurt'chur.     See  u. 

Nutriment,  nn'tri-mgnt,  not  nu'tri-ment.     See  fl. 

Nutritious,  nn-trlsh'us,  not  nu'trish-us.     See  o. 

Nutritive,  nu'tri-tlve,  not  nu'tri-tlve.     See  Q. 

O. 

Phonetically  speaking,  o  has  but  two  sounds, 
long  and  short.  Other  than  these  we  designate  by 
sounds  of  other  vowels,  as  broad  a,  short  u,  etc. 
See  "Visible  Speech  Vowel  Symbols,"  page  88,  in 
regard  to  this  vowel. 

Oaken,  Oak'n,  not  Oak'en. 

Oar,  Oar,  not  6ar. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   Q,   y,   long;   &,  8,   I,   6,   fl,   y",    short; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   £re,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPT  297 

Oasis,  o'a-sls  (Wore.);  O'a-sls,  or  0-a'sis  (Web.). 
Oasis    (plural),  O'a-sig    (Wore.);  D'a-si§,   or  o-a'sTj 

(Web.). 

Oaten,  oat'n,  no/  Gat'en. 
Oath,  oath,  not  Oa/A. 
Oaths,  oaths,  not  Oaths.     See  truths. 
Obbligato,  5b-bli-ga'to,  not  ob-bli-gS'tO. 
Obduracy,  Sb'du-ra~9y,  or  ob-da'ra-9y. 
Obdurate,  5b'du-rate,  or  ob-da'rate,  not  du« 
Obedience,  o-be'di-en9e,  not  o-be'genge. 
Obeisance,  o-bei'san9e,  or  o-b6i'san9e  (Wore.); same 

transposed  (Web.). 
Obelisk,  Ob'e-lisk,  not  o'be-lisk. 
Oberon,  Cb'e-ron,  not  5'be-ron. 
Obese,  o-bese',  not  o-be§e'. 
Obesity,  o-bes'i-ty,  not  o-be'si-ty. 
Obey,  o-bey',  not  ft-bej'. 

This  should  be  long  o  obscured,  not  the  sound  of 
u  in  urge.  Whenever  a  long  vowel  forms  an  initial, 
unaccented  syllable,  approximate  its  long  sound, 
a-bout,  e-vent,  i-dea,  o-bey,  u-nite.  • 

Obit,  o'bit,  or  5b'it. 

Obituary,  o-bit'n-a-ry,  not  o-bit'chura-ry.     See  fl. 
Objurgate,  ob-jur'gate,  not  6b'jur-gate. 
Obligatory,  6b'li-ga-to-ry,  not  ob-lig'a-to-ry. 
Oblige,  o-blige',  not  o-bli'ge'. 

"  Formerly  obleef,  and  still  so  pronounced  by  some 
old-fashioned  speakers." —  Webster.  (See  next  page.) 

son,    fir,    da,   wolf,   wool,    moon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
<jent,      can,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,      thy,     n-ng. 


298  WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OBTHOKPY. 

"  The  word  oblige,  which  was  formerly  classed 
with  marine,  etc.,  is  now  pronounced  regularly." — 
Smart. 

"  John  Kemble  is  said  to  have  corrected  the 
Prince  of  Wales  (George  IV.)  for  adhering  to  the 
former  pronunciation  by  saying,  '  It  will  become 
your  royal  mouth  better  to  say  oblige. ' " —  Worcester. 

"  When  Lord  Chesterfield  wrote  his  letters  to  his 
son,  the  word  oblige  was  by  many  polite  speakers  pro- 
nounced as  if  written  obleege,  as  if  to  give  a  hint  of 
their  knowledge  of  the  French  language;  nay,  Pope 
has  rhymed  it  to  this  sound: 

Dreading  even  fools  by  flatterers  besieged, 
And  so  obliging  that  he  ne'er  obliged. 

But  it  was  so  far  from  having  generally  obtained, 
that  Lord  Chesterfield  strictly  enjoins  his  son  to 
avoid  this  pronunciation  as  affected.  In  a  few 
years,  however,  it  became  so  general  that  none  but 
the  lowest  vulgar  ever  pronounced  it  in  the  English 
manner;  but  upon  the  publication  of  the  noble- 
man's letters,  which  was  about  twenty  years  after 
he  wrote  them,  his  authority  had  so  much  influence 
with  the  polite  world  as  to  bid  fair  for  restoring 
the  i  in  this  word  to  its  original  rights;  and  we  not 
unfrequently  hear  it  now  pronounced  with  the 
broad  English  i  in  those  circles  where,  a  few  years 
ago,  it  would  have  been  an  infallible  mark  of  vul- 
garity."—  Walker. 

a,  e,  i,  o,  n,  y,  long;  a,  6,  i,  5,  a,  y,  short; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   $re,  §rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  299 

Oblique,  ob-lique',  or  ob-llque'. 

"  When  it  becomes  the  custom  to  write  this  word 
in  the  English  form  oblike,  it  will  be  consistent  to 
give  up  the  French  pronunciation;  but  not  till 
then." — Smart. 

Obnoxious,  ob-nSk'shus,  not  ob-nOg'shus. 
Obscenity,  ob-sgen'i-ty,  not  ob-scSn'i-ty. 
Obsequies,  5b'se-quie§,  not  ob-se"'quies. 
Observation,  Sb-§er-va'tion,  not  Qb-ser-va'tion." 
Obsolete,  5b'so-lete,  not  6b-so-le"te'. 
Obstetrics,  ob-stet'ries,  not  ob-stet'er-ics. 
Obstreperous,  ob-str6p'er-ous,  not  ob-strSp'rous. 
Obtrude,  ob-trude',  not  ob-trnde'. 
Obtrusion,  ob-tru'zhun,  not  ob-tru'shun.     See  adhe- 
sion. 

Obtrusive,  ob-tru'sive,  not  ob-tru.'zive.    See  effusive. 
Obtuse,  ob-tose',  not  obtuse'. 

Obtusion,  ob-ta'zhun,  not  ob-tu'shun.    See  adhesion. 
Obverse  (adj.),  ob-vgrse'. 
Obverse  (noun),  Ob'vSrse. 
Occasion,  5€-€a'zhun,  not  O-ea'shun. 
Occiput,  Oe'gi-put,  not  6€'«i-piit. 
Occult,  o€-cult',  not  6^'^ult. 
Oceanic,  o-she-an'ie. 
Oceanus,  o-96'a-nus. 
Ocher,  o'«her,  not  6«h'er. 
Ocmulgee,  ae-mial'g66,  not  o€-maTgee. 
Oconee,  o-«0'nee,  not  0~eo-ne"S'. 

s6n,   6r,   do,   wplf,   wdbl,    m6T)n,    byll,   ftrn,    r\ide, 
9ent,     €an,     gem,     go,     ig,     e?ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


300  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OKTHOEPY. 

Octagon,  0«'ta-gOn,  not  Oe'ta-gon. 

Octavo,  oe-ta'vo,  not  o«-ta'vo.   . 

Octuple,  Oe'tu-ple,  not  Se-tn'ple. 

Odd,  Odd,  not  odd. 

Odeon,  o-ds'on,  not  o'de-on. 

Odious,  O'di-ous  (Web.);  Od'yus,  or  0'di-ous(Worc.); 

not  o'jus. 
Odium,  o'di-um  (Web.);  o'di-um,  0rOd'yum(Worc.); 

not  o'jum. 

Odorine,  o'dor-lne,  not  o'dor-lne. 
Odyesey,  Od'y-sy,  not  O'dy-sy. 
O'er,  O'er,  not  6'er. 
Of,  Ov,  not  uv. 

Off,  off  (Web.);  Off,  or  off  (Wore.). 
Offal,  Offal,  not  offal,  nor  Offal. 
Offer,  Offer,  not  6f fer. 
Office,  Of '696,  not  office. 
Official,  of-f  ish'al,  not  o-f  Ish'al. 
Officiate,  of-fish'i-ate,  not  of-f  Ish'ate. 
Officinal,   of-fig'i-nal,   or   of-fi-gi'nal  (Web.);  same 

transposed  (Wore.). 
Officious,  of-f ish'ous,  not  o-flsh'ous. 
Offset  (verb),  6ff's6t    (Wore.);    off-seY,   or  Off's6t 

(Web.). 

Offspring,  Off 'spring,  not  off 'spring. 
Oft,  Oft  (Web.);  Oft,  or  6ft  (Wore.). 
Often,  Of 'n  (Web.);  Of'fn,  or  of'n  (Wore.). 
Ogilby,  o'g'l-by.     . 
Ogilvie,  o'g'1-vie. 

a,   e",   I,   0,    Q,   y,  long;   a,   6,   I,   o,   d,   y,    short; 
fiir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,  6re,  err,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WAEMAN  8   PEACTICAL  OETEOEPY. 

Ogle,  O'gl,  not  Qg'l. 

Old,  Old,  not  ol. 

Olden,  old'n;  not  Old'en. 

Oleander,  o-le-Sn'der,  not  0-le-Sn'der. 

Olefiant,  o'le-fT-ant(Web.);  o-let'i-ant,  or  o'le-f i-ant 

(Wore  ). 
Oleomargarine,  o-le-o-msr'ga-rine,  not  o-le-o-ma'r'- 

ga-rlne,  nor  O-leo-mar'ga-ri'ne. 

G  is  always  hard  before  a,  except  in  gaol. 

Olfactory,  ol-faVto-ry,  not  ol-faVtry. 
Olibanum,  o-lib'a-num,  not  o-li-ba'num. 
Oligarchy,  oTi-gar-ehy,  not  ol-i-gSr'-ehy. 
Olio,  O'li-o,  or  Ol'yO. 

Omega,  o-me'ga  (Wore. ) ;  o-mS'ga,  or  o-m6g'a  (Web. ). 
Omelet,  5m'e-let  (Web.);  Om'let  (AVorc.). 
Ominous,  5m'i-noiis,  not  o'min-ous. 
Omniscience,  om-nlsh'eus   (Web.);   om-nish'i-euge, 

or  om-nlsh'ens  (Wore.). 
Omniscient,     om-nlsh'ent     (Web.);     om-nlsh'i-ent 

(Wore.). 

Omniscious,  om-nish/us,  not  om-nish'i-ous. 
On,  on,  not  on. 
Once,  won9e,  not  wunst. 
Oneida,  o-nei'da,  not  o-nSi'da. 
Onerary,  on'er-a-ry,  not  On'ry. 
Onerous,  on'er-oiis,  not  o'ner-otts. 
Only,  On'ly,  not  on'ly. 
Onomatopoeia,  5n-o-mat-o-p6'ya. 

son,    or,    dq,   wglf,    wdbl,    mdon,    by  11,    ftrn,    ryde, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,f    e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


302  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OETHOEPY. 

Onset,  Sn'sSt,  not  on'set. 

Onslaught,  5n'slaught,  not  dn'slaught. 

Onward,  On' ward,  not  dn'ward. 

Onyx,  O'nyx,  not  On'yx. 

Oolong,  oo'long  (Web.);  6o-l5ng'  (Wore.). 

Opal,  o'pal,  'not  o'pSl. 

Open,  o'pn,  not  O'pen. 

Opening,  o'pn-ing,  not  o'pen-ing. 

Operative,  6p'er-a-tive,  not  Qp'er-a'tive. 

Ophelia,  6-ph6'li-a,  or  0-phsl'ya. 

Ophthalmic,  of-thaTmie,  or  op-thal'mi€  (Web.);  same 

transposed  (Wore.). 
Ophthalmy,  6f'thal-my,  or  5p'thal-my  ( Web. ) ;  same 

transposed  (Wore.);  not  oph-thal'my. 
Opinion,  o-pln'yun,  not  fi-pin'yun. 

Give  every  element  its  due  quantity  and  quality; 
no  more,  no  less.  Do  not  say  O-pln'yun,  nor  u-pln'- 
yun,  but  strike  the  happy  medium.  Avoid  ped- 
antry on  the  one  hand,  and  slovenliness  on  the 
other. 

Opium,  O'pi-um,  not  Op'yum. 

Opodeldoc,      o-po-deTd<5€      (Web.);      5p-o-deTdS<? 

(Wore.). 

Opponent,  op-po'nent,  not  6p'po-nent. 
Opportune,  6p-por-tnne',  not  6p'por-tnne. 
Opportunity,  5p-por-tn'ni-ty,  not    op-por-tu'ni-ty. 

Seen. 
Oppugriant,  op-pug'nant,  not  op-pogn'ant. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   n,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   0,   u,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ftsk,  all,  what,  £re,  Srr,  prey,  mi'eu,  sir, 


WARMAN'S   PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  303 

Oppugner,  op-pngn'er,  not  op-pug'ner. 

Opulence,  op'a-lenge,  not  o"p'a-luc,ne.   See  image. 

Or,  6r,  not  ur. 

Oracle,  5r'a~ele,  not  6r'a-€le. 

Oral,  O'ral,  not  Sr'al. 

Orange,  or'ange,  not&r'inge,  wor6r"nge.  See  image. 

Orange  (William,  Prince  of)  Or'ange,  not  6r'ange. 

Orangoutang,   0-ra'ng'p.u-ta'ng'   (Web.);    same,   or 

O'rSng-Qu'tSng  (Wore.); not  O-rSng-out'tang. 
Orator,  5r'a-tor,  not  6r'a-tor. 
Oratorical,  or-a-t5r'i€-al,  not  6r-a-t6r'i-eal. 
Oratory,  Qr'a-tor-y,  not  6r'a-to-ry. 

The  unaccented  o  should  be  long  o  obscured;  not 
enough  so  to  become  ft,  nor  should  it  have  such  full 
stress  as  to  become  long  o.  There  should  be  a 
marked  difference  between  the  pronunciation  of 
the  word  oratory,  and  the  words  or  a  tory. 

Orchestra,  &r'ehes-tra,  or  or-ehes'tra,  not  or'ches-tra. 

"  In  words  derived  from  the  ancient  languages 
ch  is  generally  hard  like  k.  The  exceptions  are 
charity,  chart  and  charter" — (Wore.  68.) 

Orchestric,  or-eheVtrk,  not  &r'€hes-tri€. 

Ordeal,  6r'de-al,  not  or-ds'al,  nor  6r'je-al,  nor  6rd'- 

yal. 

Ordinary,  6r'di-na-ry,  not  6r'di-na-ry,  worord'n'ry. 
Oregon,  5r'e-gOn,  not  6r'e-gSn. 
Orgeat,  or'zhst  (Wore.);  same,  or  or'zha  (Web.). 
Orgies,  6r'gle§,  not  6r'gle§. 

son,   6r,    do,   wplf,   wdbl,    mdon,    byll,   ftrn,   r^de, 
can,     gem,     go,     ig,     e$ist,     thy, 


304  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Orgues,  6rg§,  not  or'gnes. 

Orgy,  6r'gy,  not  6r'gy. 

Oriel,  o'ri-el,  not  Or'i-el. 

Orifice,  Sr'i-f  ige,  not  6r'i-f  ice. 

Oriflamme,  Or'i-flamme,  not  6r'i-flamme. 

Origin,  5r'i-gln,  not  or'i-giu. 

Original,  o-rig'i-nal,  not  o-rig'o-nal. 

Oriole,  o'ri-ole,  not  6r'i-ole. 

Orion,  o-rl'on,  not  O'ri-on. 

Orison,  5r'i-§on,  not  6r'i-son,  nor  6r'i-son. 

Ornate,  or'nate,  not  6r-nate'. 

Orotund,  O'ro-tund  (Web.);  0-ro-tund'  (Wore.);  not 

Qr'o-tund. 
Orphean,  or-phg'an    (Wore.);  same,    or  6r'phe-an 

(Web.). 
Orpheus,  6r'pheas  (Wore.);  6r'phe-us  (Web.). 

The  former  is  the  more  classic,  the  latter  is  the 
more  popular. 

Orthodox,  6r'tho-d5x,  not  d'r'tho-do'x. 
Orthoepical,  6r-tho-e"p'i€-al. 
Orthoepist,  6r'tho-e-plst,  not  or-tho'e-plst. 
Orthoepy,  6r'tho-e-py,  not  or-tho'e-py. 

There  are  a  number  of  orthoepists  who  favor  the 
second  marking.  For  ease  of  utterance,  and  for 
consistency  with  the  marking  of  orthography,  we 
would  like  to  see  the  accent  shifted  to  the  second 
syllable  in  the  future  editions  of  Webster  and  Wor- 

a,  €,  i,  o,   n,  y,  long;  a,  6,  i,  o,   a,  y,   short; 
&ir,  firm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  air, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  305 

cester.     Such  a  change  would  be  readily  accepted 
by  all  educators. 

Osage,  o-sage',  not  o'sage. 

Oscillatory,  6s'cil-la-tory  (Web.) ;  same,  or  os-gll'la- 

to-ry  (Wore.). 
Osier,  o'zher,  not  o'§i-er. 
Osseous,   oYse-iis,   or   Qsh'e-ofis   (Wore.);    6s'se-iis 

(Web.). 

Ossian,  Ssh'an,  wo£  5s'si-an. 
Ostentate,  5s'ten-tate,  oros-t6n'tate(Web.);  os-tSn'- 

tate  (Wore.). 

Ostentatious,  os-ten-ta'tious,  not  6s-ten-ta'tious. 
Ostler,  Qs'ler  vWorc.);  Sst'ler  (Web.). 
Ostracize,  (5s'tra-9ize,  not  6s'tra-9ize. 
Ostrich,  Ss'trlch,  not  os'trlch. 
Otiose,  o'she-ose  (Web.);  0-she-Os'  (Wore.). 
Otium,  o'she-um,  not  O-she-ttm'. 
Ottar,  6t'tar  (written  also  attar  and  otto). 
Ought,  ought,  not  aught. 
Outre,  ou-tre'. 

Outside,  out'side,  not  out-side'. 
Oven,  6v'n,  not  ov'en. 
Overalls,  o'ver-all§,  not  O'ver-hall§. 
Overseer,  0-ver-sS'er  ( Wore. );0ver-s66r'  (Web.);  not 

O'ver-seer. 

Overt,  0'vSrt,  not  o-v§rt'. 
Overture,  o'vert-nre  (Web.);  o'ver-tare  (Wore.);  not 

o'ver-chnr. 
Ovid  (a  city),  Ov'id. 

s6n,    6r,    do,   wglf,   wdbl,    mdDn,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


306 


WARMAN  8    PRACTICAL    ORTHOEPY. 


Ovid  (the  poet),  5v'id. 

Oxide,  Sx'ide,  not  Qx'ide.     See  bromide. 

Oyer,  o'yer,  not  ojf'er. 

Oyel;  }  °-ySs'(Worc.);  o'yes  (Web.). 
Ozone,  o'zone,  not  0-zOne'. 


By  referring  to  the  chapter  on  "  Visible  Speech 
Consonant  Symbols/'  page  96,  it  will  be  observed 
that  we  make  a  distinction  between  this  silent  ele- 
ment and  when  it  is  given  with  the  puff  of  breath. 

Pacific,  pa-qlf '  ie,  not  pa-9lv'k. 

Pacification,    pa^-i-fi-ea'tion,     or     pa-9if-i-€a'tion 

(Wore.);  same  transposed  (Web.). 
Paddle,  pSd'dle,  not  pad'dul.     See  cuddle. 
Paganini,  ps-ga'-nee'nee. 
Pageant,  pag'eant,  or  pa'geant., 
Pageantry,    pSg'eant-ry,     or    pa'geant-ry   (Web.); 

p3g'eant-ry  (Wore.). 
Pail  mail,  pSl-meT.   See  pall  mall. 
Painful,  pain'fyl,  not  pain'fdl.     See  faithful. 
Palace,  pal'ace,  not  pal'us,  nor  pal'is.     See  image. 
Paladin,  paTa-din,  not  pa-la'din. 
Palanquin,  pSl-an-ken',  not  pSl'an-ken. 
Palatial,  pa-la'shal,  not  pa-la'she-al. 
Palatic,  pa-l5t'ie,  not  paTa-titf. 
Palatine,  pSl'a-tlne,  not  p5l'a-tlne,  nor  tine. 

§,   6,   I,   0,   Q,  y,   long;   a,  6,   I,   o,   u,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,  6re,  6rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN  S   PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 


307 


Palaver,  pa-ls'ver,  not  pa-lav'er. 

Palestine,  pal'es-tine,  not  pal'es-t'ine,  nor  tin. 

Palette,  pal'ette,  not  pa-lStte'. 

Palfrey,  pal'frey  (Web.);pal'frey,  orpal'frey(Worc.). 

The  orthoepists  are  about  equally  divided  on  this 
word. 

Palimpsest,  paTimp-se'st. 

Palisade,  pal-i-sade',  not  pal'i-sade. 

Pallet,  pal'let,  not  pal-let'. 

Palliative,  paTli-a-tlve,  not  pal'li-a-tive. 

Pallid,  paTlid,  not  pal'lud. 

Pall  mall,  pel-mel',  not  pall-mall',  nor  pal-maT. 

Palm,  pa'm,  not  p3m. 

Palmetto,  pal-mgt'to,  not  pal-m6t'to. 

Palmistry,  pal'mis-try. 

Palm  Sunday,  pam'sun-day,  not  pam-sfin'day. 

Palmy,  pa'm'y,  not  pam'y. 

Palsied,  pal'§ied,  not  pal'gied. 

Palsy,  pal'gy,  not  pal'sy,  nor  pal'§y. 

Paltry,  pal'try,  not  pal'try. 

Pamphlet,  pSm'flet,  not  pamp'let. 

Panacea,  pan-a-QS'a,  not  pan'a-96-a. 

Panado,  pa-na'do,  not  pa-na''do. 

Pancreas,  pan'«re-as  (Wore.);  pan'ere-as,   or  pSn'- 

ere-as  (Web.).     See  angular. 
Panegyric,  pan-e-gyr'ie,  not  pan-e-gSr'i€. 

Spirit  and  miracle  were  once  pronounced  speYit 
and  mer'a-cle,   and  there  are  many  of  the  ortho- 

s6n,    6r,    dg,    wglf,   wot>l,    m6T)n,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,     ig,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


308  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

e'pists  who  still  say  squeYrel  and  pan-e-geYie.  Al- 
though Smart  thus  marks  the  last  two  words,  he 
says  "  we  may  hope  in  time  to  hear  them  reclaimed." 
When  Smart  says  "reclaimed,"  he  means  squlr'rel 
as  well  as  pan-e-gyr'ic. 

Panel,  pSn'el,  not  pSn'l. 

Pannier,  pSn'yer,  or  pSn'ni-er. 

Panorama,  pSn-o-ra'ma,  or  pan-o-ra'ma  (Web.);  same 

transposed  (Wore.). 
Pant,  pant,  not  p2nt. 
Pantaloons,  p5n-ta-l<5ons/,  not  pSnt-loon§'. 
Pantheon,  pan-the'on  (as  an  English  word);  pSn'- 

the-on  (as  a  classical  word). 

Hail,  learning's  Pantheon!  Hail  the  sacred  ark, 
Where  all  the  world  of  science  does  embark. — Cowley. 

Mark  how  the  dread  Pantheon  stands 

Amid  the  toys  of  modern  hands. 

How  simply,  how  severely,  great. — Akensidc. 

Panting,  pant'ing,  not  pSnt'ing. 
Pantomime,  pan'to-mime,  not  pan'to-mine. 
Pantry,  pan'try,  not  pan'try. 
Papa,  pa-p;i',  not  pa'pa.    See  mamma. 
Papaw,  pa-paw',  not  pa'paw. 
Papier  mache,  pap'ya-ms'sha. 
Papilla,  pa-pil'la,  not  pSp'il-la. 
Papillary,  pSp'il-la-ry,  not  pa-pll'la-ry. 
3',  not 


i,  e,  I,  o,  a,  y,  long;  2,  5,  I,  5,  fi,  y,   short; 
iir,  arm,  ftsk,  all,  what,  ere,  err,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPT.  309 

Papyrus,  pa-py'rus,  not  pa-p^r'us. 

Parabola,  pa-r3b'o-la,  not  pSr-a-bo'la. 

Parachute,  par'a-qhute  ( Web. );p2r-a-9hute'( Wore.). 

Parade,  pa-rade',  not  p'rade. 

Paradise,  pSr'a-dise,  not  p2r'a-di§e. 

Paradisean,  pSr-a-dlzh'yan  (Wore.);  pSr-a-dls'e-an 

(Web.). 
Paradisian,    p2r-a-dl§'ian    (Wore.)  ;    pSr-a-dl§'i-an 

(Web.). 

Paradisiacal,  pSr-a-di-si'ae-al,  not  §i'. 
Paradisical,   p2r-a-dis'i€-al  (Wore.);  par-a-dlg'ie-al 

(Web.). 

Paraffine,  pSr'af-f  me,  not  pSr'af-f  me. 
Paragon,  pa"r'a-g6n,  not  par'a-gn. 
Parallel,  pSr'al-lel,  not  p2r"l6l. 
Paralysis,  pa-ral'y-sis,  not  pa-rSl'sis. 
Parameter^  pa-rSm'e-ter,  not  par'a-mS-ter. 
Paramo,  pa-ra'mo,  not  pa-ra'mo,  'nor  pSr'a-mo. 
Paraphernalia,  par-a-pher-na'li-a,   not  pSr-a-pher- 

nal'ya. 

Parasite,  par'a-site,  not  paYa-§ite. 
Parasol,  pSr'a-s6l  (Web.)  ;    pSr'a-sOl,    or  par'a-sol 

(Wore.). 
Parcel,  parcel,  not  par'gl. 

This  is  another  of  Webster's  "  colloquials." 

Pardon,  par'dn,  not  pSr'don. 
Paregoric,  pSr-e-g8r'i€,  not  par-e-g6r'i«. 

s6n,    6r,    do,   WQlf,    wdbl,    md&n,    byll,    ftrn,    rude, 
^ent,     ean,     gem,     go,     i§,     e^ist,     thy,     u=ng. 


310 


WARMAN  8   PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 


Parenchyma,  pa-rgn'-ehy-ma  (Web.);  pa-rSn'-ehy-ma 
(Wore.). 

There  is  no  reason  why  this  should  not  conform 
with  words  of  this  class,  i.  e.  "the  n  ending  an 
accented  syllable, "etc.,  becoming  ng.  This  mark- 
ing of  Worcester  is  inconsistent. 

Parent,  par'ent,  not  pa'rent,  nor  par'ent. 
Parentage,  pdr'ent-age  (Web.);  par'ent-age,  or  par'- 

ent-age  (Wore.). 

Parhelion,  par-hs'li-on,  or  par-heTyon. 
Pariah,  pa'ri-ah,  or  pa'ri-ah(Web.);pa"ri-sh  (Wore.); 

not  pa-rl'ah. 

Parian,  pa'ri-an,  not  pSr'i-an. 
Parietal,  pa-n'e-tal,  not  pSr-i-6'tal. 
Paris-green,  par'is-green,  not  pa"r-is-gre"5n'. 
Parisian,  pa-rizh'yan  (Web.);  pa-rlzh'i-an  (Wore.). 
Parliament,    pa'r'le-m6nt     not    par'li-a-ment,    nor 

parrya-merit. 

The  second  syllable  is  not.  marked  in  Webster's, 
but  is  intended  to  be  either  obscure  *  or  obscure  a. 
It  is  immaterial.  Worcester  gives  the  second  syl- 
lable le,  the  e  marked  obscure. 

Parmesan,  piir-me-§an',  not  pSr'me-s.a'n. 

Parnassus,  par-na"s'sus,  not  par-nas'sus. 

Parol,  paYol  (Wore.);  pa-roT  (Web.). 

Parole,  pa-role',  not  par'ol. 

Parotid,  pa-r5t'id,  not  pa-ro'tid. 

Parquet,  pa'r-ka'*(Worc.);  par-ka'  or  par-k6t'  (Web.). 

a,  6,   i,   0,   Q,   y,  long;   a,  6,   I,   5,   «,   y,    short; 
4ir,  arm,  ask,  a.11,  what,  ^re,  §rr,  prey,  m'ien,  sir, 


WABMAN  8   PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 


311 


Parrhasius,  par-ra'shi-us. 

Parsley,  pa'rs'ley,  not  pa'rs/ley. 

Parson,  paYsn,  not  pa'r'son. 

Parterre,  pa'r-terre',  not  pSr-te'r-re". 

Partiality,  pa'r-she-aTi-ty,  not  par-shaTi-ty. 

Participle,  par'ti-qi-ple,  not  pSrt'gip-1. 

Particular,  par-tte'u-lar,  not  par-tle'lar. 

Partisan,  p(ir'ti-§Sn,  not  par'ti-sSn. 

Partner,  pa'rt'ner,  not  pard'ner. 

Partridge,  par'trldge,  not  pat'ridge. 

Parusia,  pa-ru'zhe-a,  not  pa-ru'she-&. 

Parvenue,  pSr've-nne   (Web.);  par've-nue'CWorc.); 

not  par-ve-nne'. 

Paschal,  pas'chal,  not  pasch'al. 
Pasha,  pa-sha' (Wore.);  pa-sha'  or  pS'sha  (Web.). 
Pass,  pass,  not  pass. 
Passable,  pass'a-ble,  not  pSss'a-ble. 
Passado,    pas-sa'do    (Wore.);    same,    or    pas-sa''do 

(Web.). 

Passage,  pSs'sage,  not  pas'sage. 
Passbook,  pass'bdbk,  not  pSss'book. 
Passenger,  paVsen-ger. 
Passe-partout,  pas-par-tp'. 

Passi-flora,  pus-si-flo'ra(Worc.);  pSs'si-flO-ra(Web.). 
Passing,  pass'ing,  not  pSss'ing. 
Passive,  pSs'sive,  not  pas'sive. 
Pass-key,  pass'kgy,  not  pass'kgy. 
Passover,  pass'0-ver,  not  p5ss'o-ver. 
Passport,  pass'pOrt,  not  p3ss'p6rt. 

son,    6r,    dg,   wplf,   wool,    moon,    bull,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


312  WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Password,  pass'wurd,  not  pass'wurd, 
Past,  past,  not  past,  nor  past. 
Pastel,  pSs'tel,  not  pas-teT. 
Pastil,  pSs'til. 
Pastille,  pas-tille'. 

Pastor,  pas'tor,  not  pas'tor,  nor  pas'tor. 
Pasture,  past'ure,  not  past'nre,  nor  pas'chur. 
Patchouly,  pa-chp.u'ly  (Web.);  patch-Qu'ly  (Wore.); 
not  pa-chp.u'la. 

The  former  marking  is  surely  the  more  euphoni- 
ous. 

Patent,  pat'ent,  or  pa'tent  (Wore.);  pa'tent,  or  pat'- 

ent  (Web.). 
Patentee,  pat-en-tee"',  or  pa-ten-tes'  (Wore.);  same 

transposed  (Web.). 

The  weight  of  authority  is  in  favor  of  short  a  in 
these  two  words  and  their  derivative. 

Paternoster,  pa'ter-nQs-ter,  not  pat'er-nos  ter. 
Path,  path,  not  path,  nor  path. 
Paths,  pa(7i§,  not  pa'ths.     See  truths. 
Pathos,  pa'thSs,  not  path'os. 
Patients,  pa'shents,  not  pa'shens. 

We  often   read  of    "patience  on  a  monument," 
but  these  patients  go  under  the  monument. 

Patois,  pat-wa'  (Web.);  pat-wa'  (Wore.). 
Patriarch,  pa'tri-a'reh,  not  pat'ri-areh. 
Patrimony,  pat'ri-mo-ny,  not  pa'tri-mo-ny. 

a,  e,  i,  o,  tt,  y,  long;  a,  6,  i,  o,  i5,  y,  short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  313 

Patriot,  pa'tri-ot  (Web.);  same,  or  pSt'ri-ot  (Wore.). 
Patriotic,  pa'tri-ot-i-e  (Web.);  same,   or  pSt'ri-ot-ie 

(Wore.). 
Patriotism,  pa'tri-ot-i§m  (Web.);  same,  or  pat'ri-ot- 

i§m  (Wore.). 

Patron,  pa'tron  (Web.);  same,  or  pSt'ron  (Wore.). 
Patronage,  p3t'ron-age,  not  pa'tron-age. 
Patronal,  p£t'ron-al,  not  pa'tron-al. 
Patroness,  pa'tron-ess,  not  p&t'ron-ess. 
Patronize,  pat'ron-ize   (Web.);  pSt'ron-ize,   or  pa'- 

trou-lze  (Wore.). 

There  is  neither  uniformity  nor  consistency  in 
the  marking  of  these  words;  hence  we  find  it  neces- 
sary to  give  the  various  forms,  as  no  one  of  them 
would  be  a  safe  guide. 

Paunch,  paunch,  or  paunch. 

Pavement,  pave'ment,  not  pave'munt.     See  image. 

Pavilion,  pa-vil'yun,  not  pa-vll'i-on. 

Pawn,  pawn,  not  pawn. 

Peaceful,  peaceful,  not  pSaQe'ful.     See  faithful. 

Peaked,  peak'ed  (Worc.);pe"ak'ed,  orpeekt  (Web.). 

Peart,  pSart,  not  p6art. 

Pecan,  pe-cSn'  (Wore.);  pe-eSn',  or  pe-egn'  (Web.). 

Peccable,  peVea-ble,  not  ps'«a-ple. 

Peculiar,  pe-eal'yar  (Web.);  pe-enl'yar,  or  pe-«Q'li-ar 

(Wore.). 
Peculiarity,  pe-enl-y2r'i-ty  (Web.)  ;  pe-enl-ye-Sr'i-ty 

(Wore.). 

B6n,    6r,    do,    wolf,   wdbl,    moDn,    byll,    ftrn,    rude. 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,      thy,     n=ng. 


314  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY 

Pecuniary,  pe-etm'ya-ry  (Web.);  same,  or  pe-€n'ni- 

a-ry  (Wore.). 

Pedagogic,  ped-a-gQg'ie,  not  p6d'a-g6g-i«. 
Pedagogism,  p6d'a-g5g-i§m  (Web.);  pSd'a-go-gigm 

(Wore.). 

Pedagogue,  ped'a-gOgue,  not  p6d'a-gogue. 
Pedagogy,  p6d'a-g6g-y  ( Wore. ) ;  pSd'a-gO'gy  ( Web.). 
Pedal  (adj.),  pe'dal. 
Pedal  (noun),  pSd'al. 
Pedalian,  pe-da'li-an,  not  pe-daTyan. 
Pedestal,  pSd'es-tal,  not  pe-dSs'tal. 
Pedobaptist,  ps-do-bap'tist,  not  pgd-o-bfip'tist. 
Pegasus,  pSg'a-sus,  not  pe-g3s'us. 
Pellucid,   pel-lQ'9id,  not  pel-lu'9id.     See  o. 
Pencil,  pgn'gil,  not  pSn'^l. 
Pendulum,  p6nd'Q-lum,  not  pSn'du-lum. 
Penelope,  pe-n6l'o-p5,  not  p6n'e-lope. 
Penguin,  pSn'gwin,  not  pgn'gwin. 

This  is  one  of  the  words  purposely  excepted  from 
being  affected  by  the  ng  rule.     See  angular. 

Peninsula,  pen -in'  su  -la  (Wore.) ;  pen-ln'sn-la,  or 

pen-In'shu-la  (Web.).  See  insulate. 
Penitentiary,  pen-i-t8n'sha-ry,  not  pen-i-tSnsh'ry. 
Pennsylvania,  pSnn-syl-va'ni-a,  not  p6nn-syl-van'ya. 
Pennyroyal,  p6n-ny-r6y'al,  not  pe"n-ny-r6jfT. 
Pensive,  pgn'sive,  not  p6n'§ive. 
Pentarchy,  p6n'tar«h-y,  not  pen-tar«h'y. 
Pentastich,  pSn'fca-stteh,  not  pgn'ta-stltch. 


e,  I,   0,   a,   y,  long;   2,  6,   I,  0,   fi,  y,    short; 
:,  arm,  ask,  all,  whg,t,  ere,  Srr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  315 

Pentateuch,  pen'ta-teneh,  not  pSn'ta-tey.eh.   See  fl. 

Pentecost,  pe"n'te-e6st,  not  p8n'te-«6st. 

Penult,  pS'nult,  or  pe-nult'. 

Penurious,  pe-nn'ri-ous,  not  pe-ny'ri-ous. 

Peony,  p5'o-ny,  notpi'ny.   Sometimes  written  piony. 

It  is  correct  to  say  pi'o-ny,  when  the  word  is  so 
written,  but  it  is  never  pi'ny. 

Peradventure,  p6r-ad-v6nt'nre  not  pe"r-ad-v6nt'are, 

nor  pSr-ad-veVchure. 
Percolate,  pSr'eo-late,  not  peY-eo-late. 

Perdue  \  Per'dQe''   or    P5r/due     (Web.);    per-dne' 

(Wore.). 

Peregrination,  p6r-i-gri-na'tion. 
Peremptorily,  peYemp-to-ri-ly,  not  pSr'emp-to-ri-ly, 

nor  per-emp'to-ri-ly. 
Peremptory,  per'emp-to-ry,   not  pSr'emp-tory,  nor 

per-gmp'to-ry. 
Perfect  (adj.),  pSr'fect. 
Perfect  (verb),  per'feet,  or  per-fS«t'  (Web.);  pe"r'fe«t 

(Wore.). 

We  should  like  to  see  a  uniformity  throughout 
the  dictionary  in  which  the  accent  would  be  shifted 
from  the  first  to  the  second  syllable,  as  distinguish- 
ing the  verb  from  the  noun  and  adjective.  Such 
words  as  detail,  increase,  retail,  permit,  perfume, 
survey,  etc.,  should  be  so  distinguished. 

son,    6r,    do,    wplf,    wdbl,    moTm,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
gent,     «an,     gem,     go,     ig,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


316  WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Perfidious,  per-fid'i-oiis  (Web.)  ;  per-fld'i-oQs,  or 
per-fld'yus  (Wore.). 

Perfume  (verb),  per-fame'. 

Perfume  (noun),  pgr'fame,  or  per-fame'.  See  per- 
fect. 

Perfunctory,  per-func'to-ry  (Web.);  same,  or  pSr'- 
func-to-ry  (Wore.). 

Perhaps,  per-hSps'  not  p'r-hSps'. 

Peri  (prefix),  pgr'i. 

Peri  (fairy),  pS'rl,  not  pe"'rl. 

Pericope,  pe-rie'o-pe,  not  pe-rt'eo-pe,  nor  p8r'i-eope. 

Peril,  per'il,  not  peYl. 

Peripatetic,  pgr-i-pa-teYie,  not  pSr-i-pa-tet'ie. 

Periphrasis,  pe-rlph'ra-sis,  not  per-i-phra'sis. 

Peritonitis,  p6r-i-to-ni'tis,  not  p6r-i-to-nftis.  See 
meningitis. 

Permit  (verb),  per-mlt'. 

Permit  (noun),  pgr'mit,  or  per-mlt'.     See  perfect. 

Peroration,  per-o-ra'tion,  wo^pgr-o-ra'tion. 

Perpetual,  per-pet'a-al,  not  per-pet'chu-al.    See  a. 

Perpetuity,  pgr-pe-ta'i-ty,  not  pgr-pe-tu'i-ty.    See  a. 

Perquisite,  pe"r'kwi-§lte,  not  per-kwlz'ite. 

Persia,  pe"r'shi-a,  notp&r'zha,  nor  pgr'zhi-a. 

Persian,  per'shan,  not  pgr'zhan. 

Persist,  per-slst',  not  persist'. 

Persistency,  per-sist'en-Qy,  not  per-§lst'en-cj. 

Person,  pSr'sn,  not  pgr'son. 

Personnel,  per-son-nSl',  not  pSr-son-n6l'. 

Perspicuity,  per-spi-ea'i-ty,  not  per-spi€'u-i-ty. 

a,    6,    I,    0,    O,    y,   long ;    a,   6,    I,    o,    a,    y,    short ; 
air,  arm,  ask,  g,ll,   what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WAKMAJSr's   PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY.  .317 

Perspiration,  psr-spi-ra'tion,  not  prSs-pi-ra'tion. 

Persuasion,  per-swa'zhun,  not  per-swa'shun.  See 
adhesion. 

Persuasive,  per-swa'sive,  not  per-swa'§ive.  See  ef- 
fusive. 

Pert,  pert,  not  pSrt. 

Perturbate,  per-tftr'bate  (Wore.) ;  per'turb-ate,  or 
per-tdrb'ate  (Web.). 

Pertusion,  per-tn'zhun,  not  per-tn'shun,  nor  per- 
tush'un. 

Perusal,  pe-ru'§al,  not  pe-rn'§al,  nor  pe-ru'sal. 

Peruvian,  pe-ru'vi-an,  not  pe-ruv'yan. 

Pervasion,  per-va'zhun,  not  per-va'shun.  See  adhe- 
sion. 

Pervasive,  per-va'sive,  not  per-va'§ive.  See  effu- 
sive. 

Perversion,  per-vSr'shun,  not  per-veYzlmn.  See  ad- 
hesion. 

Pestiferous,  pes-tif  er-ous,  not  pes-tiv'er-ous. 

Pestle,  pes'l  (Web.);  peYsl,  or  pgs'tle  (Wore.). 

Petal,  peTal,  or  pe'tal. 

Petit,  pet'y  (Web.);  p^t'e,  or  pgt'it  (Wore.) ;  pte 
(French). 

Petroleum,  pe-tro'le-um,  not  pe-trol'yum. 

Petruchio,  pe-tru'chi-o. 

Petulancy,  pSt'n-lan-Qy,  not  pgt'chu-lan-gy.     See  n. 

Phoebe,  phe'be,  not  phebe. 

Phaeton,  pha'e-ton,  not  fa'ton,  nor  fs'ton. 

s6n,    6r,    do,   wolf,   wdbl,    m6T>n,    byll,   ftm,   rude, 
9ent,     «an,    "gem,     go,     i§,     e^ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


318  w ARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OBTHOEPY. 

Phalanx,  pha'lanx,  or  phaTanx. 

The  New  Imperial,  Haldeman  and  others  are  in 
favor  of  the  second  marking.  Though  the  first  is 
the  preference  of  Webster  and  Worcester,  yet  the 
second  accords  more  with  general  usage,  and  is 
more  euphonious. 

Phantasm,  ph3n'ta"§m,  not  phan-t3§m',  nor  phan- 

ta"§'um. 

Phantasma,  phan-tSs/ma,  not  phan-ta"s'ma. 
Phariseeism,  phSr'i-see-l§m,  not  phSr-i-ses'i§m. 
Pharmaceutic,  pha'r-ma-qen'tie,  not  phiir'ma-9eu-ti€. 
Pharmaceutist,  ph3r-ma-9en'tist,  not  phar'ma-9eu- 

tist. 

Pharmacist,  pha'r'ma-9lst. 
Pharmacopoeia,  phSr-ma-eo-pe'ya. 
Pharo,  pha'ro,  not  phS,'rO. 
Pharyngeal,  pha-rj^n'ge-al  (Wore.);  same,  or  phSr- 

yn-gg'al  (Web.). 
Pharyngitis,  phSr-yn-gl'tis,  not  phSr-yn-gl'tis.     See 

meningitis. 

Pharynx,  phSr'ynx,  not  pha'rynx. 
Pheasant,  pheag'ant,  not  pgas'ant. 
Phial,  phi'al,  not  vi'al. 

Philanthropic,  phil-an-thr5p'i«,  not  phi-lan-thrQp'k. 
Philanthropist,  phl-lan'thro-plst,  not  phl-lan'thro- 

plst,  nor  phll-an-thr5p'ist. 

Philanthropy,  phl-lan'thro-py,  not  phl-lSn'thro-py. 
Philippic,  phi-lip'pie,  not  phil'ip-pi€. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   n,   y,  long;   a,  6,  I,   0,   fi,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,  e're,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 


319 


Philippine,  phll-ip-pine',  not  phil'ip-plne. 

Philistine,  phi-lis'tlne,  not  phi-lis'tme. 

Philologic,  phll-o-log'ie,  not  phi-lo-l6g'i€. 

Philologist,  phi-lsl'o-glst,  not  pln-lol'o-glst. 

Philology,  phl-l5l'0-gy,  not  phi-lol'o-gy. 

Philopena,  phll-o-pe'na,  not  phil'o-pS-na. 

Philosopher,  phl-lQs'o-pher,  not  phi-l5s'o-pher. 

Philosophic,  phll-o-s5ph'i€  (Web.);  phll-o-§oph'i« 
or  phll-o-sSph'i-e  (Wore.). 

Philosophy,  phl-]5s'o-phy,  not  phl-l5§'o-phy. 

Phlegmatic,  phleg-mat'i€  (Web.) ;  same,  or  phlgg'- 
ma-tie  (Wore.). 

Phonetist,  ph5n'e-tlst,  not  pho-neTist. 

Phonetization,  pho-ngt-i-za'tion,  not  ph6n-e-ti-za'- 
tion. 

Phonics,  ph5n'i«s,  not  pho'nks. 

Phosphatic,  phos-phat'i«,  not  phos-pha'ti€. 

Phosphorous,  ph5s'phor-ous,  not  phos-pho'rous. 

Photographer,  pho-t5g'ra-pher,wo^pho-to-gr2ph'er. 

Photographist,  pho-t6g'ra-phlst,  not  pho-to-grSph'- 
ist. 

Photography,  pho-tog'ra-phy,  not  pho-to-grSph'y. 

Phraseology,  phra-§e-oTogy,  not  phra-§Ql'o-gy. 

Phrenitis,  phre-ni'tis,  not  phre-nl'tis.  See  laryn- 
gitis. 

Phrenologic,  phrgn-o-l5g'i«,  not  pher-no-l5g'i€. 

Phrenologist,  phre-n5l'o-glst,  not  phrg-nol'o-glst. 

Phrenology,  phre-n5l'o-gy,  not  pher-nOl'o-gy. 

Phthisis,  thl'sis  (Web.);  same,  or  tl'sis  (Wore.). 

s6n,   6r,   dp,   wolf,   wdbl,    mdon,    byll,   dm,    rude, 
gent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e^ist,     #Ay,     n-ng. 


320  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OETHOEPY. 

Physiognomical,  phy"§-i-og-no"m'i€-al,    not  phy§-i- 

5g'no-mi€-al. 
Physiognomies,  phj^-i-og-nOm'ies,  not  phyg-i-og'- 

no-mics. 

Physiognomist,  phy§-i-6g'no-mist. 
Physiognomy,  phy§-i-5g'no-my. 
Physique,  phe-zSk',  not  phys'ik. 
Pianissimo,   pi-a-nis'si-mo. 
Pianist,  pi-Sn'ist,  not  pi'an-lst,  nor  pi-3n'ist. 
Piano,  pi-a'no  (Web.);pi-a'nO,  or  pi-Sn'o  (Wore.). 
Pianoforte,    pi-Sn'o-for-te    (Web.)  ;  pi-Sn'o-for'te, 

or  pi-an'o-for'te  (Wore.). 
Piaster,  pl-Ss'ter,  not  pi'as-ter. 
Piazza,  pi-2z'za,  not  pi-az'za. 
Pibroch,  pi'brS^h,  not  pi'brSeh. 
Picture,  pi«t'Qre,  not  pif  'chur.    See  fl. 

Seefacture,  in  reference  to  ease  of  utterance. 

Picturesque,  ptet-a-rSsque',  not  ptet'n-re'sque. 

Piebald,  pie'bald,  not  pie'bald. 

Pierce,  pisrge  (Web.);  same,  or  pigrge  (Wore.). 

We  are  surprised  that  Worcester  allows  the  anti- 
quated pronunciation. 

Pilgrim,  pll'grim,  not  pll'grum.     See  image. 
Pincers,  pm'Qerg,  not  pm'cher§. 
Pinchbeck,  pinch/beck,  not  plnch'bSck. 
Piony,  pi'o-ny,  not  pi'ny. 
Piquant,  pik'ant,  not  plk'want. 

a,  e,  i,  0,   o,   y,  long;  a,  S,  I,  0,   fi,  y,    short; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,  £re,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  321 

Piquantly,  pik'ant-ly,  not  pik'want-ly. 

Pique,  pi'que. 

Pique  (dry  goods),  p6-ka'. 

Pisces,  pis'9£§,  not  pis'«6§. 

Pismire,    pis'mire   (Web.)  ;    plg'mire,    or   pls'mire 

(Wore.). 

Piste,  piste  (Web.);  pi'ste  (Wore.). 
Pistole,  pis-tole',  not  pls'tole. 
Piston,  pls'ton,  not  pis'tn. 
Pitapat  (adv.),  pit'a-pat  (Web.);  pit-a-pat'  (Wore.). 

"  The  fox's  heart  went  pitapat.  " 

Pitapat  (noun),  pit'a-pat,  not  pit-a-pat',  nor  pit-y-pat'. 
' '  Tis  but  the  pitapat  of  two  young  hearts. 
Now  I  hear  the  pitapat  of  a  pretty  foot.  " 

Piteous,  pit'e-ofls,  not  plt'yus,  nor  plt'chus. 

Pith,  pith,  not  pSth,  nor  pith. 

Pithy,  plth'y,  not  ~plth'y. 

Pitiable,  pit'i-a-ble,  not  pit'a-ble. 

Pitiful,  pit'i-ful,  not  plt'i-fai.     See  faithful. 

Pittance,  pit'tan9e,  not  pif'nQe. 

Placable,  pla'ea-ble,  not  plSc'a-ble. 

Placard  (noun  and  verb),  pla-ea'rd',  not  pla«'ard. 

The  New  Imperial   boldly  sets  forth  placard  as 
the  correct  pronunciation. 

Placate,  pla'eate,  not  pla~eate'. 
Plagiarism,  pla'gia-n§m   (Web.);  pla'gi-a-rl§m,  or 
pla'gia-rl§m  (Wore.). 

s6n,   6r,   do,   wolf,   wot>l,    mdDn,    bull,   ftrn,   rude, 
gent,     ean,     ^em,     go,     i§,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


322  WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OIITIJOEPY. 

Plagiarist,  pla'gia-ris.t  (Web.)  ;  pla'gi-a-rist,  or  pla'- 

gia-rlst  (Wore.). 
Plagiary,  pla'gia-ry  (Web.);  pla'gi-a-ry,  orpla'gia-ry 

(Wore.)- 

See  crucial,  in  reference  to  the  syllabification  of 
words  for  ease  of  utterance. 

Plague,  plague,  not  plegue. 
Plaid,  plaid;  plaid  (Scotch). 

"My  cap  was  the  bonnet,  my  cloak  was  the  plaid, 
As  daily  I  strove  through  the  pine-covered  glade." 

Plaintiff,  plain'tiff,  not  plgn'tlff. 
Plait,  plait,  not  piste,  nor  plat. 

"Will  she  on  Sunday  morn  thy  neck-cloth  plait  f 
I'll  weave  her  garlands  and  I'll  plait  her  hair." 

It  is  almost  the  universal  custom  for  ladies  to 
say,  "  I'll  plete  these  goods,"  and  "  I'll  plat  her 

hair." 

Planchette,  plan-ghetto'    (Wore.)  ;    plOng-ghette" 

(Web.). 

Plant,  plant,  not  plant. 

Plaque  (noun),  plaque  (Web.);  plaque  (Wore.). 
Plaque  (verb),  plaque  (Web.);  plaque  (Wore.). 
Plaster,  plas'ter,  not  plaster. 
Plastic,  plas'tie,  notpl&s'tie. 
Plateau,  pla-to',  not  plat'to. 
Platina,  plat'i-na  (Wore. );  same,  or pla-tfna  (Web.). 

a,   e,   I,   0,    n,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   5,   fl,   y,    short; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  all*  what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  323 

Platinum,  plat'i-num  (Wore.);  same,  or  pla-ti'num 

(Web.). 

Platitude,  plat'i-tnde,  not  plst'i-tude. 
Plausive,  plau'sive,  not  plau'§ive.     See  effusive. 
Playful,  play'ful,  not  play'ful.     See  faithful. 
Pleasure,  plSzh'ur,  not  plazh  ur. 
Plebian,  ple-bs'yan,  not  pls'bi-an. 
Plebianism,  ple-be'yan-i§m,  not  plsb'yan-l§m. 
Pleiad,  ple'yad. 
Pleiades,  ple'ya-de§. 
Plenary,  ple"n'a-ry,  or  plS'na-ry   (Wore.);  pls'na-ry 

(Web.). 

"  Some  very  respectable  speakers  make  the  vowel 
e  in  the  first  syllable  of  this  word  long;  but  analogy 
and  the  best  usage  seem  to  shorten  the  e,  as  they  do 
the  a  in  granary.  Nor  do  I  see  any  reason  that  the 
e  should  not  be  short  in  this  word  as  well  as  in 
plenitude." —  Walker. 

Plenipotentiary,  plen-i-po-tgn'shi-a-ry,  not  plSn-i- 

po-tensh'ry. 
Plenitude,  plSn'i-tnde,  not  pl6n'i-tude,  nor  plSn'ti- 

tude. 

Plenteous,  plSn'te-ous,  not  plen'ty-us,  nor  plgn'cbus. 
Plentiful,  plen'ti-ful,  not  plen'ti-ful.     See  faithful. 
Plethora,  pleth'o-ra,  not  pleY7i'o-ra. 
Plethoric,  ple-thQr'ie,  or  ple"th'o-ri€. 
Pleurisy,  pleu'ri-sy,  not  pleu'ri-sy.     See  fl. 

s6n,    6r,   do,   wplf,   wdbl,    mdon,    bvll,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,     can,    gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


324  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Pleuro-pneumonia,  plen-ro-nea-mo'ni-a,  not  pleu- 

ro-neu-mOn'ya. 

Plume,  plnme,  not  plume.     See  Q. 
Plural,  pla'ral,  not  plu'ral.     See  Q. 
Pluto,  pln'to,  not  plu'to.     See  n. 
Pneumatic,  pnen-mSt'ie,  not  pneu-mfit'i«. 
Pneumonia,  pnen-mo'ni-a,  not  pned-mOn'ya. 
Poem,  po'em,  not  po'm. 
Poesy,  po'e-sy,  not  pO-§y. 
Poet,  po'et,  not  po'ut.    See  image. 
Poetaster,  po'et-Ss-ter,  not  po-et-as'tSr. 

"  Horace  hath  exposed  those  trifling  poetcuter».» 

Poet  laureate,  po'et  lau're-ate,  not  po'et  ISu're-ate. 

Poignancy,  poln'an-Qy,  not  poln'yan-9y. 

Poignant,  p&i'nant,  not  p6ln'yant. 

Poison,  pol'§n,  not  pol'§on. 

Polarchy,  pSl'ar-ehy,  not  po-lar'«hy. 

Polaris,  po-la'ris,  not  po-lar'is. 

Polemic,  po-lSm'i€. 

Polemist,  p5l'e-mlst,  not  po-l6m'ist. 

Police,  po-liige',  not  po'li^e,  nor  p'll9e'. 

Polite,  po-lite',  not  p'lite'. 

Politic,  pOl'i-tie,  not  po-llt'i«. 

Polka,  pol'ka,  not  pO'ka. 

Pollute,  pol-lote',  not  pol-lute'.     See  fl. 

Polo,  po'lo,  not  pO'lo. 

Polonaise,  po-lo-nai§e';  not  p5l-o-nai§e'. 

Poltroon,  pol-troon',  not  pOl-trd&n'. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    Q,    y,   long;   2,   6,    I,   5,    ii,   y,    short; 
Sir,  a'rm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTIOAL  ORTHOEPY.  325 

• 

Polygamist,  po-lyg'a-mist. 

Polygamy,  po-lyg'a-my. 

Polygenous,  po-lyg'e-nous,  not  po-lyg'e-nous. 

Polynesia,  p5l-y-ne"'zhe-a,  not  p5l-y-n6'zha. 

Polysyllabic,  p5l-y-syl-lab'i«,  not  pOl-y-syl'la-bie. 

Pomade,  po-made',  not  po'made. 

Pomegranate,  pome-grSn'ate,  not  p6me'gran-ate. 

Pommel,  pom'mel,  not  pSm'mel. 

Pompei,  pom-pa'e. 

Pompeia,  pom-pe'ya. 

Pompeii,  p5m-pa'yee   (Web.);   same,  or    pom-pS'yl 

(Wore.). 

Poniard,  pSn'yard,  not  poln'yard. 
Pontoon,  pon-t(5bn',  not  p6n-t(55n'. 
Porcelain,  pSr'Qe-lain  (Web.) ;  same,  or  pOr'pe-lam 

(Wore.). 

Porch,  porch,  not  porch.    * 
Porcupine,  p6r'«u-pine,  not  por-e'ft-plne. 

The  u  in  the  second  syllable  is  long  u  unaccented, 

Porpoise,  por'pus,  not  p6r'p6i§e. 
Porridge,  pSr'ridge,  not  por'ridge. 
Portemonnaie,  port'mun-na'. 
Portent,  por-t6nt',  not  pSr'tent. 
Portentous,  por-t6nt'ofis,  not  por-t6nt'yus. 
Portfolio,  pOrt-fol'yO,  or  pOrt-fo'li-0    (Web.);  sam- 

transposed  (Wore.). 

Portia,  pOr'shi-a,  or  p6r'shi-a,  not.  pOr'sha. 
Portico,  pOr'ti-«0,  not  por'ti-€<5. 

son,    6r,    AQ,   wplf,   wdbl,    m<5bn,    byll,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,      thy,     n-ng. 


326  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

• 

Portiere,  pSr'te-er'  (Wore.);  pQr-fi-eY  (Web.). 

Portmanteau,  port-msn'to. 

Portrait,  pOr'trait  (Web.);  pOr'trait  (Wore.). 

Portugese,  pOrt'Q-ge§e,  not  port'n-ggse. 

Position,  po-§l'tion,  not  po-gl'tion. 

Posse,  p5s'se,  notpts'se. 

Possess,  po§-§6ss'    (Wore.)  ;  pos-seY,   or   po§-§6ss' 

(Web.). 

Possum,  pSs'sum,  not  pSs'sum. 
Posterior,  pos-ts'ri-or,  not  pQs-tS'ri-or,  nor  pOs-te'- 

ri-or. 

Posthume,  p5st'hume,  not  post'hume. 
Posthumous,  pOst'hu-mous,  not  pOst'hu-mous. 
Posthumously,  p5st'hu-moiis-ly,  not  post-hn'mous- 

lj- 
Postilion,  pOs-tll'yun,  not  p5s-tll'yun. 

Postmortem,  pOst-m6r'.tem,  not  pOst'm6r-tem. 

Postoffice,  pOst'5f-fi9e,  not  pOst'6f-fice. 

Postscript,  pOst'script,  not  po'script. 

Posture,  p5st'Qre,  not  pOst'chur.     See  Q. 

Potable,  pc'ta-ble,  not  pSt'a-ble. 

Potpourri,  pOt-pgur'ri'  (Wore.);  pO-pgur-rl'  (Web.). 

Pottery,  p5t'ter-y,  not  pQt'ry. 

Poultice,  pOul'ti9e,  not  poul'tus. 

Poughkeepsie,  po-k&p'se  (Wore.);  po-kip'si  (Web.). 

Powerful,  pow'er-fyl,  not  pow'er-fftl.     See  faithful. 

Powhattan,  pow-hat-tan',  not  pow-hat'tan. 

Practice,  praVt^e,  not  pra«'tus. 

Praetor,  pr6'tor,  not  pra'tor. 

a,   6,   i,   0,   Q,   y,  long;   a,  6,  I,   5,   H,  y,    short; 
fiir,  firm,  &sk,  all,  whg,t,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir., 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OR-THOKPY.  327 

Prairie,  prai'rie,  not  prair'ie,  nor  pura'rie. 

Here  is  an  illustration  of  an  rh  instead  of  the 
consonant  r.  The  r  in  the  first  syllable  of  this 
word  is  a  non-voiced  r.  Our  rule  is,  when  either  r, 
y,  I  or  w  immediately  follows,  and  is  in  the  same 
syllable  with  a  non-voiced  consonant  (p,  t,  k,f,  s,), 
it  (r,  y,  I,  or  w)  also  becomes  non-voiced,  i.  e.  it  be- 
comes a  breath  consonant.  In  the  word  twine,  the  w 
becomes  wh;  in  the  word  sleep  the  I  becomes  Ih;  in 
the  word  tune  the  y  (long  u  is  yand  do)  becomes  yli. 

Prance,  pranQe,  not  prSnc,e. 
Prattle,  prSt'tle,  not  pr&t'tul.     See  cuddle. 
Prayer,  pray'er,  or  prur  (Wore.);  prar  (Web.). 
Prayer  (a  petitioner),  pray'er. 
Prebend,  preb'end,  not  prS'bend. 
Precarious,  pre-ea'ri-oiis,  not  pre-ea'ri-oiis. 
Precedence,  pre-QSd'enge,  not  pre9'i-den9e. 
Precedency,  pre-qe'den-cy,  not  pre9'i-den-9y. 
None  sure  will  claim  in  hell  precedence. — Milton. 

"  These  words  are  sometimes  erroneously  pro- 
nounced with  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable  —  a 
mode  not  countenanced  by  any  of  the  orthoepists." 
—  Worcester. 

Precedent  (noun),  preYe-dent,  not  pre-95'dent. 
"  God  in  his  administration  is  not  tied  to  precedents.  " 

"  No  power  in  Venice 
Can  alter  a  decree  established; 
'Twill  be  recorded  fora  precedent." 

s6n,   fir,   dQ,   wolf,   wdbl,    m<5on,    bull,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


328  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL 

Precedent  (adj.),  pre-ge'dent,  not  prgg'e-dent. 

"  A  murderer  and  a  villain: 
A  slave,  that's  not  the  twentieth  part  the  tythe 
Of  y OUT  precedent  lord.  " 

Preceptory,  pre-96p'-to-ry  (Web.);  prgp'ep-to-ry 
(Wore.). 

In  any  word  of  four  syllables,  having  but  one  ac- 
cent, ease  of  utterance  will  always  give  preference 
to  that  authority  placing  the  accent  on  the  second 
syllable. 

Precinct,  prS'qinet,  not  pre'cint. 

Precipice,  pre9'i-pi9e,  not  prg§'u-pus. 

Precise,  precise',  not  pre-9i§e'. 

Precisely,  pre-^ise'ly,  not  pre-9i§e'ly,  nor  prS-9lse'ly. 

Precisive,  pre-9i'sive,  not  pre-9i'§ive.     See  effusive. 

Preclude,  pre~elnde',  not  pre-elude'.     See  n. 

Preclusion,  pre-fdu'zhun,  not  pre-€ln'shun.  See  ad- 
hesion. 

Preclusive,  pre-eln'sive,  not  pre~eln'§ive.  See  ef- 
fusive. 

Precocious,  pre-eO'cious,  not  pre-e5'cious. 

Predatory,  pr6d'a-to-ry,  not  prsd'a-to-ry. 

Predecessor,  pr6d-e-96s'sor,  not  pr6d'e-9Ss-sor,  nor 
prS-de-96s'sor. 

Predestination,  pre-d6s-ti-na'tion,  not  pre-dSs-to- 
na'tion. 

Predestined,  pre-d6s'tlned,  not  pre-deYtlned. 

Predicament,  pre-di«'a-ment,  not  pre-die'ment. 

a,   6,   i,   0,   Q,  y,  long;   a,  g,   I,   5,   fi,   y,    short; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,  £re,  err,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'e   PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  329 

Predigestion,  prg-di-ggst'yun,  not  pr5-di-ggst'chun. 
Predilection,  pr5-di-leVtion,  not  pred-i-leVtion. 
Preface  (noun  and  verb),  preT  aQe,  not  pre'fage. 
Prefect,  pre'feet,  not  prefect. 
Prefecture,    preTee-tnre      (Wore.);     prs'feet-nre 

(Web.). 

Preferable,  prgfer-a-ble,  not  pre-f§r'a-ble. 
Preferment,  pre-fer'ment,  not  prgf'er-ment. 
Preferer,  pre-fSr'rer,  not  preTer-rer. 
Prefigure,  pre-fig'nre,  not  prs'flg-nre. 
Prefix  (noun),  pre'fix. 
Prefix  (verb),  pre-flx'. 

When  I  pre-flx'  it,  then  it  becomes  a  prg'fix. 
Prelacy,  prel'a-9y,  not  pre"'la-cj. 
Prelate,  prel'ate,  not  prs'late. 
Prelude  (noun),  pr6l'Qde(Worc.);  pre'lnde,  or  pr5l'- 

Qde  (Web.)- 

Webster  stands  alone  in  his  preference.     As  a 

noun  it  is  not  so  marked  by  any  other  orthoepist. 
Prelude  (verb),  pre-lnde',  or  prel'nde  (Wore.) ;  pre- 

Inde'  (Web.). 

Smart  and  Jameson  are  the  only  ones  who  sup- 
port Worcester  in  his  second  marking  of  this  word 

as  a  verb. 

Scan  the  following  couplet,  and  you  will  at  once 

perceive  where  the  accent  will  naturally  fall: 

"  So  Love,  preluding,  plays  at  first  with  hearts, 
And  after  wounds  with  deeper  piercing  darts.  " 

son,    or,    dp.,    wolf,    wool,    mdon,    bull,    firn,    rude, 
f;ent,      -ean,      gem,      go,      is,     ejist,     t/ty,     n=-ng. 


330          WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Premature,  pr5-ma-tnre',  not  prS'ma-tnre,  nor  pr6'- 

ma-ture,  nor  pre'  ma-chur  .     See  Q. 
Prematurely,  pr6-ma-tnre'ly,  not  pre"'ma-tnre-ly. 
Premier  (adj.),  prS'mi-er  (Web.)  ;  same,  or  prSm'ier 

(Wore.). 
Premier  (noun),    pre'mi-er,    or  prem'ier    (Web.); 

premier,  or  pre"'mi-er  (Wore.). 

Here  are  three  pronunciations  given,  yet  not  one 
of  them  is  the  French.  (prSm'ya'). 

Premise  (verb),  pre-misX,  not  prgm'ise. 

"  We  must  premise  this  as  a  certain  and  fundamental  truth.  " 

Premise  (noun),  prgm'ise,  not  pre-mi§e'. 

"  From  premises  erroneously  brought, 
And  therefore  the  deduction  's  nought.  " 

Preparative,  pre-pSr'a-tive,  not  pre-p^r'a-tlve. 
Preparatory,  pre-p5r'a-to-ry,  not  pre-p^r'a-to-ry. 
Prepare,  pre-pdre',  not  pre-pare'. 
Preponderance,  pre-pQn'der-an9e,  not  pre-p6n'der- 


Preposterous,  pre-p6s'ter-ous,   not  pre-p&s'ter-ous, 

nor  pre-pOs'trus. 

Prerequisite,  pre-rek'wi-§it,  not  pre-r6k'wl-§ite. 
Presage  (noun),  prgs'age  (Worc.);pr6'sage,  or  pr6s'- 

age  (Web.). 
Presage  (verb),  pre-sage',  not  prgs'age. 

"  If  I  may  trust  the  flattering  eye  of  sleep, 
My  dreams  presage  some  joyful  news  at  hand.  " 

a,   6,   I,   0,   Q,   y,  long;   a,   €,   I,   0,    a,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   £re,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  331 

Presbyopia,  prSs-by-0'pi-a,  not  prg§-by-o'pi-a. 
Presbyter,  prgs/by-ter,  not  preYby-ter. 
Presbyterian,  pre§-by-te'ri-an,  not  prgs-by-te'ri-an. 
Presbytery,  prS§'by-tgr-y,  not  pre"s/by-try. 

Webster  does  not  mark  the  penultimate  of  this 
word,  but  leaves  it  obscure;  Worcester  makes  it 
short  e,  which  gives  us  a  much  clearer  pronuncia- 
tion. 

Prescience,  pre'shl-enc,e,  not  pre-sc.i'enc.e. 

"  Of  things  of  the  most  accidental  and  mutable  nature,  God'a 
prescience  is  certain. " 

Presentation  pr6§-en-ta'tion,  not  pre-§en-ta'tion. 
Presentiment,  pre-se'nt'i-me'nt,  not  pre-s.Snt'i-me'nt, 
nor  pre-sent'ment. 

Presentiment  and  presentment  are  often  errone- 
ously used  to  convey  the  same  meaning. 

"  A  presentiment  of  what  is  to  be.  " 

"  The  counterfeit  presentment  of  two  brothers.  " 

There  are,  it  is  true,  counterfeit  presentiments, 
as  well  as  counterfeit  presentments,  and  so  we  can 
correctly  say  with  Shakespeare: 

"  Upon  the  heels  of  my  presentment.  " 

Or  we  could  as  correctly  say,  "upon  the  heels  of 
my  presentiment;"  but  they  should  convey  very  dif- 
ferent meanings. 

Preservative,  (noun),  pre-s§rv'a-tive. 

son,    fir,    dp.,   wolf,   wdbl,    m<5on,    byll,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


332  WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OETHOKPY. 

Preservative  (adj.),   pre-§Srv'a-tive   (Wore.);  pre- 

sSrv'a-tive  (Web.). 

Preserve,  preserve',  not  pre-s5rve'. 
President,  pres/i-dent,  not  pres'i-dent. 
Prestezza,  pres-tets'§a  (Worc.^pre's-tets'sa  (Web.). 
Prestidigitator,  pres-ti-dlg'i-ta-tor,  not  pres-tld'i-gi- 

{Ti-tor. 
Worcester  gives  the  word  in  this  orthography,  and 

also  the  same  as  Webster,  pres-tlg'i-a-tor. 

Prestige,  pr6s-ti'ge',  or,  preYtige  (Wore.) ;  prgs'tlge 
(Web.). 

"Prestige  manifestly  supplies  a  want  in  onr 
tongue ;  it  expresses  something  which  no  single 
word  in  English  could  express,  which  could  only 
be  expressed  by  a  circumlocution,  being  that  moral 
influence  which  past  successes,  as  the  pledge  of  and 
promise  of  future  ones,  breed.  The  word  has  thus 
naturally  come  to  be  of  very  frequent  use  by  good 
English  writers.  It  will  only  need  that  the  accent 
should  be  shifted,  in  obedience  to  the  tendencies  of 
the  English  language,  from  the  second  syllable  to 
the  first,  and  that  instead  of  pres-ti'ge'  it  should  be 
pronounced  prSs'tige,  and  its  naturalization  will  be 
complete.  I  have  little  doubt  that  in  twenty  years 
it  will  be  so  pronounced  by  the  great  body  of  well- 
educated  Englishmen." — Trench,  1855. 

Prestissimo,  pres-tls'si-mo,  not  preg-tls/sj-mo. 

a,    6,    I,    5,   n,    y,    long;   a,    C,    I,    5,    ii,    y,    short; 
uir,   arm,  &sk,  all,  whg,t,  £re,    Srr,   prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  333 

Presume,  presume',  not  pre-§mme'.     See  Q. 
Presumption,  pre-gftm'shun,  not  pre-§ump'shun. 
Presumptuous,    pre-§umt'yu-us,     not     pre-§ump'- 
shus. 

Pretence  ) 

Pretense'  \  Pre-t6n<?e'>  not  pre'tenge. 

Preterite,  pret'er-ite,  or  prg'ter-ite,  not  pr6t'er-lte. 

Pretext,  pre-text',  or  pretext. 

Pretor,  pre'tor. 

Pretty,  prlt'ty,  not  pret'ty,  nor  pur'ty. 

Prevalence,  preVa-lenge,  not  prSv'lenge,  nor  prgv'- 

a-lnnge. 

Prevaricate,  pre-v2r'i-«ate,  not  pre-var'i-eate. 
Preventative,  "incorrectly  used  for  preventive." — 

Webster  and  Worcester. 
Preventive,  pre-vent'ive,  not  pre-ven'ta-tive. 

Both  words  are  given  in  both  dictionaries,  and 
both  of  them  as  a  noun  having  the  same  meaning; 
then,  why  say  "incorrectly  used?" 

Previous,  pre'vi-ous,  not  prev'yus. 
Prima  donna,  pr'f-ma-don'nfi* 
Prima  facie,  pri'ma-fa'shi-6. 

Webster  gives  a  secondary  accent  to  the  third  syl- 
lable, while  Worcester  places  equal  stress  upon  the 
first  and  third. 

Primary,  pn'ma-ry,  not  prl'ma-ry. 
Primeval,  pri-me'val,  not  pri'me-val. 

s6n,    6r,    do.,   wglf,   wdbl,    mdon,    bull,   ftrn,   rude, 
gent,     ean,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


WABMAN'S  PKACTICAL  OBTHOEPY. 

Princess,  princess,  not  princess'. 

To  accent  this  word  on  the  last  syllable  Walker 
declares  "a,  glaring  absurdity." 

Princesse,   prin-9esse'.     Referring  to  a  particular 

style  of  ladies'  costume. 
Principally,  prln'9i-pal-ly,  not  prln'c,i-ply. 
Priority,  prl-5r'i-ty,  not  pr!-6r'i-ty. 
Prism,  prison,  not  prls/um. 
Prismatic,  pri§-ma't'i€,  not  pris-mat'k. 
Prison,  pri§'n,  not  pri§'on. 
Pristine,  prls'tlne,  not  prls'tlne,  nor  tine. 
Prithee,  pri/A'ee,  not  prtth'ee. 
Privacy,  pri'va-gy,  not  priv'a-gy. 
Privily,  prlv'i-ly,  not  prl'vi-ly. 
Probatory,  pro'ba-to-ry,  not  pr6b'a-to-ry. 
Probity,  pr5b'i-ty,  not  pro'bi-ty. 
Procedure,  pro-ced'nre,  not  pro-96'jure.     See  n. 
Proceeds,  pro'ceedg   (Web.);   same,   or    proceed?' 

(Wore.). 

Process,  pr69'ess,  not  process. 
Prodigious,  pro-did'gus  (Web.);pro-dlg'us  (Wore.). 
Prodigy,  pr5d'i-gy,  not  pr6g'i-dy. 
Produce  (verb),  pro-dn9e',  not  pro-du9e'. 
Produce     (noun),     prQd'fl9e     (Web.)  ;    prQd'dQye 

(Wore.). 

Product,  prQd'uet,  not  prO'du€t. 
Proemptosis,  pro-emp-to'sis,  not  pro-gmp'to-sis. 
Proffer,  proffer,  not  prSf'fer. 

a;  6,   I,   0,   n,   y,  long;   a,  6,   I,   o,    u,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN  S    PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY, 


335 


Profile,  prO'fi'le,  pro-file',  or  prO'f lie  ( Wore.  );prO'filo, 
or  pro'file  (Web.). 

The  authority  is  very  much  divided  on  this  \jord. 
The  majority  are  in  favor  of  pro-file',  while  there 
are  almost  as  many  in  favor  of  prO'flle;  but  it  is  the 
small  minority  that  favors  pro'file,  or  pro'file. 
Everyone  has  his  choice  from  four  pronunciations, 
any  one  of  which  is  correct. 

Profuse  (adj.)  pro-fnse',  not  pro-f  n§e'. 

"A  green,  shady  bank,  profuse  of  flowers." 

"His  gestures  were  too  profuse." 
Profuse  (verb),  pro-f  n§e',  not  pro-fnse'. 

"  Thy  help  hath  been  profused 
Ever  with  most  grace,  etc. " 

Profusely,  pro-fase'ly,  not  pro-fn§e'ly. 
Profusion,  pro-f  a'zhun,  not  pro-f  a'shun.     See  adhe- 
sion. 

Profusive,  pro-fn'sive,  not  pro-fn'§ive.    See  effusive. 
Progeny,  pr6g'e-ny,  not  pro'ge-ny. 
Prognostic,  prog-nQs'tie,  not  prog-n6s'ti«. 

Programme,  }  Pr0'gr*m  (Worc-);  P^'gram  (Web.). 

The  first  orthography  of  the  word  is  the  English 
form,  long  since  introduced,  though  many  good 
writers  still  hold  to  the  French  —  programme. 

Progress  (noun),  prOg'ress,  not  prOg'ress. 
Prohibition,  pr5-hi-bish'un,  not  pro-u-blsh'un. 

son,    6r,   dp.,    wolf,   wool,    m<5on,   bull,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,      gem,      go,     ig,     e?ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


336 


WARMAN  S   PRACTICAL   OKTHOEPY. 


Prohibitory,  pro-hib'i-to-ry,  not  pro-hlb'i-to-ry. 

Project  (noun),  prOj'eet,  not  prO'je«t. 

Project  (verb),  pro-jeet',  not  pr6j'e«t. 

Projectile,  pro-jeet'lle,  not  pro-jSet'lle. 

Prolix,  pro-llx',  not  pro'lix.  , 

"  Should  I  at  large  repeat 
The  bead-role  of  her  vicious  tricks, 
My  poem  would  be  too  prolix.  " 

Prolocutor,  proTo-eu-tor,  or  pro-lo-e'n-tor  (Wore.); 

prol-o~en'tor,  or  pro-loe'n-tor  (Web.). 
Prologue,  prQl'ogue  (Wore.);  pro'logue  (Web.). 

The  weight  of  authority  is  with  Worcester. 

Prolongation,  pro-lon-ga'tion,  not  pro-loa-ga'tion. 
Promenade,  prftm-e-nade',  or  pr5m-e-n2de'  (WTeb.); 

same  transposed  (Wore.). 
Prometheus,  pro-me"'the-us,  or  pro-me'thus  (Web.); 

pro-m6'thas  (Wore.). 

Promissory,  pr5m'is-so-ry,  not  pr5m'is-sa-ry. 
Promptitude,  pr5m'ti-tade,  not  pr6mp'ti-tnde. 
Promulgation,   pro-mul-ga'tion   (Web.);    pr5m-ul- 

ga'tion  (Wore.). 
Promulgator,  pro'mul-ga-tor  (Web.);  pr6m'ul-ga- 

tor,  or  pr5m-ul-ga'tor  (Wore.). 
Pronunciation,  pro-nun-shi-a'tion,  not  pro-nun-gi- 

a'tion,  nor  pro-noun-shl-a'tion.     See  enunciation. 

Inasmuch  as  this  word  is  not  related  to  any  such 
verb  as  pronunciate,  in  the  same  way  as  associa- 
tion and  enunciation  are  related  to  associate  and 

a,    g,    I,    0,   Q,    y,    long;   2,    6,    I,    0,    u,    y,    short; 
air,   arm,  fi.sk,  all,  what,  ere,    Srr,    prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARM  AN  S    PRACTICAL    OKTHOEPY. 


337 


enunciate,  Smart  says  of  it:  "  In  the  absence  of  any 
such  related  verb,  most  speakers  say  pro-nun-Ql-a'- 
tion,  and  so  avoid  the  double  occurrence  of  sh  in 
the  same  Avord." 

Almost  all  authorities  now  agree  to  the  marking 
as  found  in  Webster's  and  Worcester's. 

Prophecy  (noun),  prQph'e-gy. 

Prophesy  (verb),  prQph'e-sy,  not  pr5ph'e-sy. 

The  whole  class  of  verbs  ending  in/y  are  also  pro- 
nounced with  the  distinct  sound  of  long  y. 

Propitiate,  pro-pish'i-ate,  not  pro-pish'shate. 

Propitiation,  pro-pish-i-a'shun,  not  pro-pish-sha'- 
shuu. 

Propitiatory,  pro-pish'i-a-to-ry,  not  pro-pish'a-to-ry. 

Proportion,  pro-por'tion,  not  pro-por'tion. 

Propulsion,  pro-pul'shun,  not  pro-pul'zhun.  See 
adhesion. 

Propulsive,  pro-pfil'sive,  not  pro-pul'§ive.  See  ef- 
fusive. 

Prorata,  pro-ra'ta,  not  pro-ra"'ta,  nor  pro'ra-ta. 

Prorogue,  pro-rogue',  not  prO'rOgue,  nor  pro-r5gue'. 
See  apologue. 

Prosaic,  pro-§a'i«,  not  pro-sa'ie. 

Proscenium,  pro-s9e'ni-um,  not  pro-S96n'i-um. 

Proselyte,  pr5s'e-lyte,  not  pr5s'e-lyte. 

Prosody,  pr6s'o-dy,  not  pr6§'o-dy. 

Prosperous,  pros'per-oiis,  not  prOs'prus,  nor  pros'- 
per-ous. 

s6n,    6r,    dq,   wolf,   wot)l,    m<5on,    byll,   urn,    rude, 
«an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e?ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


338  WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOKPY. 

Prostitute,  pr5s'ti-tute,  not  pr5s'ti-tute.     See  n. 

Prosy,  pro§'y,  not  pros'y. 

Protasis,  prSf  a-sls,  not  pro'ta-sis. 

Protean,  pro'te-an,  not  pro-t5'an. 

Protege,  pro-ta-zha'. 

Protempore,  prO-tem'po-re,  not  prO-t6m'p6re. 

Protest  (verb),  pro-te'st',  not  pro'test. 

Protest  (noun),  pro'test   (Web.);   same,  or  prSfest 
(Wore.). 

Protestation,  prSt-es-ta'tion,  not  pro-tes-ta'tion. 

Prothonotary,  pro-thOn'o-ta-ry,  not  pro-tho-no'ta-ry. 

Protoplasm,  prO'to-pla"§m,  not  prO-to-pla§m'. 

Protractile,  pro-tra"? file,  not  pro-trSef lie. 

Protrude,  pro-trude',  not  pro-trade'. 

Protrusion,  pro-tru'zliun,  not  pro-tru'shun.    See  ad- 
hesion. 

Protrusive,  pro-trij'sive,  not  pro-tru'§ive.     See  effu- 
sive. 

Protuberance,  pro-tu'ber-ange,  not  pro-tu/ber-anpe. 

Proven,  prQv'n,  not  prOv'en. 

This  word,  incorrectly  used  for  proved,  is  said  to 
be  a  Scotticism. 

Proverbial,  pro-vgrb'i-al,  not  pro-vSrb'al. 

Provincial,   pro-vin'shal,    not  pro-vin'shun-ai,  nor 
pro-vln'shi-al. 

Proviso,  pro-vi'§o,  not  pro-vfsO. 

Provocative,  pro-vo'ea-tive,  not  pro-v6€'a-tlve. 

Smart  and   Cull  are  the  only  orthoepists  who 
allow  the  second  marking. 

a,   €,   I,   o,   n,   y,  long;   a,  6,   I,   o,   u,  y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  e"rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OETHOEPY.  339 

Provost  (chief),  prSv'ust. 

Provost  (executioner),  pro-vo',  or  prQv'ust  (Wore.); 
prOv'ust  (Web.). 

Webster  makes  no  special  distinction  in  the  terms, 
except  to  say,  "sometimes pronounced  pro-vO'." 

Prow,  prou  (Web.);  prou,  or  pro  (Wore.). 

Prude,  prude,  not  prude. 

Prudence,  pru'de^e,  not  prn'den9e. 

Prune,  prune,  not  prune. 

Prunel,  pru'nel,  not  pru-neT. 

Prussian,  prush'an,  or  prush'an. 

Prussia,  prus'sie,  or  prus'sie. 

Psalm,  sa'm,  not  sa'm. 

Psalmist,  sam'ist  (Web. ) ;  sal'mist,  or  sam'ist  (Wore.). 

Psalmistry,  sam'ist-ry  (Web.);  saTmist-ry  (Wore.). 

Psalmodic,  sal-m5d'i€. 

Psalmodist,  sSl'mo-dist. 

Psalmodize,  sal'mo-dize. 

Psalmody,  sjll'mo-dy. 

Psalm-singing,  sa'm'sing-ing. 

Psalter,  sal'ter. 

Pseudo,  sd'do,  not  su'do. 

Pshaw,  shaw,  not  p'shaw'. 

Psyche,  sy'die. 

Psychologist,  sy-ehoTo-glst,  not  sy-eh61'o-glst 

Puddle,  piid'dle,  not  piid'dul.     See  cuddle. 

Puerile,  pu'er-ile,  not  ptier'ile. 

Pugh,  pu,  not  pa. 

s6n,    or,   do,    wolf,    wdbl,    mc5on,   byll,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,      t-an,      gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ug. 


340  WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Puissance,  pu'is-sSn9e,  not  pu-is'sange. 

Puissant,  pa'is-sSnt  (Wore.)  ;  same,   or  pu-ls'sant 

(Web.). 

Pullman  (car),  pull'man,  not  pull'man. 
Pulmonary,  pul'mo-na-ry,  not  pul'mo-na-ry. 
Pulpit,  pul'pit,  not  pul'pit. 
Pumice,  pum'i<je(Web.);  pa'n^e,  or  pum'i9e(Worc.). 

The  mechanic  seldom  uses  either  term.  Indeed, 
it  is  very  rare  that  he  speaks  of  his  pum'ice  stone, 
and  still  less  does  he  say  pu'mice  stone.  He  even 
cuts  it  down  to  piim'y  stone.  See  solder. 

Pumpkin,  pump'kin,  not  punk'in. 
Punctilio,  pune-tll'yo,  not  punc-tll'i-o. 
Punctilious,  pune-til'yus,  not  punc-tll'i-ous. 
Punctual,  puQ€t'n-al,   not  pun'chu-al.     See  Q   and 

angular. 

Punctuate,  punet'a-ate,  not  pun'chu-ate. 
Punctuation,  piin€t-u-a'tion,  not  pun-chu-a'tion. 
Puncture,  punet'Qre,  not  pun'chure. 
Pupil,  pn'pil,  not  pn'pl. 
Pupillarity,  pn  pil-lar'i-ty. 
Pupillary,  pn'pil-la-ry,  not  pu-pll'la-ry. 
Purana,  pn-ra'ua.  not  pn-ra'na. 
Purgatory,  pur'ga-to-ry,  not  pur'ga-to-ry. 
Purlieu,  pur'lien. 

Purport  (noun  and  verb),  pur'pOrt,  not  pur-port'. 
Purported,  pur'port-ed,  not  pur-port'ed. 
Purpose  (noun  and  verb),  pCir'pose,  not  pur-pOse'. 

a,  e,   I,   0,   n,   y,  long;   a,  6,   I,  o,   u,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  till]  what,   ere,  §rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OKTHOEPY. 
Purposed,  pur'posd,  not  pur-posed'. 

"  I  have  purposed  it,  and  will  not  repent.  " 
"  I  purposed  to  build  a  house  to  the  Lord.  " 

The   word  propose  is  often  erroneously  used  in 
place  of  purpose. 

Pursuance,  pur-sn'ance,  wotfpur-su'ance.     See  n. 

Pursue,  pur-sne',  not  pur-sue'. 

Pursuit,  pur-snit',  not  pur-suit'. 

Pursuivant,  pur'swe-v£nt. 

Purulent,  pn'ru-lent,  not  pur'a-lent. 

Purvey,  pur-vey',  not  pur'vey. 

Puseyism,  pn'§ey-i§m,  not  pa'sey-i§m. 

Push,   push,  not  push. 

Pustule,  pust'Qle(Web.);  pfis'tale,0rpiist'yal(Worc.). 
The  latter  marking  of  Worcester  is  impossible  of 
utterance  in  one  syllable.  As  we  have  noted  else- 
where, long  u  is  of  itself  y  and  u;  hence  yd  is  yyu. 

Put,  put,  not  put. 

Pygmean,  pyg-mS'an,  not  pyg'me-an. 

Pyramidal,  py-ra"m'i;dal,  not  pyr-a-mld'al. 

Pyrites,  py-rl'ts§,  not  p^r'i-t6§. 

Pyrometer,    py-rSm'e-ter     (Wore.)  ;    py-rQm'e-ter 

(Web.). 

Pyrotechnic,  pyr-o-t&eh'nie,  not  py-ro-te€h'ni«. 
Pythagorean,  pjrth-a-gO're-an,    or  py-thag-o-rg'an 

(Web.);  py-thSg-o-rS'an  (Wore.). 
Pythian,  pyth'i-an,  not  p^th'yan. 
Pythoness,  pyth'o-ness,  not  py'tho-ness. 

son,    6r,    do,   wplf,   wdbl,    m6on,    bull,    urn^    rude, 
«an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=n§. 


342  AVARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OUTHOKPY. 

Q. 

Qu  is  always  quoted  as  kw. 
Q  is  always  k. 

The  u,  immediately  following  the  q,  is  either  w 
or  wh,  or  is  silent. 

In  the  word  liq-ui-date,  the  u  becomes  w,  as  it 
begins  the  next  syllable. 

In  the  word  an-ti-quale,  the  u  becomes  ivh,  as  it 
immediately  follows  a  non-vocal  in  the  same  syl- 
lable. 

In  the  words  quay,  mosque,  unique,  bouquet,  the 
u  is  silent.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  in  every  case 
the  q  is  k;  and  the  silent  u,  which  occurs  in  so  many 
words,  is  proof  that,  phonetically  speaking,  the  u 
is  not  of  necessity  a  companion  to  the  q,  unless  as  a 
silent  partner.  See  our  Critical  Survey. 

Quadrangle,  quad'ran-gle,  not  quad-rSn'gle. 
Quadrille,  qua-drille',  or  ka-drljle'  (Web.);  ka-drllle' 
(Wore.). 

This  is  the  only  word  of  over  eighty  beginning 
with  quad  that  is  pronounced  with  the  u  silent. 
We  think  nothing  of  saying  ka-dril  for  quadrille, 
but  consider  one  very  antiquated  in  his  pronuncia- 
tion when  he  says  Tea-nine  for  quinine.  We  like 
the  one  as  well  as  the  other,  or  the  other  as  well  as 
the  one. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    Q,    y,   long;    2,   6,    I,    0,    u,   y,    short; 
air,  a'rm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARM  AX  S    PRACTICAL    ORTHOEPY.  343 

Quadrillion,  quad-rlll'yun,  not  ka-drlll'yun. 
Quadruple,  quad'ru-ple,  not  quad-ru'ple. 
Quaff,  quaff,  not  qua'ff,  nor  qua'ff. 
Quaggy,  quag'gy,  not  quag'gy. 
Quagmire,  quag'mlre,  not  quag'mlre. 
Qualified,  qual'i-fled,  not  qual'i-fied. 
Qualify,  qual'i-fy,  not  qual'i-fy. 
Quality,  qual'i-ty,  not  qual'i-ty. 
Qualm,  quam,  or  quSm. 
Qualmish,  quam'ish. 
Quamash,  quam'ash,  not  quSm-ash. 
Quandary,  quan'da-ry,  or  quan-da'ry  (Web.);  quan- 
da/ry,  or  quan'da-ry  (Wore.). 

The  first  marking  is  supported  by  but  few  ortho- 
e'pists,  among  whom  is  Haldeman;  but  it  is  well 
supported  by  usage. 

Quantity,  quan'tl-ty,  not  quan't§-ty. 

Quarantine  (noun),   quar'an-tine  (Web.);   qn^r-an- 

ti'ne'  (Wore.). 

Quarantine  (verb),  fluar-an-tme'. 
Quarrel,  quar'rel,  not  quar'l. 

E  before  terminal  I  is  almost  always  sounded. 
No  definite  rule  can  be  given,  but  there  are  only 
about  thirty  words  in  the  language  that  are  excepted . 

Quarry,  quar'ry,  not  quar'ry. 

Quartermaster,  qugr'ter-mas-ter,  not  quar'ter-mas- 
ter. 

son,    fir,    dp.,    wolf,    wdbl,    moTm,    bull,    tirn,    rude, 
9ent,      -can,      gem,      go,      ig.     e?ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


34:4  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Quartet,     )  quar_tet'  mt  quar'teL 

Quartette,  f 

Quash,  quash,  not  quash. 

Quasi,  qua'si,  not  qua'si. 

Quassia,  quash'i-a  (Wore.);  same, or  qu2sh'i-a( Web. ). 

Quaternary,  qua-tSr'na-ry,  not  quat'er-na-ry. 

Quatrain,  qua' train  (Wore.);  quat'rain,  or  quat'ren 

(Web.). 
Quay,  kg,  not  ka,  nor  quay. 

The  second  marking  is  supported  only  by  Sheri- 
dan; the  third  has  no  support. 

Que,  kwe  (Wore.);  kg  (Web.). 
Queer,  queer,  not  qulr. 
Querulous,  quer'u-lotis,  not  quer'd-lous. 
Query,  que'ry,  not  qul'ry. 
Question,  quest'yun,  not  quSst'chun. 

Tion  is  always  tyun  after  s  or  x  (ks),  as  question, 
admixtion,  etc. 

Queue,  kn.  f 

Quicken,  quick'n,  not  qulck'en. 
Quidam,  qui'dam   (Web.);   qul'dam   (Wore.)  ;    not 

quld'ani. 

Quidnunc,  quid'nun«,  not  quid-nune'. 
Quiescent,  qui-es'9ent,  not  qui'6s-9ent. 
Quietude,  qui'e-tttcle,  not  qui'e-tude.   See  Q. 
Quietus,  qul-6'tus,  not  qul'e-tus. 
Quinary,  qul'na-ry,  not  quln'a-ry. 

n,    5,    I,    0,   0,    y,    long;   a,    6,    I,    5,    u,    y,    short; 
air,   Jirm,  ask,  all,  what,  £re,    Crr,    prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARM  AN' S    PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY.  345 

Quinine,  qui-nlne',  or  quln'ine  (Wore.);  qufnlne,  or 
qul-nlne'  (Web.). 

There  is  no  authority  whatever  for  kin-en',  i.  e. 
in  the  books. 

Quinsy,  quln'sj,  not  quln'sy. 

Quintessence,  quin-teYsence  (Web.); same,  orquln'- 

tes-sence  (Wore.). 
Quintet,  quin-teY  (Web.);  quin'te't  (Wore.). 

Worcester  is  inconsistent  in  saying  quar-tet'  a  .<! 
quln'tet. 

Quintette,  quin-tet'(Web.);  quin-teW  (Wore.). 

Quintuple,  quln'tu-ple,  not  quin-ta'ple. 

Qui  vive,  k6-vive';  very  nearly  equally  accented. 

Quixotic,  quIx-St'ie,  not  ke-0t'i«. 

Quoin,  quoin,  or  koln. 

Quoit,  quoit,  not  quate. 

Quorum,  quO'rum,  not  ko'rum. 

Quoth,  quOth,  or  qudth. 

Quoth  the  raven,  "  Nevermore." 

R. 

There  are  but  two  sounds  of  r  generally  taught, 
the  rough  and  the  smooth  r.  We  have  always 
added  to  these  the  breath  r  (rh),  as  in  prairie,  pray, 
tree,  creep,  free.  See  the  word  prairie  for  our  rule 
concerning  r,  y,  I  and  w.  It  is  not  considered  good 
taste  to  trill  the  r.  In  the  word  roar  we  have  an 

86n,    or,    do,    wolf,    wool,    moon,    bull,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      «an,      gem,      go,      i§,     e?ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


346          WAEMAN'S  PKACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

example  of  what  Walker  calls  the  rough  and  the 
smooth  r.  The  terms  we  have  taught,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  deaf-mute  system,  are  consonant  r 
and  glide  r.  The  first  r  in  roar  is  a  consonant  r; 
but  the  second  one  is  a  glide  r,  as  the  tongue  glides 
only  toward  the  position  of  r  without  complet- 
ing it.  See  our  Critical  Survey  for  more  explicit 
directions. 

Rabbi,  rSb'bi,  or  rab'bi. 

Rabbit,  rab'bit,  not  rab'ut. 

Raccoon,  rae-€o&n',  not  ru-eoon'. 

Rachitis,  ra-ehi'tis,  not  ra-«hf  tis.     See  laryngitis. 

Radiant,  ra'di-ant,  not  rad'yant,  nor  ra'gent. 

Radish,  rSd'ish,  not  red'ish. 

Raft,  raft,  not  raft. 

Rafter,  raft'er,  not  raft'er. 

Ragout,  ra-gp/  (Web.);  rit-go'  (Wore.). 

Raillery,  rail'ler-y,  not  rail'ler-y. 

Raisin,  rai'§n,  not  rai'§in.     See  basin. 

Raja,    )  ra'jah,  or  ra'jah   (Web.);   same  transposed 

Rajah,  j      (Wore.). 

Raleigh,  ra/leigh,  not  ral'eigh. 

Rampant,  ram'pant,  not  ra"m'pa"nt. 

Ranch  (noun),  ranch  (Wore.);  ranch  (Web.). 

Ranchero,  ran-che'ro 

Rancho,  rSn'cho. 

Rancor,  ran'«or,  not  r2n'«or. 

Ransack,  rSn'sSck,  not  ram'sack. 

Ransom,  rSn'som,  not  ran'som,  nor  ran'sm. 

a,  e,  i,  0,   n,  y,  long;   a,  6,  I,   5,   ti,  y,   short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,  ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  347 

Rant,  rant,  not  rant. 

Raphael,  rafa-el;  ra'fa-el  in  "  Paradise  Lost." 
Rapier,  ra'pi-er,  not  ra-piSr',  nor  ra'pisr. 
Rapine,  rSp'lne,  not  ra-pi'ne',  nor  ra'p'ine. 
Rapport,  rap-port',  wo£  rSp'pOrt. 
Rapture,  rSpt'nre,  not  rap'chure.    See  u. 
Rare,  rare,  not  rare. 
Rarefy,  rSr'e-fy,  not  rar'e-fy. 
Rareness,  rare'ness,  not  rare'ness. 
Rarity,  rSr'i-ty  (Web.);rar'i-ty  (Wore.). 

The  weight  of  authority  is  in  favor  of  neither  of 
these  markings,  but  ra'ri-ty  instead.  How  harsh 
that  would  sound  in  the  following  lines: 

"  Alas  for  the  rarity 
Of  Christian  charity.  " 

Rase,  ra§e,  or  rase  (Wore.);  ra§e  (Web.). 

Rasp,  rasp,  not  rasp. 

Raspberry,  ra§'ber-ry  (Web.);  ra§'ber-ry,  or  raVber- 

ry  (Wore.);  not  ras/ber-ry. 

Rather,  ra^'er,  not  rSth'er,  nor  ra7Aer,  nor  ra"7/jer. 
Ratio,  ra'shi-o,  or  ra'sho  (Web.);  ra'she-o  (Wore.). 
Ration,  ra'tion  (Wore.);  same,  or  rSsh'un  (Web.). 
Rational,  rash'un-al,  not  ra'shun-al. 
Rationale,     rSsh-un-a'le      (Web.) ;      rash-e-o-na'le 

(Wore.). 
Rationalist,  rSsh'un-al-ist,  not  ra'shun-al-lst. 

The  same  with  all  words  of  this  class. 
Rattle,  rSt'tle,  not  rSt'tul.    Sge  cuddle. 

son,    6r,   do,    wolf,    wot>l,    moT)n,   byll,    ftrn,    rude, 
^ent,      -ean,      gem,      go,      i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


348  WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Raucity,  rau'ci-ty,  not  rau'^I-ty. 

Raucous,  raucous,  not  rau'cofis. 

Ravel,  raVl,  not  raVel. 

Raveling,  raVl-ing,  not  raVel-ing. 

Raven,  ra'vn,  not  ra'ven. 

Ravenous,  rSv'n-ous,  not  raVen-otis. 

Rayah,  ra'yah,  or  ra'yah  (Web.);  rS'yah  (Wore.). 

Reading  (city),  read'ing,  not  rgad'ing.    ' 

Ready-made,  rSad'y-made,  not  read-y-made'. 

Real,  re'al,  not  real. 

Realization,  re-al-i-za'tion,  not  rS-al-i-za'tion. 

Really,  rs'al-ly,  not  rS'ly. 

Realm,  realm,  not  rgal'um. 

Reason,  rea'§n,  not  r6a'§on. 

Rebel,  reb'el,  not  reb'l. 

Rebus,  re'bus,-worf  re-bfis'. 

A  rS'bus,  however,  sometimes  leads  to  a  re-bttss'; 
but  we  should  not  get  the  terms  confused. 

"A  gallant,  in  love  with  a  woman  named  Rose  Hill, 
painted  on  the  border  of  his  gown  a  rose,  a  hill,  an  eye,  a 
loaf  and  a  well,  which  reads,  Rose  Hill  Hove  well." 

He  must  have  been  a  German. 

Recant,  re-eSnt',  not  re-eant'. 

Recapitulate,  rg-ea-pit'n-late,  not  r5-ea-pit'chu-late. 

Recapture,  re-eSpt'are,  not  re"-ca"pt'chur. 

Recast,  re-east'. 

Receptivity,  rS9-ep-tl¥'i-ty,  not  re-Qgp-tlv'Ity. 

n,    c,    I,    o,  n,   y,    long;   a,   £,    I,    5,   fi,   y,    short; 
air,   arm,  ask,  nil,  what,  ere,    err,    prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  349 

Recess  (noun  and  verb),  recess',  not  recess. 

All  orthoepists  agree  in  placing  the  accent  on  the 
second  syllable,  in  both  forms  of  the  word.  , 

" My  recess  hath  given  them  confidence." 

"This  happy  place,  our  sweet 
Recess,  and  only  consolation  left." 

Rechabite,  r6'«hab-ite. 

Recherchie,  re-9her'9hie  (Wore.);  rfili-sher-sha' 
(Web.). 

Reciprocity,  re^-i-prdYl-ty. 

Recitative,  re9-i-ta-tive'. 

Recitative,  req-i-ta-ti'vo." 

Reckon,  rgck'n,  not  reck'on. 

Reckoning,  reck'n-ing,  not  r6ck'on-Ing. 

Reclamation,  ree-la-ma'tion,  not  rg-ela-ma'tion. 

Reclination,  rSe-li-na'tion,  not  re"~eli-na'tion. 

Recluse  (adj.  and  noun),  re-elnse',  not  r6'«lnse. 

Recluse  (verb),  re~elnse'  (Web.);  re-eld^e'  (Wore.). 

Reclusion,  re-cln'zhun,  not  re-«lQ'shun.  See  adhe- 
sion. 

Reclusive,  re-ela'sive,  not  re-elu'§ive.     See  effusive. 

Recognizable,  ree  og-nl'za-ble,  cr  re-e6g'ni-za-ble. 

Recognizance,  re-eSg'ni-zanqe  (Wore.);  same,  or 
re-«6n'i-zan9e  (Web.). 

Recognization,  re-eSg-ni-za'tion. 

Recognize,  rg«'og-nize,  not  re-eOg'nize. 

Recollect,  r6€-ol-l6€t',  not  re-eol-le'et'. 

Recondite,  ree'on-dlte,  or  re-e5n'dlte. 

s6n,   6r,   dg,   WQ\f,   wdbl,    moon,    bull,   6rn,   rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i^,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


350 


WAEMAN  S   PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY. 


Reconnoissance,  re-eOn'nols-sance,  not  re"€-on-n&is'- 
sance. 

/      Worcester  divides  the  accent  equally  on  the  sec- 
ond and  fourth  syllable. 

Reconnoiter,  )  .,,  A ., 

_  '  (.  ree-on-nol  ter,  not  r6-€on-nol  ter. 

Reconnoitre,  j 

Record  (verb),  re-eord'. 
Record  (noun),  reVord. 

Poet's  license  sometimes  causes  the  accent  of  the 
noun  to  shift  to  the  second  syllable. 

"  Our  nation  reads  the  written  word, 
That  book  of  life,  that  sure  record." 

Recourse  (noun  and  verb),  re-eOurse',  not  recourse. 
"Our  last  recourse  is  therefore  to  our  art." 
"  Give  me  recourse  to  him." 

Recovery,  re-eov'er-y,  not  re-eov'ry. 
Recreant,  reVre-ant,  not  rs'ere-ant. 
Recreate  (to  create  anew),  r6-ere-ate'. 

"It  was  necessary  to  recreate  the  army." 
Recreate  (to  refresh),  reVre-ate. 

"  To  walk  abroad  and  recreate  yourselves." 
Recreation  (amusement),  rS«-re-a'tion. 
Recreation  (a  forming  anew),  re-ere-a'tion. 
Recruit,  re-eruit',  not  re-emit'. 
Rectitude,  reVti-tnde,  not  re«'ti-tude. 
Recurrent,  re-eiir'rent,  not  re-eur'rent. 

a,  e,   I,   0,   n,   y,  long;   a,  6,   I,  5,   fi,  y,    short; 
fiir,  Urm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  351 

Recursion,  re-eur'shun,  not  re-eur'zhun.  See  adhe- 
sion. 

Recusant,  re-en'§ant  (Web.);  same,  or  reVu-§ant. 
(Wore.). 

Redden,  red'dn,  not  red'den. 

Redolent,  rgd'o-lent,  not  re-d5'lent. 

Redress  (verb  and  noun),  re-drSss',  not  re'dress. 

' '  Those  wrongs,  those  bitter  injuries,     .     .     . 
I  doubt  not  but  with  honor  to  redress." 

"  Fair  majesty,  the  refuge  and  redress 
Of  those  whom  fate  pursues  and  wants  oppress." 

Red-tape,  red'tape,  not  red-tape'. 

Reduce,  re-duc,e',  not  re-duqe'.     See  u. 

Referable,  ref'er-a-ble,  not  re-fer'a-ble. 

Referrer,  re-fe"r'rer,  not  refer-rer. 

Referrible,  re-fsr'ri-ble  (Web.);  re-f6r'ri-ble  (Wore.). 

Reflex  (adj.),  re'flex,  not  re-flex'. 

Reflex  (verb),  re-flex',  not  rS'flex. 

Reflex  (noun),  re"flex  (Wore.);  re-fl6x'  (Web.). 

"  Yon  gray  is  not  the  morning's  eye: 
"Tis  but  the  pale  reflex  of  Cynthia's  brow." 

Refluent,  rgflu-gnt,  not  re-flu'ent. 
Reflux,  re"flux,  not  re-flux'. 

Refragable,  r6f  ra-ga-ble,  not  reT ra-^a-ble,  nor  re- 
frag'a-ble. 

Bear  in  mind  that  ^is  hard  before  a  (except  gaol). 
Refulgent,  re-ful'gent,  not  re-ful'gent. 

son,    or,   dg,    wplf,   wool,    m6T>n,   bull,   urn,    rude, 
gent,      t-an,      gem,      go,      i§,     ejist,     thy,     n=ng. 


352  WARJIAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOKPY. 

Refuse  (verb),  re-fn§e'. 

Refuse  (adj.  and  noun),  refose,  not  rSf'n§e. 

"  Please  to  bestow  on  him  the  refuse  letters." 

Refutable,  re-fo'ta-ble,  not  rgf  u-ta-ble. 

Refutatory,  re-fn'ta-to-ry,  not  reTu-ta-to-ry. 

Regalia,  re-ga'li-a,  not  re-gal'ya. 

Regatta,  re-gat'ta,  not  re-gat'ta. 

Regicide,  reg'i-^ide,  not  re'gi-cide. 

Regime,  ra-zhe5m'  (Web.);    re-zhe"m'  (Wore.);  not 

rSg'i-me. 

Regiment,  reg'i-mSnt,  not  rSg'i-munt. 
Regress  (noun),  re'gress. 
Regress  (verb),  re-gress'. 
Regular,  reg'n-lar,  not  reg'lar. 
Regurgitate,  re-gfir'gi-tate,  not  re-gftr'gi-tate. 
Relaxation,     re-lax-a'tion      (Web.);     rel-ax-a'tion 

(Wore.). 

The  weight  of  authority  is  in  favor  of  the  former. 

Relinquish,  re-lln'kwish,  not  re-lln'kwish.  See  an- 
gular. 

Remand,  re-mand',  not  re-mSnd'. 

Rembrandt,  rem'brant  (Web.);  rgm'brant  (Wore.). 

Remediable,  re-me'di-a-ble,  not  rem'e-di-a-ble. 

Remediless,  rem'e-di-l6ss,  or  re-m6d'-i-l6ss(Worc.); 
same  transposed  (Web.). 

Remigrate,  rgm'i-grate,  or  re-mi'grate. 

The  writer  thinks  the  second  marking  more  con- 
sistent and   in  much  better   taste  than   the   first 

a,  e,  I,   0,   n,   y,  long;   a,  6,   I,   o,   u,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  §11,  what,   ere,  e"rr,  prey,  mi'en,  -sir, 


PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  353 

marking.  Few  people  would  comprehend  the  first 
word  if  taken  in  its  isolated  form.  Somehow  usage 
seems  to  have  little  regard  for  consistency. 

Remollient,  re-m6l'yent  (Wore.)  ;  re-moTll-ent,  or 

re-moTyent  (Web. ). 

Remonstrance,  re-mOn'stranqe,  not  re-mon'stran9e. 
Remonstrate,  re-mo" n'strate,  not  re-mon'strate. 
Remorse,  re-m&rse',  not  re-morse'. 
Rendezvous,  rSn'de-vp.    (Web.);  same,    or  rSn'de- 

VQU§  (Wore.)  (verb),  last  syllable  accented  (Wore.). 
Renege,    re-nSge',    or  re-ne"ge'   (Wore.) ;     re-n6ge' 

(Web.). 

Renew,  re-nn',  not  re-nu'.     See  n. 
Renitent,  re-ni'tent,  not  re-nit'ent,  nor  r6n'i-tent. 
Renunciation,  re-nun-shi-a'tion,w0tf  re-niin-9i-a'tion. 

See  enunciation. 
Reopen,  re-0'pn,  not  re-0'pen. 
Reparable,  rep'a-ra-ble,  not  re-par'a-ble. 
Repartee,  rgp-ar-tS6',  not  rep'ar-t6S. 

"Cupid  was  as  bad  as  be: 
Hear  but  the  youngster's  repartee!  " 

Repass,  re-pass',  not  re-pass'. 
Repast,  re-past',  not  re-past'. 
Repatriation,  re-pa-tri-a'tion,  (Wore.);  re  (Web.). 
Repertoire,  ra-par-twar'. 
Repertory,  rep'er-to-ry,  not  rgp-er-to'ry. 
Reportorial,  r6-por-to'ri-al,  not  r6p-or-to'ri-al. 
Reprimand  (noun),rep'ri-mand  (Wore.);  r6p'ri-mand 
(Web.). 

son,    6r,   dp.,    wplf,   wdbl,    moDn,   b^ill,    urn,    rt]de, 
9ent,      «an,      gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,     thy,     n=ug. 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Reprimand  (verb), re"p-ri-mand'( Wore. ) ;  r6p'ri-m2nd 
(Web.). 

It  will  be  seen  that  Webster  makes  no  distinction 
between  the  noun  and  the  verb. 

Reproduce,  re"-pro-dnc.e',  not  rg-pro-du(?e'. 

Reptile,  rSp'tlle,  not  rgp'tile. 

Repulsion,  re-pul'shun,  not  re-puTzhun.  See  adhe- 
sion. 

Repulsive,  re-pul'sive,  not  re-puT§ive.     See  effusive. 

Reputable,  rSp'n-ta-ble,  not  re-pn'ta-ble. 

Requicken,  re-qulck'n,  not  re-qulck'en. 

Requiem,  re'qui-em  (Web.);  same,  or  rSk'we-em 
(Wore.). 

Requin,  rg'quin,  not  rgq'win. 

Requital,  re-quit'al,  not  re-qult'al. 

Rescissory,  re-scls/§o-ry. 

Rescript,  rg'serlpt,  not  re-s-eript'. 

Research  (verb  and  noun),  re-search',  not  re'sSarch. 

Resentment,  re-§ent'ment,  not  re-s6nt'ment. 

Reservation,  re§-er-va'tion,  not  r6s-er-va'tion. 

Reservoir,  rg§-er-vw6r',  not  re§'er-voir. 

Residual,  re-§id'n-al,  not  re-sid'Q-al. 

Residuary,  re-§id'a-a-ry,  not  re-sld'u-ary. 

Residue,  re§'i-dne,  not  r6§'i-due.    See  Q. 

Residuous,  re-§id'a-ous,  not  re-sid'a-ofis. 

Residuum,  re-§id'Q-iSm,  not  re-sid'a-um. 

Resignation,  r6§-ig-na'tion,  not  r6s-ig-na'tion. 

Resin,  r6§'in,  not  r6§'n. 

a,   g,   i,   0,   n,  y,  long;   a,  6,  I,  5,   fi,  y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   6re,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  355 

Resoluble,  rS§'o-la-ble,  not  rg§'o-lu-ble,  n'or  re-soT- 
o-ble. 

The  last  marking  has  but  one  authority  in  its 
favor;  we  prefer  that  one. 

Resolute,  re"§'o-lnte,  not  r6§'o-lute.     See  a. 

Resolve,  re-§Qlve',  not  re-s5lve'. 

Resonance,  rgs/o-nSi^e,  not  reY-o-nSnge. 

Resound,  rewound',  not  re-sound'. 

Resource,  re-sOurc.e',  (Wore.);  rS-sOurce'  (Web.). 

Respirable,  re-spir'a-ble,  not  res'pir-a-ble. 

Respiration,  rSs-pi-ra'tion,  not  rSs/pi-ra'tion. 

Respirator,  reYpi-ra-tor,  not  re-splr'a-tor 

Respiratory,  re-spir'a-to-ry,  not  reYpir-a-to-ry. 

Respite,  reYplte,  not  res'pite. 

Respond,  re-sp6nd',  not  re-sp6nd'. 

Responsible,  re-sp5n'si-ble,  not  re-sp6n'si-ble. 

Responsive,  re-spSn'sive,  not  re-sp5n'§ive.  See  effu- 
sive. 

Restaurant,  r6s-to-rSng',  or  reYto-rant  (Web.);  r6s'- 
to-rSng'  (Wore.). 

This  word  is  sufficiently  Anglicized  to  give  the 
second  marking  of  Webster.  It  is  decidedly  affected 
to  say  r6s-to-rSng',  when  a  pure  English  word  is 
allowable. 

Restful,  rest'ful,  not  rgst'ful.    See  faithful. 
Restitution,  rSs-ti-tn'tion,  not  r6s-ti-tu'tiou.    See  Q. 
Restorative,  re-sto'ra-tive,  not  re-stor'a-tlve. 
Resume,  re-§nme',  not  re-gume'.     See  Q. 

wolf,   wool,    md&n,    by  11,   ftrn,    rude, 
gem,     go,     ig,     ejist,     thy,     n-hg. 


356  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Resume,  re-§a-me'  (Web.);  re"§-n-me/  (Wore.). 

Worcester  marks  the  u  obscure.  It  is  long  u  un- 
accented. ' 

Resurrect,  re>ur-r6€t',  not  re§'ur-reet. 

Retail  (noun),re"'tail,  not  re-tail'. 

Retail  (verb),  re-tail',  not  rs'tail. 

Retardation,  re-tar-da'tion   (Web.)  ;  ret-ar-da'tion 

(Wore.). 
Retch,  retch,  or  retch  (Wore.);  retch  (Web.). 

The  weight  of  authority  is  in  favor  of  the  first 
marking,  though  the  second  is  the  one  more  com- 
monly heard.  The  word  is  derived  from  the  same 
Saxon  original  as  the  verb  to  reach,  and  they  imply 
the  same  thought. 

"  Beloved  Julia,  hear  me  still  beseeching. 
(Here  he  grew  inarticulate  with  retching)." 

Reticent,  ret'i-c.  ent,  not  re-tiQ'ent. 
Retinue,  ret'i-nue,  not  ret'i-nue,  nor  re-tln'Qe. 
Retort  (verb  and  noun),  re-tort',  not  re-tOrt'. 
Retractile,  re-tra"et'ile,  not  re-trSet'ile. 
Retributive,  re-trib'ttrtlve,  not  ret'ri-ba-tive. 
Retroact,  re"-tro-a€t',  or  ret-ro-a«t'. 
Retroaction,  rg-tro-aVtion,  or  ret-ro-aVtion. 
Retrocede,  re'tro-gede,  or  ret'ro-c,e"de. 

There  is  no  consistency  in  placing  the  accent  on 
the  first  syllable  of  this  word,  and  on  the  last  sylla- 
ble of  the  words  intercede  and  supersede. 

a,   e,   I,   0,   Q,   y,  long;   2,   6,   I,   o,    «,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  357 


Retrocession,  rS-tro-qesh'un,  or  rgt-r 
Retroduction,  rS-tro-duVtion,  or  ret-ro-due'tion. 
Retrograde,   re'tro-grade,  or  rSt'ro-grade  (Web.); 

same  transposed  (Wore.). 
Retrospect,   rs'tro-sp6«t,   or    re't'ro-spe'et   (Web.)  ; 

same  transposed  (Wore.). 

The  writer  prefers  the  second  marking  of  these 
words,  but  he  has  placed  them  as  they  appear  in 
Webster,  because  of  the  uniformity.  It  will  be 
seen  that,  with  the  exception  of  the  last  two,  Wor- 
cester gives  the  preference  to  re",  and  then  for  some 
unaccountable  reason  changes  the  preference  to  rSt. 

Reveille,    re-val'ya    (Web.);    re-val',    or  re-val'ya 
(Wore.). 

In  the  United  States  service  this  is  commonly 
pronounced  rSv-a-le"'.  If  usage  establishes  pronun- 
ciation, surely  this  word  is  completely  Anglicized, 
and  should  have  its  bearing  upon  the  dictionary 
authorities  to  so  adopt  it.  During  the  war  the 
writer  never  heard  an  officer,  nor  one  of  his  com- 
rades, say  re-val'ya.  Such  a  pronunciation  in  those 
practical  times  would  have  stirred  up  "the  boys" 
more  than  a  bomb-shell. 

Revelry,  reVel-ry,  not  reV'l-ry. 

Revenue,  reVe-nne,  not  reVe-nue,  nor  re-ven'ue. 

The  latter  is  allowable  only  by  poetic  license. 
Reverie,  re>-er-is'. 

son,   6r,    do,   wplf,   wdbl,    mdon,    bull,   ftrn,   rude, 
qent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,     t7iy,     n-ng. 


358          WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OBTHOEPY. 

Revery,  reVer-y. 

Reversion,  re-vSr'shun,  not  re-vgr'zhun.  See  adhe- 
sion. 

Revocable,  reVo-ea-ble,  not  re-vo'ea-ble. 

Revolt,  re-volt',  or  re-volt',  not  re-volt'. 

Revolting,  re-volt'ing,  or  re-v5lt'ing. 

Revolution,  rgv-o-ln'tion,  not  r6v-o-lu'tion.     See  a. 

Revulsion,  re-vaTshun,  not  re-vuTzhun.  See  adhe- 
sion. 

Revulsive,  re-voTsive,  not  re-vuT§ive.     See  effusive. 

Reynard,  rey'nard,  or  rgyn'ard  (Web.);  same  trans- 
posed (Wore.). 

Rhapsodist,  r3p'so-dlst. 

In  words  beginning  with  rh  there  is  frequently 
heard  an  effort  to  give  the  breath  r,  i.  e.  rh.  Bear 
in  mind  that  h  is  always  silent  after  r. 

Rheum,  rheum,  not  rheum. 

Rheumatic,  rheu-ma't'ie,  not  rheQ-mat'k. 

Rheumatism,  rheu'ma-tl§m,  not  rhen'ma-tl§m. 

Rhinoceros,  rhi-nOg'e-rQs,  not  rhi-n&Q'e-rtis. 

Rhubarb,  rhu'bSrb,  not  rhu'barb. 

Rhythm,  rhythm,  or  rhythm. 

Rhythmical,  rhyth'mk-al,  or  rhj^A'mie-al. 

Ribald,  rib'ald,  not  n'bald. 

Ribaldry,  rlb'ald-ry,  not  ri'bald-ry. 

Richelieu, ri'che'lieu,  or  r6sh'e-lu  (Wore.);  rgsh'eh-lu 

(6  less  prolonged,  Web.). 
Ricochet,  rte-o-ghe',  or 

a, 

Sir, 


L,   6,   I,   0,   Q,   y,  long;   a,   6,   I,   0,   ti,   y",    short; 
lir,  Srm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  359 

Rid,  rid,  not  red. 

Ridden,  rld'dn,  not  rld'den. 

Riddle,  rld'dle,  not  rld'dul.     See  cuddle. 

Ridicule,  rid'i-enle,  not  rSd'i-enle. 

Ridotto,  ri'-doTto  (Web.);  ri-det'to  (Wore.). 

Righteous,  n'chus,  or  (by  Webster's  notes)  rlt'yus. 

The  weight  of  authority  is,  as  it  should  be,  in 
favor  of  rlt'yus.  We  cannot  understand  why  Web- 
ster and  Worcester  allow  this  ch  sound  to  come  in 
this  word,  v/hen  they  have  so  studiously  avoided 
it  in  every  word,  other  than  this,  throughout  the 
dictionary.  Question,  Christian,  celestial,  court- 
eous, and  all  others  of  like  character,  are  given 
without  this  abominable  ch. 

Righteousness,   ri'chus-ness   (Web.) ;   rt'chus-ne'ss 

(Wore.). 

Rightful,  right'ful,  not  right'fftl. 
Rigorous,  rlg'or-ous,  not  rlg'or-ous. 
Rind,  rind,  not  rine. 
Rinse,  rinse,  not  wrench,  nor  rgnse. 
Rio  Janeiro,  fi'o-ja-nei'ro  (Web.);  ri-o-ja-nei'ro,  or 

n'o-ja-nsi'ro  (Wore.). 
Ripen,  rip'n,  not  n'pen. 
Ripeness,  ripe'ness,  not  ripe'nus.    See  image. 
Rise  (verb),  rtge. 
Rise  (noun),  rise,  not  rl§e. 

"All  wickedness  takes  its  rise  from  the  heart," 
"  This  word  properly  takes  its  pure  sound  of  s  to 

s6n,   6r,    do,   wolf,   wcfol,   m(5on,    byll,   ftrn,   rude, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng, 


360  WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

distinguish  it  from  the  verb,  but  does  not  adhere 
to  this  distinction  so  inviolably  as  the  nouns  use, 
excuse,  etc.;  for  we  sometimes  hear  'the  ri§e  and 
fall  of  the  Roman  empire/  'the  ri§e  and  fall  of 
provisions/  etc.  The  pure  s,  however,  is  more 
agreeable  to  analogy,  and  ought  to  be  scrupulously 
preserved  in  these  phrases  by  all  correct  speakers." 
—  Walker. 

Risen,  n§'n,  not  ris'en. 

Risible,  rl§'i-ble,  not  rls'i-ble. 

Risk,  risk,  not  resk. 

Ritual,  rlt'n-al,  not  rlt'chu-al. 

Ritualistic,  rit-»al-ist'i-e,  not  nt-chu-al-lst'i«. 

Riven,  rtv'n,  not  riv'en. 

Roanoke,  ro-a-noke',  not  ro'a-noke. 

Roar,  roar,  not  r6ar. 

Robespierre,  ro'bes-pisrre;  ro-be's-pi-e'rre'  (French). 

Robbery,  rQb'ber-y,  not  rSb'ry. 

Robust,  ro-bust',  not  ro'bust. 

Robustious,  ro-bfist'yus,  not  ro-bfist'chua. 

Rod,  r5d,  not  r6d. 

Roderigo  (Othello),  r6d-er-i'go. 

Roil,  roll,  not  roll. 

Romance,  ro-m2n9e',  not  ro'mance. 

Romanesque,  rO-man-6sque',  not  rO'man-gsque. 

Rondeau,  r5n-dO',  not  rOn'dO. 

Ronion,  ron'yun,  not  rSn'yun. 

Roof,  roT)f,  not  roof. 

a,  6,  I,   0,   n,   y,   long;   S,  6,  r,  0,   fi,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  fill,  what,   ^re,  6rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  361 

Rook,  rdbk  (Web.);  rdbk,  or  rook  (Wore.). 

Worcester  gives  this  marking  in  his  school  dic- 
tionary, while  in  the  unabridged  he  marks  it  rdbk, 
and  in  parentheses  rook,  calling  attention  to  his 
conforming  with  his  note  51,  where  he  gives  but 
the  one  marking,  rook. 

Rookery,  rook'er-y( Web.); same  as  rook  (Wore.). 

Root,  root,  not  root. 

Rosalind,  r5§'a-lmd. 

Rosaline,  r5§'a-line,  or  rS§'a-llne. 

Rosamund,  r6s>-mond. 

Roseate,  ro'§e-ate   (Web.);   ro'zhe-ate,   or  ro'§e-ate 

(Wore.). 
Rosemary,  rO§e'ma-ry,  not  rO§e'ma-ry. 

' '  Dry  up  your  tears  and  stick  your  rosemary 
On  this  fair  corse." 

Roseola,  ro-§5'o-la,  not  rO-§e-0'la. 

Rosier,  ro'zher  (Web.);  rO'zhe-er  (Wore.). 

Rosin,  rSg'in,  not  rS§'n. 

Rossini,  ros-si'ni  (Wore.);  ros-si'ni  (Web.). 

Rostrum,  r5s'trum,  not  ros'trum. 

Rotative,  ro'ta-tive,  not  ro-ta'tive. 

Rotten,  rOt'tn,  not  rSt'ten. 

Rotund,  ro-tund',  not  rO'tund. 

Roue,  rou-e'  (Web.);  rou'e  (Wore.). 

Rouge,  roozh. 

Roughen,  rough'n,  not  roflgh'en. 

Roulette,  rou-lStte',  not  rou'lette. 

s6n,   fir,   do,   wplf,   wdbl,    mdon,    byll,   firn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     ^em,     go,     i§,     e?ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


362          WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Round,  round,  not  roun. 
Route,  root,  or  route. 

"  Upon  a  more  accurate  observation  of  the  best 
usage,  I  must  give  the  preference  to  the  first  sound 
of  this  word,  notwithstanding  its  coincidence  in 
sound  with  another  word  of  a  different  meaning." 
—  Walker. 

While  the  second  pronunciation  is  allowable,  it 
would  be  questionable  taste  to  so  pronounce  it. 

Routine,  rou-ti'ne',  not  rou'tlne. 

Rowel,  rou'el,  not  rOw'el. 

Rowen,  rou'en,  not  rOw'en. 

Rubeola,  ru-be'o-la,  not  ru.-be-0'la. 

Rubicon,   ru'bi-€8n,  not  rn'bi-eon. 

Rubinstein,  ru'bin-stein,  not  ru'bin-stsin, 

Ruby,  ru'by,  not  ru'by. 

Ruche,  rughe. 

Rude,  rude,  not  rude. 

Rudiment,  ru'di-mgnt,  not  rn'di-munt. 

Rue,  rue,  not  me. 

Ruffian,  rufyan  (Wore.)  same,  or  rfiffi-an  (Web.). 

Ruin,  ru'in,  not  ru'un.     See  image. 

Ruinous,  ru'in-ous,  not  ru'un-ous. 

Rule,  rule,  not  rQle,  nor  ru'ul. 

Ruminate,  ru'mi-nate,  not  rQ'mi-nate. 

Rumor,  ru'mor,  not  ra'mor. 

Runic,  ru'nie,  not  rn'ni«. 

Rupture,  rupt'are,  not  riip'chur. 

a,   e,   I,   0,   fl,   y,   long;   3,  6,   I,   0,   fi,   y,    short; 
4ir,  a'rm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  363 

Rural,  ru'ral,  not  rn'ral. 
Ruse,  ru§e,  not  rage,  nor  ruse. 
Russian,  rush'an,  or  rush  an. 
Rustle,  rus'sl,  not  riis'tle. 
Rutabaga,  ru-ta-ba'ga,  not  ru-te-ba'gO. 
Ruth,  ruth,  not  rath. 

S. 

The  two  regular  sounds  of  this  letter  are  found  in 
the  word  sees.  We  have  the  sounds  sh  and  zh,  but 
they  are  not  the  sounds  of  s  any  more  than  th  (voice) 
and  th  (breath)  are  the  sounds  of  t. 

Sabaoth,  sab'a-6th,  or  sa-ba'6th  (Web.);  same  trans- 
posed (Wore.). 

Sabot,  sa-bo'. 

Saccharine,  saVeha-rlne,  or  saVeha-rlne. 

Sacerdotal,  sa^-er-do'tal,  not  sa-qer-do'tal. 

Sachet,  sii^he'  (Web.);  sSsh-e'  (Wore.). 

Sack-cloth,  sack'eloth,  not  sack'cloth. 

Sacrament,  saVra-ment,  not  sa'era-rne'nt. 

"  This  word,  with  sacrifice,  sacrilege  and  sacristy, 
is  sometimes  pronounced  with  a  in  the  first  syllable 
long,  as  in  sacred;  but  this  is  contrary  to  one  of  the 
clearest  analogies  in  the  language." — Walker. 

"The  English  orthoepists  are  unanimous  against 
the  practice." —  Worcester. 

Sacrificable,  sa-erif'i-ea-ble,  not  sSe-ri-flc'a-ble,  nor 
sa"€-ri-fl'za-ble. 

s6n,    6r,    do,   wolf,   wdbl,    mc5on,    byll,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=»ng. 


364  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Sacrificant,  sa-erlf  i-eant,  not  sa«-ri-fl9'ant. 
Sacrificator,  saVri-fi-ea-tor  (Web.);  sa€-ri-fi-ea'tor 

(Wore.). 

Sacrificatory,  sa-erlf  i-€a-to-ry. 
Sacrifice  (noun  and  verb),  saVri-fize,  not  saVri-flge. 

"In  the  words  discern,  sacrifice,  suffice,  and  in 
several  words  derived  from  them,  and  also  in  the 
word  sice,  c  has  the  sound  of  z." — Worcester,  66. 

Sacrificer,  saVri-fiz-er. 

Sacrificial,  sae-ri-flsh'al. 

Sacrilege,   saVri-lege,  not  saVri-le"ge. 

Sacrilegious,  sae-ri-le'gious,  not  sa^-ri-leg'ious. 

Sacrist,  sa'erist. 

Sacristan,  sjle'ris-tSn,  not  sa-erist'an. 

Sacristy,  sac'ris-ty,  not  sa-€irls'ty. 

Sadden,  sad'dn,  not  sSd'den. 

Saddle,  sad'dle,  not  sad'dul.     See  cuddle. 

Sadducee,  sad'du-Q66,  not  sSd-du-gee'. 

Sadduceeism,  sad-du-^eg'lgm,  not  sa"d'du-9ee-I§m. 

Saffron,  saffron  (Web.) ;saf 'run,  or  sa"ff urn  (Wore.). 

Sagacious,  sa-ga'cious,  not  sa-gash'us. 

Sahara, sS-ha'ra  (Web.^sa'h'a-ra^or  sa-ha'ra  (Wore); 

not  sa-ha'ra. 
Said,  sSd,  not  said. 

Salaam, )      ,„    , 
_  '  \  sa-lam'. 

Salam,    ) 

Salamander,  saTa-mSn-der,  not  sal-a-niSn'der. 
Salary,  sal'a-ry,  not  saTry. 

a,  e,  i,   o,   n,  y,  long;   a,  6,  i,  5,   d,  y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  365 

Saleratus,  sal-e-ra'tus,  not  sal-e-rSt'iis. 

Salic,  s5.Yi€,  not  sa'lie. 

Salient,  sa'li-ent,  not  sal'yent. 

Salifiable,  sal'i-fi-a-ble,  not  sa-lif  i-a-ble. 

Salina,  sa-li'na,  not  sa-lii'na. 

Saline,  sa-llne',  or  sa'line  (Web.);  sa-llne'  ("Wore.). 

Saline   (from   the    ashes   of  potato  leaves),   saTlne 

(Web.);  saTin,  or  sa-lin'  (and  so  spelled  by  Wore.). 
Saliva,  sa-li'va,  not  saTi-va. 
Salmon,  sa"m'6n,  not  sal'mon. 
Salon,  sa-l5ng'  (Wore.);  sa'-long'  (Web.). 
Salt-cellar,  salt'cel-lar,  not  salt'set-ter. 
Salt  rheum,  salt'rheum,  not  salt-rheum'. 
Salubrious,  sa-ln'bri-otts,  not  sa-lu'bri-ous. 
Salutary,  saTu-ta-ry,  not  sal-u-ta'ry. 
Salutatorian,  sa-ln-ta-to'ri-an,  not  sa-lu-ta-to'ri-an. 
Salutatory,  sa-ln'ta-to-ry,  not  sa-ln'ta-to-ry,  nor  sa- 

lu'ta-to-ry. 

Salute,  sa-lnte',  not  sa-lute'.     See  n. 
Salvation,  sal-va'tion,  not  sill-va'tion. 
Salve,  siiv  (Web.);  siiv,  or  salve  (Wore.);  not  sa"v. 
Salver,  sal'ver  (a  plate). 
Samaritan,  sa-mar'i-tan,  not  sa-mdr'i-tan. 
Samphire,   silm'phlre,   or  sam'fur  (Web.);   sa"m'fir 

(Wore.). 

Sample,  sam'ple,  not  sam'ple. 
Sanable,  sSn'a-ble,  not  sa'na-ble. 
Sanctimony,  san^'ti-mo-ny,  not  s2Q€'ti-mO-ny. 
Sanctitude,  sSne'ti-tnde,  not  san^'ti-tiide.     See  o. 

s6n,    6r,    dg,    wglf,    wdbl,    mdDn,    byll,    (irn,    rride, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


366  WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Sanctuary,  sanet'n-a-ry^  not  sSa-e'chu-a-ry. 
Sandalphon,  san-dal'phon,  not  san-dal'phon. 
Sandwich,  sand'wich  (Web.);  sSnd'wldg  (Wore..). 
Sandwort,  sand'wurt,  not  sSnd'wCrt. 
San  Francisco,  san-fran-gis'-eo   (Wore.);   san-fran- 

cls'-eo  (Web.). 

Sang-froid,  sang-frwa'  (Wore.);  sSng-frwa"  (Web.). 
Sanguinary,   saa'gwl-na-ry   (Web.);    saa'gwe-na-re 

(Wore.);  not  sSn'gwi-na-ry.     See  angular. 
Sanguin,  san'gwin,  not  sSn'gwin. 
Sanhedrim,  san'he-drlm,  not  s2n-he'drlm. 
Sanitary,  sSn'i-ta-ry,  not  s2n-i-ta'ry. 
San  Joaquin,   san-ho-a'-ken'   (Web.);  s3n-ho-a-k6n' 

(W'ore.). 

San  Jose,  san-ho-se'  (Wore.);  san-ho-se'  (Web.). 
San  Juan,  san-hu-an'(Web.);san-j\i'an,  or  san-hu-.'in' 

(Wore.). 
Sans,  sa"n§,  not  sa'ng. 

"Sans  teeth,  sans  eyes,  sans  taste,  sans  everything." 

Sanscrit '  f  san/s^r^'  n°t  san'skrit. 

Santa  Claus,  |  sa'n'ta-^laus,  not  san'ta-€laug.     (Not 

Santa  Klaus,  )      given  in  Webster's.) 

This  is  the  Dutch  name  of  St.  Nicolas,  and  the 
Dutch  pronunciation  of  the  word  is  sa'n'ta-klous. 

Sapient,  sa'pi-Snt,  not  sap'yent. 
Saporific,  sSp-o-rif  is,  not  sSp-o-rlv'i€. 
Saporous,  sap'o-rous,  not  sa-pO'rous. 

a,   e,   I,   0,    O,   y,  long;   3,   6,   I,   0,   a,   y,    short; 
fiir,  firm,  ask,  §\\,  what,  ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


vTARMAN's   PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  367 

Sapphire,  sSfire,  or  sSf'ur  (Web.);  sSf 'fir  (Wore.). 

Saracen,  sar'a-gen,  not  sSr'a^Sn. 

Sarcasm,  sa'r'eSgm,  not  sar'-e5§-um. 

Webster  does  not  mark  the  unaccented  syllable. 

Sarcenet,  sa'rge'net,  not  sar'c.e-net. 

Sarcophagy,  sar-c5ph'a-gy,  not  sar-c6ph'a-gy. 

Sardanapalus,   sa'r-dan-a-pa'lus,   not    sar-da-nSp'a- 
lus. 

Sardine,    sa'r'di'ne    (Web.) ;    sa'r'dine,    or  sar-diine' 
(Wore.). 

Sardonic,  sar-d5n'ie,  not  sar-do'nie. 

Sardonyx,  sa'r'do-nyy,  not  sar-dQn'yx. 

Sarsaparilla,  sa'r-sa-pa-ril'la,  not  sas-sa-prfl'la. 

Sat,  sat,  not  sat. 

Satan,  sa'tan,  not  sat'n. 

Satiate,  sa'she-ate,  not  sa'shate. 

Satiety,  sa-ti'e-ty,  not  sa'she-ty. 

This  is  the  only  word  in  the  language  having  the 
syllable  ti  under  the  accent,  and  immediately  fol- 
lowed by  a  vowel. 

Satin,  sSt'in,  not  sSt'n. 

Satire,  sat'ire  (Web.);  sa'tur,  sSt'Ire,  orsat'ur  (Wore.). 
"Though  the  first  mode  (sa'tur)  of  pronouncing 
this  word  is  the  most  general  and  the  most  agreea- 
ble to  an  English  ear,  the  second  (sat'ire)  seems  to 
be  that  which  is  most  favored  by  the  learned,  be- 
cause, say  they,  the  first  syllable  in  the  Latin  satyra 
is  short." —  Walker. 

s6n,   fir,   dp,   wolf,   wdbl,    m<5bn,   "byll,   urn,   rude, 
<jent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e^ist,     thy,     u-ng- 


368  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Satirical,  sa-tlr'ie-al,  not  sa-tlr'k-al. 
Satisfactory,  sat-is-fae'to-ry,  not  sSt-is-faVtry. 
Satrap,  sa'trap  (Wore.);  same,  or  sSt'rap  (Web.). 
Saturate,  sSt'n-rate,  not  sa"t'chu-rate.     SeeQ. 
Saturity,  sa-tn'ri-ty,  not  sa-tu'ri-ty.   See  a. 
Saturnine,  sSt'ur-nine,  not  sSt'ur-nlne. 
Satyr,  sa'tur  (WTeb.):  same,  or  sat'ir  (Wore.). 
Saucy,  sau'cy,  not  siiu'9y,  nor  sau9'y. 
Sauerkraut,  sour'krout;  zouer'krout  (German). 

When  s  begins  a  syllable,  in  German,  and  is  fol- 
lowed by  a  vowel,  it  has  the  sound  of  z. 

Saunter,  saun'ter  (Web.);  same, or  saun'ter  (Wore.). 

Sausage,  sau'sage  (Web.);  sau'sage  (Wore.). 

Savage,  saVage,  not  saVige.     See  image. 

Savant,  sa'-va'ng'  (Wore.);  sa'-vSng'  (Web.). 

Savonarola,  sii-vo-na'-ro'ls. 

Saxon,  silx'on  (AVorc.);  same,  or  sSx'n  (Web.). 

Says,  sez,  not  say§. 

Scabious,  sca'bi-ofis,  not  scab'i-ous. 

Scaglia,  seaTya. 

Scallop  (noun  and  verb),  seal'lop,  not  s^al'lop. 

Scalp,  sealp,  not  sealp. 

Scamp,  scSmp,  not  s«amp. 

Scan,  s«2n,  not  s«an. 

Scandal,  s«a"n'dal,  not  scan'dal. 

There  is  a  tendency  to  nasalize  the  short  a  when 
succeeded  by  n.     See  man. 

Scant,  scant,  not  scant,  nor  a  nasal  a. 

Si,  e,   I,   0,   n,   y,   long;   a,  6,   I,  0,   fi,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  §,11,   what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  369 

Scantily,  s«ant'i-ly. 

Scantling,  scantling. 

Scarce,  searge,  not  sparge,  nor  seeTge,  nor  scSrge. 

The  first  marking  is  that  of  Worcester  and  Web- 
ster, though  the  majority  of  orthoepists  give  the 
second. 

Scarcity,  sear'gi-ty,  not  s€ar'gi-ty. 

Scarify,  sear'i-fy,  not  sear'i-fy. 

Scarlatina,  sear-la-tfna,  not  scar'la-tl-na. 

Scath,  seath,  not  seath. 

Scathe,  se&tke  (Web.);  s-eathe  (Wore.). 

Scathed,  scathed,  or  se&thed   (Web.);   s€a"thed,   or 

scathed  (Wore.). 
Scathing,  seath'ing,  or  se&th'ing  (Web.);  seath'ing, 

or  seath'ing  (Wore.). 

Worcester  does  not  give  the  voiced  th  to  any  of 
these  words. 

Scathful,     seSth'ful     (Web.);    same,   or    seath'ful 

(Wore.). 
Scathless,  s^ath'less   (Web.);  same,    or     s^ath'less 

(Wore.). 

Scavenger,  seav'en-ger,  not  s«av'en-ger. 
Scenic,  scSn'k,  or  sce'nie  (Web.)  sc6u'J€  (Wore.). 
Sceptic,  s«ep'ti€,  not  sggp'tic. 

This  last  marking  is  given  by  Entick. 

"  In  the  words  sceptic,  scirrhus,  and  their  deriva- 
tives, c  has  the  sound  of  k."  —  Worcester,  65. 


son,    6r,    dp.,    wolf,   wdbl,    mdDn,    byll,    tirn, 
gent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


§70  WAEMAN'S  PKACTICAL  ORTHOEPY* 

Schedule,  sehgd'nle  (Web.);  sehed'ule,  shed'nle,  or 
sgd'ale  (Wore.). 

This  is  a  word  over  which  there  has  been  much 
controversy.  Walker  gives  still  two  other  pronun- 
ciations than  the  foregoing,  sed-jnl,  or  sehed'jal, 
while  Sheridan  gives  us  sed-jul. 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  prevailing  mode,  it 
is  now  almost  universally  pronounced  as  given  by 
Webster,  and  the  preference  by  Worcester.  It  was 
pronounced  sdie'd'ale,  so  says  Dr.  Jones,  in  Queen 
Anne's  time.  The  first  mode  follows  the  Latin, 
the  second  the  French,  while  the  third  and  the 
remainder  are  left  to  shift  for  themselves. 

Schism,  si§m. 

"  The  common  pronunciation  of  this  word  is  con- 
trary to  every  rule  for  pronouncing  words  from  the 
learned  languages,  and  ought  to  be  altered.  The 
ch  ought  to  be  pronounced  like  k.  However  strange, 
therefore,  skizm  may  sound,  it  is  the  only  true  and 
analogical  pronunciation;  and  we  might  as  well  pro- 
nounce scheme  seme,  as  schism  sizm,  there  being 
exactly  the  same  reason  for  both.  But,  when  once 
a  false  pronunciation  is  fixed,  as  this  is,  it  requires 
some  daring  spirit  to  begin  the  reformation." — 
Walker. 

Schisma,  s€hi§'ma,  not  si§'ma. 

Schismatic,  sig-mSt'ie. 

Schist,  S9hist,  not  S€hlsc,  nor  slst. 

a,  e,  i,  o,  Q,  y,  long;  a,  s,  i,  5,  tt,  y,  short; 
Sir,  Urm,  ask,  §11,  what,  6re,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  371 

Schooner,  schobn'er,  not  schotm'er. 
Schubert,  shu'bert,  not  shu'bert. 
Schurz,  shdbrts  (Web.);  not  given  by  Worcester. 
Sciatica,  sgl-sit'i-ca,  not  S9l-2t'i~ea. 
Scientific,  sgl-en-tif  ic,  not  891-en-tlv'ie. 

SCOff,  Se5ff,  not  SCoff. 

Sconce,  scor^c,  not  seonqe. 

Scorbutic,  scor-bn'tic,  not  s«or-biit'i€. 

Score,  s£-0re,  not  score. 

Scorn,  scorn,  not  scorn. 

Scornful,  scorn'fvil,  not  scorn'ful.     See  faithful. 

Scorpion,  scor'pi-on,  not  s€0r'pi-on. 

Scoundrel,  scoun'drel,  not  seoun'der-'l. 

Scourge,  scourge,  not  scourge. 

Screw,  scru,  not  sera. 

Scripture,  script'nre,  not  script'chur.     See  a. 

See  facture  for  ease  of  utterance,  etc. 

Scrivener,  scrive'ner,  not  scrive'ner,  nor  scrlv'en-er. 

Scrofula,  scr5fu-la,  not  scrof'n-la. 

Scruple,  scru'ple,  not  scru'ple. 

Scrupulous,  scru'pn-loiis,  not  scrup'lofis. 

Scrutiny,  scru'ti-ny,  not  scrn'ti-ny. 

Scrutoire,  scru-twor',  not  scru-tor'. 

Sculpture,  sculpt'nre,  not  sculp'chur.    See  Q. 

See  facture  in  regard  to  ease  of  pronunciation. 

Scurrilous,  scur'ril-ous,  not  scur'Q-lous. 
Scythe,  scy^e,  not  scythe. 

son,    or,  do,   wolf,   wdbl,    mdDn,    byll,    ftrn,    rude, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,     ig,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


372 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY, 


Seamstress,  seam'stress>  or  seam'stress  (Web.); 
seam'stress  (Wore.). 

Seance,  ss'ance  (Worc.);sa-6ngs',  or  sa-Qns'  (Web.). 

Season,  sea'§n,  not  se"a'§on. 

Seckel  (a  species  of  pear),  sSck'l,  not  slk'kl. 

Seclude,  se-elnde',  not  se-elude'. 

Seclusion,  se-eln'zhun,  not  se-eln'shun.  See  adhe- 
sion. 

Seclusive,  se-cln'sive,  not  se-elu'§ive.     See  effusive. 

Secretary,  seVre-ta-ry,  not  seVu-ta-ry. 

Secretory,  se-ere'to-ry,  or  sS'ere-to-ry  (Wore.);  same 
transposed  (Web.). 

Sects,  seets,  not  s&es. 

Sedative,  sSd'a-tive,  not  se-da'tive. 

Sedentary,  sed'en-ta-ry,  not  sgd'en-ta-ry. 

Sedlitz  powders,  sed'litz-pow'der§,  not  sid'litz. 

When  the  orthography  is  changed,  Webster 
changes  the  pronunciation  (seld'litz);  Worcester 
does  not. 

Seduce,  se-dQ9e',  not  se-du9e'.    See  tt. 
Sedulity,  se-dn'li-ty,  not  se-du'li-ty,  nor  s6d'u-li-ty. 
Seethe,  sGethe,  not  seethe. 

Seigneurial,  sSign-eQ'ri-al  (Web.);  sei-gnea'-ri-al 
(Wore.). 

The  syllabification  by  Worcester  is  the  easier  of 
utterance. 

Seignior,  ssign'yur,  not  s5ign'y&r. 
Seine  (a  net),  seine,  not  seine. 

a,  e,  I,   0,   Q,   y,  long;  a,  6,  I,  0,   fi,  y,   short; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  a.  11,  what,  ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  373 

Seine  (river),  seine,  or  s6n  (Wore.);  sane  (Web.). 

Selenic,  se-leVic,  not  se-l6n'ic. 

Self-help,  sSlf  help,  not  self-help7. 

Selva&re     ^ 

Selvedge,  [  sSl'va£e>  not  s6l'vi^e«    See  image. 

Semester,  se-mes'ter,  not  s6m'es-ter. 

Semi,  sem'l,  not  sem'i. 

Seminary,  sSm'i-na-ry,  not  sSm'i-na-ry. 

Semiotic,  sem-i-Sfie  (Wore.);  sS-mi-Qt'k  (Web.). 

Semipedal,  sSm-i-pS'dal,  or  se-mip'e-dal   (Wore.); 

se-mip'e-dal  (Web.). 
Semiquaver  (noun),  sem'i-qua-ver. 
Semiquaver  (verb),  sem-i-qua'ver. 

"With  wire  and  catgut  he  concludes  the  day, 
Quavering  and  semiquanering  care  away." 

Semitonic,  sem-i-ton'k,  not  s6m'i-t5n-i€. 

Sempre,  sem'pre,  not  sem'per. 

Sempstress,  sem'stress(Worc.);  sgmp'stress  (Web.). 

Senate,  sen'ate,  not  sen'it,  nor  sen'ut.     See  image. 

Senator,  sen'a-tor,  not  sSn'a-tor. 

Senile,  se'nile,  not  sg-nlle',  nor  s6n'ile. 

Senior,  sen'yur,  not  ssn'yor. 

Seniority,  sen-y6r'i-ty,  not  sen-yor'i-ty. 

Senna,  sen'na,  not  sSn'na. 

Sentient,  sen'shl-ent,  not  sen'shent. 

Sentiment,  sen'ti-ment,  not  sen'ti-munt. 

Sentinel,  sSn'ti-nel,  not  sent'nel. 

Separable,  sep'a-ra-ble,  not  sep'a-ra-ble. 

son,    6r,    do,   wplf,   wdbl,    mdon,    bull,   firn,   ryde, 
9ent,     «an,     ^em,     go,     ig,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


374:  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Separate  (verb),  sep'a-rate,  not  sep'u-rate. 

"Separate  me  Barnabas  and  Saul  for  the  work  where- 
unto  I  have  called  them." 

"  Who  shall  separateus  from  the  love  of  Christ?" 
Separate  (adj.),  sep'a-rate,  not  sep'a-rate. 
"Eve  separate  he  wished." 

Separatist,  sep'a-ra-tist,  not  sSp-a-ra'tist. 
Septenary,  sep'ten-a-ry,  not  sep-tgn'a-ry. 

Sepulchre,  )  .  „  ,  ,    , 

'  f  (noun),  sep  ul-eher. 

Sepulcher,  j  v 

Milton  accents  the  noun  on  the  second  syllable. 
Shakespeare  does  the  same  very  generally,  but  not 
always. 


Sepulchral,  se-pul'-ehral. 

Sepulture,  sgp'ul-tnre. 

Sequel,  sS'quel,  not  sS'quil. 

Sequestrate,  se-ques'trate. 

Sequestration,  sek-wes-tra'tion,?io£  sSk'wes-tra-tion. 

Sequestrator,  sek'wes-tra-tor,  not  sSk-wes-tra'tor. 

Seraglio,  se-raTy<3. 

Seraphic,  se-raph'ie,  not  ser'a-phi«. 

Serapis,  se-ra'pis,  not  se-rSp'is. 

Serenade,  ser-e-nade',  not  sur-e-nade'. 

Sergeant,  sar'geant,  or  sgr'geant.     See  clerk. 

"The  letters  er  are  irregularly  sounded  ar  in 

a,   6,   I,    0,    Q,    y,   long;    3,   6,    I,    o,    u,    y,    short; 
air,  a'rm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  375 

clerk  and  sergeant;  and  formerly,  but  not  now,  in 
merchant,  derby,  and  several  other  words." — Smart. 

Series,  se"'rie"§,  or  se"'rl-6§  (Web.);  sS're-6§  (Wore.). 

Serious,  sg'ri-ous,  not  sir'i-ous. 

Serpentine,  ser'pen-tine,  not  se"r'pen-tlne. 

Service,  serv'ige,  not  serv'us. 

Servile,  sgrv'ile,  not  sgrv'ile. 

Servitude,  ser'vi-tnde,  not  se"r'vi-tude.     Seen. 

Sesame,  ses'a-me,  not  ses'am. 

Sesquipedalian,   s6s-qui-pe-da'li-an    (Wore.);  ses- 

qulp-e-da'li-an  (Web.);  not  ses-qui-pe-dal'yan . 
Sesterces,  seYter-ges,  not  ses'ter-ggs. 

It  is  seldom  we  hear  this  pronounced  correctly  by 
elocutionists  when  declaiming  "Spartacus  to  the 
Gladiators/' 

Settle,  sSt'tle,  not  sSt'tul.    See  cuddle. 

Set-to  (a  conflict),  set'tp.,  not  s6t-tp/. 

Seven,  sev'n,  not  s6v'en. 

Seven-night,  sen'nlght  (Web.)  sgn'nit  (Wore.). 

Seventy,  seVn-ty,  not  sev'en-ty,  nor  sSv'un-ty. 

Several,  sev'er-al,  not  s^v'ral. 

Severity,  se-veYi-ty,  not  se-ver'i-ty. 

Sew,  so,  not  su,. 

Sewer  (one  who  sews),  so'er. 

Sewer  (a  drain),  su'er,  or  shor  (Wore.);  sn'er  (Web.). 

The  majority  of  orthoepists  favor  the  second 
marking  given  by  Worcester,  but  it  is  seldom  heard  in 

son,   6r,   do,   wplf,   wdbl,    moDn,    byll,   ftrn,   rude, 
9ent,     €an,     gem,     go,     ig,     e^ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


376 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 


this  country.     The  writer  prefers  su'er  to  sn'er,  as 
it  is  less  labored  in  its  pronunciation. 

Sewer  (a  servant),  sa'er,  not  su'er. 

"  Then  the  sewer 
Poured  water  from  a  great  and  golden  ewer." 

Sexagenarian,  sSx-a-ge-na'ri-an,   not  sSx-a-ge-nar  - 

i-an. 
Sexagenary,  sex-ad  'gen-a-re  (Wore. )  ;sSx-ag'e-na-ry, 

or  sex'a-ge-na-ry  (Web.). 
Sextile,  sex'tile,  not  sex'tile. 
Sexual,  sek'shu-al. 

Webster  is  wrong  in  marking  this  word  se"x'u-al, 
and  in  parentheses  sek'shu-al.  There  is  no  neces- 
sity of  marking  the  u,  if  he  respeDs  it.  These  two 
markings  do  not  coincide  in  the  pronunciation. 

Shaft,  shaft,  not  shaft, 

Shaken,  shak'n,  not  shak'en. 

Shall,  shall,  not  shell. 

Shallow,  shallow,  not  shaTler. 

Sham,  sham,  not  sham. 

Shameful,  shame'ful,  not  shame'ful.     See  faithful. 

Shampoo,  shSm-pdD',  not  sham-poon'. 

Sha'n't,  shan't,  not  shant. 

Sharpen,  sharp'n,  not  sha'rp'en. 

Sheath  (noun),  sheath,  not  shea£7i. 

Sheathe  (verb),  shSa^e,  not  sheathe. 

Sheathed,  sheared,  not  sheathed. 

Sheaths  (plural),  shea,^.     See  truths. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    n,    y,   long;    a,   6,   I,   5,    d,    y.    short; 
air,   arm,  ask,  all,   what,    ere,  Srr,  prey,   mien,  sir, 


WABMAN'S  PEAOTIOAL  ORTHOEPY.  377 

Sheaves,  sheave§,  not  sheafs. 

Shechinah,  she-ehi'nah  (Web.);  sh6€h'i-ntth,  or  she- 

ehi'nah  (Wore.). 
Sheer,  she6r,  not  shir. 
Sheik,  sheik. 

Shekel,  shek'l,  not  shSk'el. 
Shekinah,  she-ki'nah  (Web.);  shSk'i-nSh,  or  she-kf- 

nah  (Wore.). 
Shenandoah,  sh8n-an-do'ah,  not  sh8n'an-do-ah,  nor 

shSn-an-dore'. 

Shemitic,  shem-lt'i-e  (Web.);  she-mlt'i€(Worc.). 
Sheol,  she'Ol  (Wore.);  she'Ol  (Web). 
Shepherd,  shep'erd,  not  sh6p'herd. 
Sherbet,    shSr'bet    (Web.);    shgr'bet,    or    sher-b6t' 

(Wore.);  not  shgr'bert. 

The  first  marking  is  the  more  common,  the  sec- 
ond more  authorized. 

Sheriff,  sheriff,  not  sher'iff. 
Shew,  sho,  not  shu. 
Shibboleth,  shib'bo-l6th. 

The  unaccented  syllable  is  not  marked  by  Web- 
ster. 

"  That  sore  battle,  when  so  many  died 
Without  reprieve,  adjudged  to  death 
For  want  of  well  pronouncing  shibboleth." 

Shire,  shire,   or    shire     (Wore.);   same  transposed 
(Web.). 

"  In  the  word  shire  the  /  has  commonly  the  sound 

son,   6r,   dg,   wplf,   w<5bl,    mdon,    byll,   urn,   rude, 
«an,    gem,     go,     i§,     e?ist,     thj,    n=ng. 


378  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OKTHOKPY. 

of  long  e,  and  some  orthoepists  also  give  it  the 
same  in  oblige  and  oblique." — Worcester,  17. 

"This  word,  when  unaccented  at  the  end  of 
words,  as  Nottinghams/wre,  Wiltshire,  etc.,  is  al- 
ways pronounced  with  the  i  like  ee.  The  pronun- 
ciation is  very  irregular,  as  it  is  the  only  pure 
English  word  in  the  language  where  the  final  e  does 
not  produce  the  long  diphthongal  sound  of  /  when 
the  accent  is  on  it;  but  this  irregularity  is  so  fixed 
as  to  give  the  regular  sound  a  pedantic  stiffness." 
—  Walker. 

"Whatever  may  have  been  the  practice  of  Walk- 
er's own  day,  it  is  certain  that  in  present  English 
usage  this  word,  when  used  as  a  termination,  is 
invariably  pronounced  shire,  or  shur.  American 
usage  is  not  quite  uniform,  but  inclines  decidedly 
to  the  same  pronunciation." —  Webster. 

Shoe,  shqe,  not  shn. 

Shone,  shone,  or  shone  (Wore.);  same  transposed 
(Web.). 

"This  word  is  frequently  pronounced  to  rhyme 
with  tone;  but  the  short  sound  of  it  is  by  far  the 
most  usual  among  those  who  may  be  styled  polite 
speakers. " —  Walker. 

In  the  reading  of  poetry  one  cannot  always  con- 
sult his  taste.  The  weight  of  authority  favors  the 
first  marking,  and  it  is  decidedly  the  writer's 

a,  e,  i,  o,  o,  y,  long;  a,  e,  i,  5,  e,  y,  short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  §11,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  379 

preference;  but  in  the  reading  of  the  following 
lines  it  is  rhyme  versus  choice: 

" 'Tis  midnight!    And  on  Olive's  brow 

The  star  is  dimmed,  that  lately  shone. 
'Tis  midnight !    In  the  garden  now 
The  suffering  Saviour  prays  alone. " 

"And  though  its  crown  of  flame 
Consumed  my  brain  to  ashes  as  it  shone 
By  all  the  fiery  stars!  I'd  bind  it  on." 

If  you  want  this  to  rhyme  do  not  say  6n  for  5n. 

Shook,  shook,  not  shook. 

Shore,  shore,  not  sh6re. 

Shorn,  shorn,  wo^shdrn. 

Short,  short,  not  short. 

Shorten,  sh6rt'n,  not  shdrt'en. 

Short-lived,  short'lived,  not  sh6rt'llved,  nor  sh6rt- 

lived'. 

Short-sighted,  sh6rt'sight-ed,  not  short-sight'ed. 
Short-spoken,  short'spok-n,  not  short-spok'n. 
Short-waisted,  short'waist-ed,  not  short-waist'ed. 

And  likewise  with  all  similar  words,  short'tailed, 
short'winded,  short'witted,  etc. 

Shough  (a  shaggy  dog),  sh6k. 

Shough  (inter jec.),  eho.  ( Wore. ) ;  shdo,  or  shu  (Web.). 

An  exclamation  used  in  driving  away  fowls.  Also 
written  shu  and  shoo. 

Shovel,  shov'l,  not  shov'el. 

son,   6r,   dp.,   wolf,   wdbl,    moTm,    bull,   urn,   rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


380  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Shrew,  shru,  not  sru,  nor  shrn. 
Shrewd,  shrud,  not  sru,d. 
Shriek,  shriek,  not  sriek. 
Shrill,  shrill,  not  srlll. 
Shrimp,  shrimp,  not  srlmp. 
Shrine,  shrine,  not  srlne. 
Shrink,  shrink,  not  srlnk. 
Shrive,  shrive,  not  srlve. 
Shrivel,  shrlv'l,  not  srlv'l. 
Shroud,  shroud,  not  sroud. 

It  is  a  prevailing  fault  to  omit  the  h  in  these  and 
all  similar  words. 

Shrove-Tuesday,  shrove'tnes/day,  not  shrOve-tue§'- 

day. 

Shrub,  shrub,  not  srub. 
Shrug,  shrug,  not  srflg. 

Shrunken,  shrunk'n,  not  shrtink'en,  nor  shrfin'ken. 
Shut,  shttt,  not  sh6t. 
Siam,  si-am',  or  si'am    (Wore.);    si-2m',    or  se-Sm' 

(Web.). 
Siamese,  sl-am-S§e',  not  sl-am-Sse'. 

The  latter  pronunciation  will  do  for  those  who 
say  Chinese',  Jap-an-gse'.  etc. 

Siberian,  si-be'ri-an,  not  si-ber'i-an. 
Sibyl,  sib'yl,  not  sl'byl. 
Sibylline,  sib'yl-llne,  not  syb'il-li'ne.    . 
Siccity,  si€'9i-ty,  not  sic'gi-ty. 

a,  e,  i,  o,  n,  y,  long ;  a,  6,  i,  5,  o,  y,  short  ; 
&ir,  a'rm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  e"rr,  prey,   mien,  sir, 


WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  381 

4 

Sice,  siz,  not  5196. 
Sicilian,  si-9il'i-an,  not  si-cll'yan. 
Sicken,  sick  n,  not  slck'en. 
Sickle,  sick'l,  not  slck'el. 
Sideral,  sid'er-al,  not  si-de'ral. 
Sidereal,  si-de're-al  (Web.);  si-de're-al  (Wore.). 
Sierra,  si'-er'ra  (Web.);  si-eYra  (Wore.). 
Sierra  Nevada,  si-er'ra-ne-va'-da  (Wore.) ;  si-eYrS- 
na-va'dii  (Web.). 

Webster  claims  that  the  d  should  have  very  nearly 
the  sound  of  tli  in  this;  i.  e.  make  it  as  awkwardly 
and  laboriously  as  you  can.  Each  r,  also,  is  to  be 
like  double  r. 

Siesta,  sY-eYta  (Web.);  si-es'ta  (Wore.). 

Signature,  sig'na-tnre,  not  sig'na-chur.     See  u. 

Signior  (sir),  s'ign'yur. 

Signer  (Mr.),  si'gn'yur  (Web.);  sign'yOr  (Wore.). 

Signora  (Mrs.),  sign-yO'ra. 

Signorina  (Miss),  si'gn-yo-r6'na. 

Silesia,  sl-le'shl-a,  not  sl-lS'sha. 

Silhouette,  sil'«-St'  (Wore.);  sll'db-et  (Web.). 

Silken,  silk'n,  not  sllk'en. 

Silurian,  si-ln'ri-an  (Wore.);  si-lu'ri-an  (Web.). 

Silvery,  sll'ver-y,  not  sll'vry. 

Similar,  sim'i-lar,  not  slm'lar. 

Simile,  slm'i-le  (Wore.);  slm'i-le  (Web.). 

Similitude,  sl-mll'i-tade,  not  sl-mil'i-tude.     See  a. 

Simoniacal,  sim-o-ni'a€-al,  not  si-mo'ni-a^-al. 

s6n,   6r,    do,   wglf,   wdbl,    mdon,    byll,   ftrn,    rude, 
gent,     «an,     ^em,     go,     i§,     e^ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


382          WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

• 

Simony,  slm'o-ny,  not  si'mo-ny. 
Simultaneous,  si-mul-ta'ne-otis,  not  sim-ul-ta'ne-ofls. 
Since,  singe,  not  senge. 
Sinecure,  si'ne-eure,  not  sln'e-enre. 
Sine  die,  si'ns-di's. 
Sinew,  sin'yu,  not  sin'nu.     See  a. 

Worcester  marks  this  sin'nu,  with  the  u  obscure. 
In  the  Unabridged  he  does  not  inform  us  which  u 
is  obscure,  but  in  his  school  dictionary  he  agrees 
with  the  marking  given  by  Webster. 

Sinful,  sin'ful,  not  sln'ful.  See  faithful. 
Single,  sin'gle,  not  sln'gle.  See  angular. 
Singular,  sla'gu-lar,  not  sln'gu-lar.  See  angular. 

The  u  in  this  and  its  derivatives  is  long  u  unac- 
cented. 

Sinister,  sln'is-ter   (Web.);   sin'is-ter,   or  si-nls'ter 
(Wore.). 

Some  of  the  poets  (Milton,  Shakespeare,  Dryden, 
etc.),  as  well  as  many  of  the  orthoepists,  shift  the 
accent  of  this  word  according  to  the  sense  in  which  it 
is  used.'  When  signifying  left,  they  place  the  accent 
on  the  second  syllable;  but  when  used  in  the  sense 
of  evil,  they  place  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable. 

"Here  or  his  si-nis'ter  cheek." — Shake. 
"  He  scorns  to  undermine  another's  interest  by  any  tin'it- 
ter  or  inferior  arts." — South. 

Walker  claims  that  this  distinction  is  not  to  be 
founded  on  the  best  usage. 

a,   e,   I,   0,   Q,   y,   long;   a,  6,   I,   5,   ti,  y,    short; 
&ir,  ilrm,  fi.sk,  all,  what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  383 

Sinuous,  sin'a-ous,  not  sin'u-oiis. 

Siren,  si'ren,  not  sir'en. 

Sirrah,  slr'rah  (Web.);  sSr'rah,  or  slr'rah  (Wore.). 

Sirup,  slr'up  (Web.);  same,  or  sur'up  (Wore.). 

Sise,  sii-je,  not  sise. 

Sisyphus,  sis'y-phfis,  not  sls/y-phiis. 

Situated,  sit'n-a-ted,  not  sit'chu-a-ted.     See  Q. 

Situation,  slt-u-a'tion,  not  sit-chu-a'tion.     See  u. 

Sky,  sky,  not  skyi,  nor  sks-l,  nor  sk'y. 

All  of  the  above  markings  are  sanctioned  by  or- 
thoepists  of  more  or  less  note.  They  are  those  who 
give  the  same  combination  of  sounds  to  the  words 
kind  and  guide.  We  are  thankful  that  we  have  no 
such  combinations  —  or  abominations  —  to  record 
under  the  name  of  either  Worcester  or  Webster. 

We  hear  this  affected  pronunciation  in  a  great 
measure  upon  the  stage.  Think  of  saying:  a  little 
gylrl,  with  eyes  as  blue  as  the  skyl,  was  so  kylnd  as 
to  gylde  me  here. 

William  Russell  remarks:  "The  time  was  when 
the  stage  was  justly  held  the  model  of  pronuncia- 
tion; but  that  golden  age  of  dramatic  literature  and 
dramatic  life  has  long  since  passed  away." 

Shakespeare  says:  "Thou  wert  better  in  thy 
grave  than  to  answer  with  thy  uncovered  body  this 
extremity  of  the  skies."  He  was  probably  speak- 
ing to  some  one  of  this  extreme  pronunciation  — 
skyles. 

son,    or,    do,   wolf,   wot)l,    mdon,    byll,    ftrn,    rude, 
<-an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


384  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Slabber,  slab'ber,  not  slob'ber. 

It  is  also  written  slaver  and  slobber,  and  collo- 
quially pronounced  slSb'ber  Walker  says:  "The 
second  sound  of  this  word  (slob'ber)  is  by  much 
the  more  usual  one;  but  as  it  is  in  direct  opposition 
to  the  orthography,  it  ought  to  be  discountenanced 
and  the  a  restored  to  its  true  sound." 

Slacken,  slack'n,  not  slack'en. 

Slander,  slan'der  (Wore.);  slan'der  (Web.). 

Slang,  slang,  not  slang. 

Slant,  slant,  not  slant. 

Slash,  slash,  not  slash. 

Slaughter,  slaughter,  not  slSugh'ter. 

Sleek,  sleek,  not  slick. 

Slew,  sin,  not  slu. 

Slippery,  slip'per-y,  not  sllp'ry. 

Sliver,  sllv'er,   or  slfver  (Web.);  same  transposed 

(Wore.). 

Sloth,  sloth  (Wore.);  sloth,  or  sloth  (Web.). 
Slothful,   sloth'ful   (Wore.);   slsth'ful,   or  sloth'ful 

(Web.). 

Webster  is  wholly  alone  in  the  sanctioning  of 
short  o  in  the  pronunciation  of  these  words. 

Slough  (a  miry  pit),  slou,  not  sloo. 
Slough  (the  cast  skin  of  a  serpent),  slfif. 
Sloven,  slov'en,  or  sl6v'n  (Web.);  sl6v'en  (Wore.). 
Small-pox,  small'p5x  (Web.)  small-pQx',  or  sma.ll'- 
p5x  (Wore.). 

a,  €,  I,   o,   o,   y,  long;   a,  6,   I,   6,   fi,   y,    short; 
&ir,  Srm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  385 

Smilax,  smi'lSx  (Wore.);  sml'lax  (Web.). 
Smithy,  smlth'y,  not  smlth'j. 
Smitten,  smlt'tn,  not  smlt'ten. 
Smouch,  smp.uch  (Web.);  smouch(Worc.). 

Worcester  gives  the  diphthong  ou  as  in  ouch. 

Smutch,  smutch,  not  smutch. 

Snare,  snare,  not  snare. 

Sneer,  sneer,  not  snir. 

Snivel,  snlv'l,  not  snlVel. 

Snore,  snore,  not  sn6re. 

Snort,  snort,  not  snort. 

Snout,  snout,  not  sn<5bt. 

Soave,  soa've  (Wore.);  so-s've  (Web.). 

Sob,  s5b,  not  sob. 

Sobriquet,  so-bre-ka'  (Web.);  s5b're-ka'  (Wore.). 

Sociability,   so-sha-bil'i-ty   (Web.);   so-she-a-bil'i-ty 

(Wore.). 

Sociable,  so'sha-ble  (Web.);  so'she-a-ble  (Wore.). 
Socialism,  so'shal-i§m,  not  sO'she-al-l§m. 
Socially,  so'shal-ly,  not  sO'she-al-ly. 
Sod,  s5d,  not  sod,  nor  sad. 
Sofa,  so'fa,  not  so'fy. 

Soft,  soft  (Web.);  same,  or  s6ft.    See  costly. 
Soften,  sSf'n  (Web.);  same,  or  s6ffn   (Wore.);  not 

sOf'ten. 

Soggy,  sSg'gy,  not  s6g'gy. 
Soiree,  swa'-ra'  (Web.);  swa,-ra'  (Wore.). 
Sojourn  (noun  and  verb),  so'journ,  not  so-journ'. 

son,    6r,    dg,   w<?lf,   wcfcl,    mdon,   bull,   urn,    rude, 
gent,     €an,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,      thy,     n-m;- 


386  WAKMAN*S   PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY. 

Sojourner,  sO'jour-ner,  not  so-jour'ner. 

This  accentuation  holds  good  in  all  words  derived 
from  sojourn. 

Sol  (music),  sol,  not  s5l. 

Solace,  sol'age,  not  sO'la9e. 

Solano,  so-la'no,  not  so-la'no. 

Solder,  soTder,  0rs6'der  (Wore.);  sOl'der  (Web.). 

Sheridan  gives  the  short  sound  of  o  (sQd'der), 
and  leaves  out  the  /.  This  is  the  almost  universal 
pronunciation.  Smith  says  that  "every  workman 
pronounces  it  as  rhyming  with  fodder;''  and  Walker 
replies  that  "  workmen  ought  to  take  their  pronun- 
ciation from  scholars,  and  not  scholars  from  work- 
men." The  same  might  be  said  of  nautical  terms; 
yet  we  are  informed  that  in  the  dictionary  being 
published  by  the  Century  Company  they  intend  to 
base  their  authority  for  said  terms  upon  the  gen- 
eral usage  among  the  sailors.  This  is  a  question 
of  no  little  moment.  See  pumice. 

Soldier,  sol'ger,  not  sold'yer. 

It  is  with  great  reluctance  that  we  say  not  sOld'- 
yer.  It  is  the  only  word  in  the  dictionary  where 
Webster  gives  the  sound  of  j  or  g  in  place  of  y. 
Worcester  is  inconsistent  in  allowing  it  in  the 
words  India  and  india-rubber  (in-je-a  and  in-ga- 
rubber).  See  righteous. 

Solecism,  s6Te-9i§m,  not  sO'le-9l§m. 

ft,  6,  I,   0,   n,   y,   long;   g,  6,  I,  0,   fi,  y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  £rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAKMAN S   PRACTICAL  OBTHOEPY.  OO  < 

Solemn,  s5l'em,  not  sOl'inn. 

Solfeggio,  s5l-fed'gO. 

Solicitude,  so-liQ'i-tnde,  not  so-llQ'i-tvjde.     See  n. 

Solitaire,  s5l-i-taire',  not  soTi-taire. 

Solitary,  s5l'i-ta-ry,  not  s5l'i-ta-ry. 

Solitude,  soTi-tnde,  not  s5l'i-tude.     See  o. 

Solstice,  sQl'stiQe,  not  soTst^e. 

Solution,  so-ln'tion,  not  so-lu'tion.     See  a. 

<.,       .      '  i  s5m'ber  (Web.);sOm'ber  (Wore.). 

Sombrero,  som-bra'ro. 

Sombrous,  sQm'broiis  (Web.);  same,  or  som'brofis 

(Wore.). 

Somersault,  som'er-sault. 
Somerset,  som'er-s6t. 
Somnambulism,  som-nSm'bu-li§m,   not  s5m-nam'- 

bu-ll§m. 
Somnambulist,  som-nSm'bu-list,   not  s5m-n2m'bu- 

list. 

Somniferous,  som-nif'er-ous,  not  s5m-nifer-ofls. 
Somnolence,  sQm'no-le'i^e,  not  som-nO'lgnce. 
Sonant,  so'nant,  not  sOn'ant. 
Sonata,  so-na'ta,  not  so-na'ta. 
Sonorous,  so-no'rofls,  not  s5n'o-roiis.    See  decorous. 
Soon,  s<5on,  not  sotm. 
Soot,  soDt,  or  sdbt  (Wore.);  same  transposed  (Web.); 

not  sttt. 

"Notwithstanding  I  have  Mr.    Sheridan,  Mr. 
Nares,  Dr.  Kenrick,  W.  Johnston,  Mr.  Perry,  and 

86n,   6r,   dg,  wplf,  wdbl,   m<50n,   byll,  urn,   rude, 
9ent,     €an,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,     thy,    n-ng. 


388  WARMAJS'S   PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY. 

the  professors  of  the  black  art  themselves,  against 
me  in  the  pronunciation  of  this  word,  I  have  ven- 
tured to  prefer  the  regular  pronunciation  to  the 
irregular.  The  adjective  sooty  has  its  regular  sound 
among  the  correctest  speakers,  which  has  induced 
Mr.  Sheridan  to  mark  it  so;  but  nothing  can  be 
more  absurd  than  to  pronounce  the  substantive  in 
one  manner,  and  the  adjective  derived  from  it  by 
adding  y,  in  another.  The  other  orthoepists,  there- 
fore, who  pronounce  both  these  words  with  the  oo 
like  u,  are  more  consistent  than  Mr.  Sheridan, 
though,  upon  the  whole,  not  so  right." — Walker. 

Sooth,  sc5oth,  not  sooth. 

"  In  sootJi,  I  know  not  why  I  came." 
Soothe,  soothe,  not  soothe. 

"  I've  tried  the  force  of  every  reason  on  him,  aootfod  and 
caressed,  been  angry,  sootfied  again." 

Soothsayer,  sobth'say-er,  not  sob^A'say-er. 

Sooty,  soot'y, or  soot'y( Wore.);  same  reversed  (Web.). 

Sophistry,  s5ph'is-try,  not  so'phis-try. 

Sophomore,  sOpho-mOre,  not  s5ph'o-mur. 

Sopor,  so'por. 

Soporific,  sop-o-rlf'ie,  not  sO-po-rlf'ie. 

Sopranist,  so-pra'nist,  not  so-prSn'ist. 

Soprano,  so-prii'no,  not  so-prSn'o. 

Sordid,  sor'did,  not  sOr'did. 

Sorrel    f  sQr'e^  n°t  so'rel,  nor  s&r'rel. 

a,   6,   I,   o,    Q,   y,   long;   a,   G,   I,   6,   0,   y,    short; 
6ir,  Urm,  ask,  all,  what,   £re,  e"rr,  prey,  mien,  slr> 


WARMAN'S  PEACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  389 

Sorry,  s5r'ry,  not  s6r'ry. 
Sort,  s6rt,  not  sort. 
Sortie,  sor-tie"  (Wore.);  s&r'tle  (Web.). 
Sotto  voce,  s5t-to-vo'cha. 
Soubrette,  sou-brette'. 

Sough,  suf  (Web.);  suf,  or  sou  (Wore.);  sp.gh,  rumor 
(Wore.). 

In  the  last  marking  the  gh  is  gutteral. 

"  Or  listen  to  the  whispering  leaves,  or  the  solemn  tough 
of  the  forest." 

Sought,  s6ught,  not  sSught. 

Source,  sourqe,  not  sourqe. 

Souse  (noun  and  verb),  souse,  not  souge. 

Southerly,  sou^7j'er-ly,  not  suth'er-ly. 

Southern,  sou^'ern,  not  south'ern. 

Southward,  south' ward,  or  su^'ard  (Wore.);  Bonth'- 

ward,  or  su^'ard  (Web.). 

Souvenir,  souve'ni'r  (Wore.);  souve-nir'  (Web.). 
Sovereign,  sov'er-eign,  or  s6v'er-eign. 
Sovereignty,  sov'er-eign-ty,  or  s6v'er-eign-ty. 
Spagyric,  spa-gyr'ie. 
Spagyrist,  spSg'yr-ist. 
Span,  span.     See  scandal. 
Spangle-;  sp^n'gle,  not  spSn'gle. 
Spaniel,  spun'yel,  not  span'el,  nor  span'i-el. 
Spare,  spdre,  not  spare. 
Spasm,  sp5§m,  not  sp2s/um. 
Speaking,  spSak'ing,  not  spSak'in. 

s6n,    or,    dQ,    wolf,    wool,    moTm,    bull,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,      <-an,      gem,      go,      i§,     e?ist.     thy,     n=ng. 


390 


WABMAN  8   PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 


Speciality,  sp6sh-i-aTl-ty,  not  sp6sh'al-ty. 

Not  spesh'al-ty  when  given  with  the  above  or- 
thography; but  in  conversation  it  is  much  the 
better  taste  to  use  the  word  according  to  the  orthog- 
raphy given  below. 

Specialty,  spSsh'al-ty,  not  spSsh-i-al-i-ty. 
Species,  spg'shez  (Web.);  sps'shez  (Wore.). 
Specific,  specif 'i-e,  not  spe-9lv'i«. 
Specious,  spg'cions,  not  spesh'us. 
Spermaceti,  spgrm-a-95'tl,  not  sp§r-ma-c6t'a. 
Spherical,  spher'i-e-al,  not  speT'i-e-al. 
Sphinx,  sphinx. 
Spikenard,  spike'nard,  not  spike'nard. 

Webster  agrees  with  Worcester  in  the  pronuncia- 
tion,but  says,  "colloquially  splk'nard."  This  means, 
erroneously  spike'nard.  See  our  remarks  on  clothes. 

Spinach,  )  spln'eg   (Web.);    spln'ach,    or    spln'age 
Spinage,  f     (Wore.). 
Spinet,  spin'et,  or  spi-net'. 

"  When  miss  delights  in  her  spinet, 
A.  fiddler  may  a  fortune  get. " 

Spiracle,  splr'a~ele,  or  spl'ra-ele. 
Spirit,  splr'it,  not  spgr'it. 
Spiritous,  splr'it-ous,  not  splr'it-chus. 
Spiritual,  splr'it-n-al,  not  splr'it-chu-al. 
Splendid,  splen'did,  not  splen'dud. 
Splenetic,  spl6n'e-ti«,  not  sple-n6t'i€. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   Q,   V,  long;   a,  6,   I,   6,   u,   y,    short; 
fiir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,  Sre,  grr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OBTHOBPY.  391 

Spoken,  spOk'n,  not  spok'en. 

Spontaneous,  spon-ta'ne-otis,  not  sp6n-tan'yus. 

Spoon,  spoon,  not  spotm, 

Sport,  sport,  not  sp6rt. 

Spouse,  sponge,  not  spouse. 

Springe,  springe,  not  springe. 

Sprinkle,  sprin'kle,  not  sprln'kle. 

Spruce,  sprite,  not  sprite. 

Spy- Wednesday,  spy-wSnz'day,  not  spyVgnz-day. 

Squadron,  squad'ron,  not  squad'ron. 

Squalid,  squal'id,  not  squal'id. 

Squalor,  sqna'16r,  not  squal'or,  nor  squal'or. 

The  New  Imperial  declares  itself  most  positively 
for  squal'or. 

Squander,  squan'der,  not  squan'der. 
Square,  square,  not  square. 
Squash,  squash,  not  squash,  nor  squash. 
Squeamish,  squSam'ish,  not  squeam'ish. 

In  the  following  couplet  poetic  license  is  respon- 
sible for  incorrect  pronunciation.  It  is  just  as 
much  an  error  to  say  squgam'ish  to  rhyme  with 
blSm'ish  as  it  is  to  say  bls'mish  to  rhyme  with 
squeam'ish: 

"  Quoth  he,  that  honor 's  very  squeamish 
That  takes  a  basting  for  a  blemish." 

Squirrel,    squlr'rel,   squer'ril,    or  squr'rel   (Wore.); 
squlr'rel,  or  squr'rel  (Web.). 

The  last  pronunciation  given  by  Worcester  and 

son,   6r,   dp.,   wolf,   wdbl,    moDn,    byll,   ftrn,   rude, 
9ent,     «an,    gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,     thy,    n-ng. 


392          WAEMAN'S  PEAOTIOAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Webster  (sqiir'rel),  is  the  prevailing  one  in  this 
country,  though  squeYrel  is  the  one  most  agreed 
upon  by  orthoepists.  See  panegyric. 

Stab,  stab,  not  stab. 

Staccato,  stac-ea'to  (Wore.);  stae-ea'to  (Web.). 

Staff,  staff,  not  staff. 

Stair,  stair,  not  stair. 

Stalwart,  stal'wart  (Worc.);stal'wart  (Web.). 

Stalworth,  stal'wurth  (Wore.);  stal'wurth  (Web.). 

Stamp,  stamp,  not  stamp,  nor  stamp. 

Stanch,  stanch  (Web.);  stanch  (Wore.). 

Stanchion,  stan'shun,  not  stan'Qhi-on. 

Stanchless,  stanch'less  (Web.);  stanch'less  (Wore.). 

Stanza,  stan'za,  not  stan'za. 

Starboard,  stiir'board,  or  star'board  (burd). 

Stare,  stdre,  not  stare. 

Startle,  star'tle,  not  star'tul.     See  cuddle. 

Statics,  stat'tes,  not  sta'ti-es. 

Stationary,  sta'tion-a-ry,  not  sta'tion-a-ry. 

Stationery,    sta'tion-er-y      (Web.) ;      sta'tion-Sr-y 

(Wore.). 

Statuary,  stat'n-a-ry,  not  stat'chu-a-ry. 
Statue,  stat'oe,  not  stat'chu. 
Statuette,  stat-Q-ette',  not  stat-chu-ett'. 
Stature,  stat'nre,  not  stat'chure. 
Status,  sta'tus,  not  stat'us. 
Statu  quo,  sta'tn-quo,  not  stat'n-qwo. 
Status  quo,  sta'tus-quo,  not  stat'us-qwo. 
Statute,  stat'ote,  not  stat'chute. 

a,  e,  i,  o,  Q,  y,  long;  a,  6,  i,  o,  a,  y,  short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  $11,  what,  ere,  €rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  393 

Staves  (plural  of  staff),   stave§,  or  staves.  (Wore.); 

stave§  or  staves  (Web.). 
Stead,  stgad,  not  stld. 

Steadfast,  stead'fast  (Web.);  stSad'fast  (Wore.). 
Steady,  stgad'y,  not  stld'y. 
Steelyard,  steeTyard. 

Worcester  joins  Webster  in  marking  this  word 
"colloquially  stlll'yard."  This  is  true  in  the  United 
States,  while  in  England,  according  to  Smart,  it  is 
steTyard. 

"  This  word,  in  common  usage  among  those  who 
weigh  heavy  bodies,  has  contracted  its  double  e 
into  single  i,  and  is  pronounced  as  if  written  stir- 
yard.  This  contraction  is  so  common  in  compound 
words  of  this  kind  as  to  become  an  idiom  of  pro- 
nunciation, which  cannot  be  easily  counteracted 
without  opposing  the  current  of  the  language." — 
Walker. 

Stenography,  ste-nOg'ra-phy,  not  ste-n6g'ra-phy. 
Stentorian,  sten-to'ri-an,  not  sten-t&r'i-an. 
Steppes,  steppes,  not  steppes. 
Stereopticon,  st6r-e-5p'ti-e5n  (Wore.);  ste-re-8p'ti- 

€0n  (Web.). 
Stereoscope,  steYe-o-seOpe   (Wore.);  ste"re-o-S€Ope 

(Web.). 
Stereoscopic,  ste'r-e-o-se&'p'ic  (Wore.);  ste"-re-o-S€5p'- 

i«  (Web.). 

86n,    6r,    dp.,   wplf,   wdbl,    mCon,    byll,   urn,    rude, 
9eut,     can,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     tfty,     n=ng. 


394:  WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Stereoscopist,  stgr'e-o-seo-pist,  or  ster-e-Os'eo-plst 

(Wore.);  ste-re-Ss'eo-plst  (Web.). 
Stereoscopy,  ster-e-5s'«o-py  (Worc.);stg-re-6s'«o-py 

(Web.). 
Stereotype,    st6r'e-o-type     (Wore.);     sts're-o-type 

(Web.). 

Sterile,  ster'ile,  not  st6r'lle. 
Stew,  stn,  not  stu.     See  n. 
Steward,  sta'ard,  not  stu'ard.     See  Q. 
Stich,  stl«h,  not  stlch. 
Stiffen,  stif  fn,  not  stiffen. 
Stimulus,  stim'Q-lfis,  not  stlm'ti-ltts. 
Stint,  stint,  not  stgnt. 
Stipend,  sti'pend,  not  stlp'end. 
Stipulate,  stip'n-late,  not  stip'u-late. 
Stirrup,  stur'rup,  or  steYrup   (Web.);   stlr'rup,  or 

stur'rup  (Wore.). 
St.  Louis,  st.  lob'is,  or  st.  loo'e  (Worc.);sant-ldo'is,  or 

sant-ldo'I(Web.). 

Stoicism,  sto'i-Qlgm,  not  sto'i€-i§m. 
Stolen,  stoln  (Web.);  sto'ln  (Wore.). 
Stolid,  stsl'id,  not  sto'lid. 
Stomach,  stom'a^h,  not  stom'lk,  nor  st6m'tlk. 
Stomacher  (an  ornament),  stom'a-cher. 
Stomacher,  stom'a-€her. 
otomachic,  sto-ma-en  i€. 
Stone,  stone,  not  stone. 
Stony,  ston'y,  not  st6n'y. 
Storage,  stor'age  (Wore.);  stor'eg  (Web.). 

a,   6,   I,    0,    fl,   V,   long;    2,   6,   I,   5,    u,    v,    short; 
4ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  395 

Storm,  st6rm,  not  storm,  nor  st6m. 

Story,  sto'ry,  not  stdr'y. 

Straddle,  strad'dle,  not  strad'dul.     See  cuddle. 

Straighten,  straight'n,  not  straight'en. 

Strand,  strand,  not  strand. 

Strata,  stra'ta,  not  strat'a. 

Stratagem,  strat'a-gem,  not  stra'ta-gem. 

Strategic,  stra-tSg'ie  (Wore.);  stra-te"'gi«  (Web.). 

Strategical,    stra-tSg'ie-al    (Wore.);    stra-t6'gi€-al 

(Web.). 

Stratum,  stra'tum,  not  strat'um. 
Strauss,  strouss,  not  strau§. 
Strength,  strength,  not  strgnth. 
Strengthen,  streng'thn,  not  strengthen. 
Strenuous,  stren'n-ous,  not  strgn'ytts. 
Strew,  stru,  or  stro. 
Stricken,  strlck'n,  wo^strlck'en. 
Stricture,  strl€t'nre,  not  strte'chur.     See  Q. 
Striped  (adj.),  stri'ped  (Wore.);  stripd  (Web.). 
Strong,  strSng,  not  strong. 
Structure,  strtiet'are,  not  strue'chur. 
Strychnine,  stry^h'nine  (Web.);  stry-eh'nlne  (Wore.). 
Student,  sta'dent,  not  stu'dent.     See  a. 
Studio,  stn'di-o",  not  stu'di-o.     See  a. 
Studious,  stn'di-oiis,  not  stu'di-oiis.     See  Q. 
Stupefy,  sta'pe-fy,  not  stu'pe-fy. 
Stupendous,  stu-pen'dous,  not  stu-p8n'jus. 
Stupid,  stn'pid,  not  stu'pid.     See  a. 
Stupor,  sta'por  (Web.);  sta'por(Worc.); not  stupor. 

son,    or,    dq,    wplf,    wdbl,    mdbn,    byll,    ftrn,    rude, 
9ent,      *-an,      gem,      go,      i§,     e?ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


396 


WARMAN  8   PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 


Stygian,  styg'i-an  (Web.);  stid'gy-an  (Wore.). 

Styx,  styx,  not  styx. 

Suasible,  swa'si-ble,  not  swa'§i-ble. 

Suasive,  swa'sive,  not  swa'§ive.    See  effusive. 

Suasory,  swa'so-ry,  not  swa'§o-ry. 

Suavity,  swav'i-ty,  not  swa'v'i-tjf. 

Subalpine,  sub-aT'pine  (Web.);  siib-aTpme  (Wore.). 

Subaltern,  sub-al'tern  (Web.);  sub'al-tSrn,  or  sub- 

al'tern  (Wore.). 

Subdue,  sub-dne',  not  sub-due'. 
Subject  (noun),  sub'jeet. 
Subject  (verb),  sub-j6«t'. 
Subjected,  sub-je-et'ed,  not  sub'jeet-ed. 

"A  very  improper  accentuation  (sub'ject-ed)  of 
the  passive  participle  of  the  verb  to  subject  has 
obtained,  which  ought  to  be  corrected." — Walker. 

Subjective,  sub-jee'tive,  not  sub'jee-tive. 
Sublunar,  sub-ln'nar,  not  sub-lu'nar.     See  n. 
Sublunary,  siib'lu-na-ry(Worc.);  sub'lu-na-ry(Web.). 
Submissive,  sub-mis'sive,  not  sub-ml§'§ive. 
Subordination,  sub-6r-di-na'tion,  not  sub-or-di-na'- 

tion. 

Subpoena,  sub-pS'na,  not  sup-pe"ny. 
Subserve,  sub-s?rve',  not  sub-§§rve'. 
Subsidence,  sub-sid'eii9e,  not  sub'si-dence. 
Subsidiary,  sub-sid'i-a-ry,  not  sub-sld'ya-ry. 
Subsist,  sub-sist',  not  sub-gist'. 
Substantiate,  sub-stSn'shi-ate,  not  sub-st£n'shate. 

a,   6,  i,   0,   n,  y,  long;   a,  6,   I,   6,   fi,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   6re,  Srr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  397 

Substantively,  siib'stan-tlve-ly,  not  sub-stSn'tive-ly. 

Substitute,  sub'sti-tate,  not  sub'sti-tute.     See  n. 

Subsultory,  sub'sul-to-ry,  or  sub-suTto-ry  (Wore.); 
snb-sul'to-ry  (Web.). 

Subtile,  sub'tile,  notsni'tle. 

Subtle,  sut'l,  not  sub'tle. 

Suburb,  sub'urb  (Wore.);  sub'urb  (Web.). 

Suburban,  sub-urb'an,  not  sub'urb-an. 

Subversion,  sub-ve"r'shun,  not  sub-ve"r'zhun.  See 
adhesion. 

Subversive,  sub-v6r'slve,  not  sub-ve"r'§lve.  See  effu- 
sive. 

Succumb,  su€-€um'  (Web.);  su€-€umb'  (Wore.). 

Such,  such,  not  slch,  nor  s6ch. 

Sudden,  sud'den,  not  sud'dn. 

Sue,  sue,  not  sue.     See  fl. 

Suer,  su'er,  not  svi'er.     See  Q. 

Suet,  sQ'et,  not  su'et,  nor  sut.     See  Q. 

Suez,  svi'ez  (Wore.);  su-ex'  (\Veb.). 

Sufferance,  suffer-ange,  not  siif'range. 

Suffice,  siif-fize',  not  suf-fipe'.     See  sacrifice. 

Suffix  (noun),  suffix. 

Suffix  (verb),  suf-flx'. 

Suffuse,  suf-fo§e',  not  suf-fnse'. 

Suffusion,  suf-fn'zhun,  not  suf-fn'shun.  See  adhe- 
sion. 

Suggest,  sug-ggst',  or  sud-g6st'.     See  suggestive. 

Suggestion,  sug-gest'yun,  or  sud-g6st'yun. 

s6n,   6r,   do,   wglf,   wcJbl,    moDn,    byll,   firn,   riide, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     exist,     thy,     n-ng. 


398  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Suggestive,  sug-gest'ive,  or  sud-g6st'ive. 

"Though  the  first  g  in  exaggerate  is,  by  a 
carelessness  of  pronunciation,  assimilated  to  the 
last,  this  is  not  always  the  case  in  the  present  word. 
For,  though  we  sometimes  hear  it  sounded  as  if 
written  sud-gest,  the  most  correct  speakers  gener- 
ally preserve  the  first  and  last  g  in  their  distinct  and 
separate  sounds."  —  Walker. 

Suit,  suit,  not  suit.     See  n. 

Suitable,  snit'a-ble,  not  s\iit'a-ble.     See  a. 

Suite,  sweet,  not  suite. 

Suitor,  sai'tor,  not  sui'tor.     See  n. 

Sullen,  sullen,  not  sul'ln. 

Sulphuric,  sul-phn'rk,  not  suTphu-ric. 

Sultana,  sul-ta'na,  or  sul-ta'na. 


Sumac,    )  shu'mae,  or  sti'mSe   (Wo*c.);  su'mac,  or 
Sumach,  )      "colloquially"  shu'ma-e  (Web.). 
Summarily,  sum'ma-ri-ly,  not  sflm'mar-ly. 
Summit,  sum'mit,  not  sum'mut. 
Summoned,  sum'mond,  not  sum'monzd. 
Sumptuary,  siimpt'Q-a-ry,  not  siimp'chu-a-ry. 
Sumptuous,  sumpt'n-oiis,  not  siimp'chu-oiis. 
Sundries,  stin'drle§,  not  sun'der-le§. 
Sunken,  sunk'n,  not  sttn'ken. 
Super,  sa'per,  not  su'per.     See  a. 
Superannuate,  so-per-an'na-ate,  not  su-per-an'na- 

ate. 
Supercilious,  sn-per-gil'i-oiis  (Web.  )  ;  su-per-Qll'i-ous, 

or  su-per-9ll'yus  (Wore.). 

a,   g,   I,   0,    n,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   0,   fi,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  Ask,  all,  wh$t,   ere,  6rr,  jpey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARM  AX*  s  PRACTICAL  ORTHOKPY.  399 

Supererogate,  sn-per-er'o-gate. 
Supererogatory,  sn-per-eYo-ga-to-ry   (Wore.);  sn- 

per-e-rSg'a-to-ry  (Web). 
Superficies,  sa-per-fish's§  ( Web. ) ;  8u-per-fish'e-6§,  or 

sa-per-fish'e"§  (Wore.). 

Superfluence,  su-per'flu-ence,  not  su-per-fln'ence. 
Superfluity,  sn-per-fln'i-ty,   not   sn-pSr'flu-i-ty,  nor 

su-per-flu'i-ty. 

Superfluous,  su-per'flu-ous,  not  su-per-flu'ous. 
Superfluously,  su-pgr'flu-ous-ly. 
Superintendent,  sn-per-in-tend'ent,  not  svi-per-in- 

t^nd'ent. 

Superiority,  su-pe-ri-5r'i-ty,  not  su-p5-ri-6r'i-ty. 
Superscription,  sti-per-s^rlp'tion,  not  su-per-serip'- 

tion. 

Superstition,  sn-per-stlsh'un,  not  su-per-stisb'un. 
Superstructure,  sQ-per-strttet'cire,  not  su-per-strue'- 

chur. 

Supine  (noun),  sa'pine. 
Supine  (adj.),  su-pine'. 
Supple,  sup'ple,  not  sup'ple. 
Support,  sup-port',  not  sup-p6rt'. 
Suppose,  sup-po§e',  not  s'pOze. 
Supremacy,  su-prem'a-qy,  not  su-pr6'ma-9y. 
Surcease  (verb  and  noun),  surcease',  not  sur'^Sase. 

"  Vainly  I  had  sought  to  borrow 
From  my  books  surcease  of  sorrow." 

Surcharge  (verb  and  noun),  sur-chSrge',  not  sur'- 
cha'rge. 

son,   6r,    do,   wpif,   wdbl,    mdon,    byll,   ftrn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


400  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Sure,  shure,  not  share. 

Surety,  shure'ty,  not  shur'i-ty. 

Surmise  (verb  and  noun),  sur-ml§e',  not  sur'ml§e. 

Surname  (noun),  sur'name. 

Surname  (verb),  sur-name'. 

"And  Simon  he  sur named  Peter." 
Surpass,  sur-pass',  not  sur-pSss'. 
Surprise,  sur-pri§e',  not  sup-pri§e'. 
Surtout,  sur-tgut',  not  sur'tp.ut. 
Surveillance,    sur-val'yanqe    (Web.);    sur-val'ySnS; 

(Wore.). 

Survey  (verb),  sur-vey'. 
Survey  (noun),  sftr'vey  (Web.);  sur'vey,  or  sur-vey1 

(Wore.). 

Susan,  su'gan,  not  su'§an. 
Suture,  sut'Qre,  not  sut'chur. 
Swallow,  swal'lOw,  not  swal'ler. 
Swam,  swam,  not  swam,  nor  swum. 
Swamp,  swamp,  not  swamp. 
Swan,  swan,  not  swan. 
Swap,  swap,  not  swap. 
Sward,  sward,  not  swSrd. 
Swarthy,  swarth'y,  not  swar^A'y,  nor  swftth'y. 
Swash,  swash,  not  swash. 
Swath,  swath  (Web.);  swath  (Wore.). 
Swathe,  swa^e,  not  swath. 
Swear,  swear,  not  swear. 
Swedenborgian,  swe~-dn-b6r'gi-an,  not  sws-den-b6r/- 

gi-an. 

a,   e,   I,   d,   Q,   y,   long;   &,   5,   I,  6,   H,   y,    short; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  e"rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMANS  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Sweeten,  swsst'n,  not  sweet'en. 

Sweet-potatoe,  sweet-po-ta'to,  not  sweet'po-ta-to. 

Swept,  swe"pt,  not  swSp. 

Swindle,  swln'dle,  not  swln'dul.     See  cuddle. 

Swingel,  swm'gl  (Web.);  swln'gel  (Wore.). 

Swivel,  swiv'l,  not  swiv'el. 

Swollen,  swoln,  not  swoTlen,  nor  swoln. 

Sword,  sOrd,  not  swOrd. 

Sworn,  sworn,  not  sworn. 

Sycophant,  syVo-phSnt  (Wore.);  syVo-phant  (Web.). 

Syllabic,  syl-lab'i-e,  not  syl'lab-ic. 

Syllabify,  syl-lab'i-fy,  not  syl'la-bi-fy. 

Syllabist,  s^l'la-bist,  not  syl-lsb'ist. 

Symposium,  sym-pO'§i-um   (Web.);  same,  or  sym- 

pO'zhe-iim  (Wore.). 

Symptom,  s^mp'tom  (Web.);  sy"m'tom  (Wore.). 
Synagogue,  syn'a-gogue,  not  syn'a-gog. 
Synchronal,  s5'n€h'ro-nal,  not  syn-ehrO'nal. 
Synchronous,  syn«h'ro-nous,  not  syn-ehrO'nus. 
Synchrony,  syu^'ro-ny,  not  sj^n'ehro-ny. 
Syncope,  syn^o-pe,  not  syn'«o-pe. 
Syncopist,  syn'co-pist,  not  syn'co-plst. 
Synecdoche,  syn-S^'do-ehe,  not  syn-eVdo-che. 
Synod,  s^n'od,  not  sy'nod. 
Syracuse,  s^r'a-ense,  not  syr-a-cnse',  nor  en§e'. 
Syren,  sy'ren,  not  syVen. 
Syringe,  s^r'inge,  not  sy-rlnge'. 
Syrup,  sy"r'up.     See  sirup. 
Systole,  syYto-le,  not  s^s'tole. 

s6n,   6r,   do,   wolf,   wdbl,    m6on,    bull,   urn,   ru.de, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     Q-ng. 


WAKMAN  S    J'KACTICAL    OKTIJO^I'Y. 


T. 


T  is  a  non-voiced  consonant.  It  is  produced  the 
same  as  d,  with  the  exception  of  the  voice;  and  the 
same  instruction  given  for  d,  concerning  the  retain- 
ing of  the  position,  and  for  Tc,  concerning  the  puff 
of  breath,  should  be  closely  adhered  to  in  forming 
this  important  consonant.  See  p,  Tc,  b,  d  and  g 
under  their  respective  headings. 

Tabernacle,  tab'er-na-ele,  not  tsb'er-nick-el. 

It  is  impossible  to  speak  this  word  clearly  with- 
out a  secondary  accent,  yet  neither  authority  gives 
it.  The  majority  of  orthoepists  give  it  taVer-nae-1, 
and  this  the  writer  would  recommend  in  place  of 
the  pronunciation  so  often  heard  —  t2b'er-nlck-l. 

Tablature,  tsb'la-tnre,  not  tab'la-chure.     See  n. 

Tableau,  tab-lo',  not  tab'lo. 

Tableaux,  tab-loV,  not  tab'loz. 

Table-d'hote,  ta'bl-dot,  not  ta'ble-d-ho-te'. 

Tabooed,  ta-bood',  not  tab'obd. 

Tacamahac,   t5€-a-ma-ha€ '    (Wore.);    taVa-ma-hae 

(Web.). 
Tacamahaca,  tae-a-ma-hae'<i  (Wore.):  tae-a-ma-ha'- 

ea  (Web.). 
Tacet  (music),  ta'get,  not  tag'et. 

a,   €,   I,    0,    n,    y,   long;    2,   6,   I,   6,    fi,   y,    short; 
air,   arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ^re,  5rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  403 

Tache  I  *3c^'  n0^  tSeh,  nor  tach'e. 

Taciturn,  t59'i-turn,  not  tag-i-tftrn'. 

Taciturnity,  t^-i-tdrn'i-ty,  not  tS9'i-ttirn-i-ty. 

Tactile,  tactile,  not  tactile. 

Tactual,  taet'Q-al,  not  taet'chu-al.     See  Q. 

Tainture,  taint'nre,  not  taint'chure.     See  a. 

Taken,  tak'n,  not  tak'en. 

Talc,  tak,  not  tat-,  nor  tak. 

Talcose,  tSl-eOse',  not  tal'-eOse. 

Talent,  tal'ent,  not  tal'iiut. 

Talisman,  tal'i§-m2n,  not  tal'is-man. 

Tallyho,  tally-ho,  (Web.);  tal'ly-ho'  (Wore.). 

Talma,  tal'ma,  not  tal'ma. 

Talmud,  tal'mud,  not  tal'mud. 

Talmudic,   tal-mud'i€   (Web.);  same,  or  tsl'mud-ie 

(Wore.). 
Tambourine,   tam-bour-me'  (Web.);  tam-bou-rlne' 

(Wore.). 

Tangle,  tan'gle,  not  tan'gle. 
Tannery,  tan'ner-y,  not  tan'ry. 
Tapestry,  tap'es-try,  not  tap'es-try,  nor  taps'try. 
Tapis,   ta'pis,.  or    ta-p6'    (Web.);   tap'6,   or    ta'pis 

(Wore.). 

Target,  tsr'get,  not  ta'r'get. 
Tarpaulin,  tar-pa  aim,  not  tiir'pau-lin. 
Tarpeian,  tiir-pe'yan,  not  ta'r-pe"an. 
Tartarean,  tar-ta're-an,  not  tar-ta-rs'an. 
Tartareous,  tar-ta're-ous,  not  tar-ta-rs'ous. 


s6n,    6r,    do,   W9lf,   wdbl,    moDn,    byll,    firn,    rude, 
can,     gem,     go,     ig,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


404  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTIIOKPY. 


Tartaric,  tar-tar'ie,  not  tar-tar'ie. 

Task,  task,  not  task. 

Taskmaster,  task'mas-ter,  not  tSsk'mas-ter. 

Tassel,  tSs'sel,  or  tas'sl  (Wore.);  taVsel  (Web.),  not 

tas'sel. 

Tasto-solo,  tSs'to-sO'lo  (Web.);tas'to-sO'lo  (Wore.). 
Tatterdemalion,  tat-ter-de-maTyun,  not  tat-ter-de- 

maTyun. 

Tattle,  tat'tle,  not  tat'tul.     See  cuddle. 
Tattoo  (noun  and  verb),  tat-too',  not  tat'too. 
Taught,  taught,  not  taught. 
Taunt,  taunt  (Web.);  same,  or  taunt  (Wore.). 
Taunting,   ta'unt'ing    (Web.);   same,    or    taunt'ing 

(Wore.). 
Tauntingly,  taunt'ing-ly   (Web.);  same,  or  ta.unt'- 

ing-ly  (Wore.). 

Tavern,  taVern,  not  tav'ern. 
Taxidermist,  tSx'-i-dSr-mist,  not  tSx-i-dSr'mist,  nor 

tax-ld'er-mist. 

Tea-kettle,  tea'ket-tle,  not  tea'kit-tle. 
Teasel,  t6a'§l. 
Teat,  tsat,  not  tit. 
Te  Deum,  te-de'um. 
Tedious,   tS'dyus     (Wore.);    ts'di-otts,    or    ted'yus 

(Web.);  not  ts'jus. 

When  giving  the  termination  yus,  it  will  be 
observed  that  the  syllabification  given  by  Webster, 
i.  e.  ted-yus,  is  easier  of  utterance  than  te'dyus. 

a,    6,    i,   o,  n,   y,   long;  a,   6,   i,   5,   u,   y,    short; 
air,   arm,  ask,  ji.ll,  what,  ire,    Crr,    prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  405 

Tediously,  t6'dyus-ly  (Wore.);  ts'di-ofis-ly,  or  ted'- 

yus-ly  (Web.). 
Tediousness,  tS'dyus-nSss  (Wore.);  ts'di-ofls-ness,  or 

ted'y us-ness  (Web.). 
Tedium,  te'di-iim,  or  te'dyum   (Wore.);    te'di-fim 

(Web.). 

Teething,  testing  (Wore.);  teeth'ing  (Web.). 
Teetotaler,  tes-to'tal-er,  not  tee-tot'ler. 
Tegument,  te'g'Q-me'nt,  not  teg'ti-mSnt. 
Telegraphic,  tel-e-graph'ie. 
Telegraphist,  te-l5g'ra-phist,  not  t6l-e-grapb'ist. 
Telegraphy,  te-le&'ra-phy,  not  tSl-e-grSph'y. 
Telemachus,  te-l6m'a-€hus. 
Telephonic,  t&l-e-phSn'i*. 
Telephony,  te-l6ph'o-ny,  not  tel-e-pho'ny. 
Telescopic,  tel-e-s€5p'i€. 
Telescopist,  te-l6s'€o-plst,  or  tSl'es-eO-pist  (Web.); 

same  transposed  (Wore.). 
Telescopy,  te-lSs'-eo-py,  not  t6l'es-«o-py. 
Telestich,  te-lgs'ti-eh,  not  te-lSs'tich. 
Temperament,  tem'per-a-me'iit,  not  t6m'per-ment. 
Temperance,  tSm'per-an9e,  not  tSmp'rance. 
Temperate,  tSm'per-ate,  not  tgmp'rate. 
Temperature,  t6m'per-a-tQre,  not  t6m'per-t\ire,  nor 

chure. 
Tempestuous,  tem-p6st'a-oiis,  not  tem-pgst'chu-ous, 

nor  tem-pgst'yus.     See  Q. 
Temporal,  tem'po-ral,  not  tgmp'ral. 
Temptation,  tem-ta'tion(Worc.);  temp-  (Web.). 

son,    6r,    dq,    wglf,    wool,    moTbn,    byll,    ftrn,    rude, 
(jent,      «-an,      gem,      go,      ig,     e?ist,     fli\,     n>nff. 


406 


"VVARMAN  8   PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY. 


Tenable,  ten'a-ble,  not  te'na-ble. 

Tenacious,  te-na'shiis,  not  te-nSsh'us. 

Tenet,  ten'et,  not  te'net. 

Tenure,  ten'are  (Web.);  same,  or  te'nnr  (Wore.). 

Tepid,  tep'id,  not  te'pid. 

Tepor,  ts'por,  not  tep'or. 

Tergiversation,  ter-gi-ver-sa'tion,  not  ter-gi-ver-sa'- 

tion. 

Terpsichore,  terp-sleh'o-re,  not  tgrp'si-ehore. 
Terpsichorean,  terp-sieh-o-rg'an   (Web.);    tSrp-si- 

•eho-re'an  (Wore.). 
Terrapin,  ter'ra-pln. 
Terrestrial,  ter-res'tri-al,  not  ter-res'tral. 
Terrible,  ter'ri-ble,  not  teT'ri-ble. 
Tertiary,  tSr'shl-a-ry,  not  tgr'shi-a-ry,  nor  tSr'shi-ry. 
Testament,  tes'ta-ment,  not  tes'ta-mimt. 
Testimony,  tes'ti-mo-ny,  not  t6s'ti-mO-ny. 
Tete-a-tete,     tete-a-tgte'       (Web.);       tete'a-tste' 

(Wore.). 

Tether,  t&th'er,  not  teth'er. 
Tetrarch,  te'triirch,  not  tet'rar«h. 
Teuton,  tea'tDn,  not  teu'tSn. 
Teutonic,  tea-t5n'k,  not  teu-t5n'i€. 
Texture,  text'Qre,  not  text'chur.     See  n. 
Thaler,  tii'ler,  a  German  dollar. 
Thalia,  tha-li'a,  not  tha'li-a. 
Thames,  temz,  not  thame§,   nor  tamz,    except  in 

United  States. 
Thankful,  thSnk'fyl,  not  th^ak'fuL     See  faithful. 

a,   6,   I,   0,    Q,   y,  long;   a,  &,   I,   0,   fi,   y,    short; 
air,   arm,  ask,  all,   what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  407 

Thanksgiving,  th5nks'giv-ing,  not  thSnks-giv'ing. 

The,  the,  or  the,  e  obscure  (Wore.);  the,  or  till,  or, — 
well,  we  are  very  glad  that  Webster  does  not  say  thu. 
After  he  had  written  ('or  thn,"  he  probably  read  it 
aloud  and  it  sounded  so  abominable  that  he  added 
"  or  nearly  so."  It  is  impossible  for  anyone  to 
practically  apply  the  rule  of  th&  and  thl  while  read- 
ing; but  if  you  teach  a  child  th&tt-h-e  spells  the,  he 
will  readily  give  the  sound  of  long  e  slightly  touched 
when  the  article  immediately  precedes  a  vowel;  and 
will  as  readily  and  unconsciously  give  the  pronunci- 
ation till,  when  the  article  immediately  precedes  a 
consonant.  But  once  tell  him  that  the  is  some- 
times thu,  and  it  will  positively  be  thu.  last  time  you 
will  hear  him  say  ths  or  thl,  and  the  most  promi- 
nent part  of  his  reading  will  be  ^u.  To  have  him 
say  the  angel;  the  e"ast;  the  Ivy;  the  Oak;  the  union, 
thl  bat;  thl  cat;  thl  dog;  thl  fox;  thl  goat,  you 
have  but  to  observe  the  instructions  that  t-h-e  spells 
the. 

Theater, )   . 

Theatre  ("  "l6/a'ter>  n°t  the-a'ter. 

Their,  their,  not  theit,  nor  tho\r. 
Theocracy,  the-Se'ra-cy. 
Theocrasy,  the-5€'ra-sy. 
Theologian,  the-o-lo'gi-an,  not  ths-o-lo'gan. 
Theologue,  the'o-lQgue,  not  ths'o-logue.     See  apo- 
logue. 
Theory,  the'o-ry,  not  the'o-ry. 

son,   6r,    do,   wplf,   wdbl,    m<5on,    byll,   urn,    rude, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


408  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Theosophist,  the-5s'o-phist,  not  the-o-sOpb/ist. 

Therapeutic,  tlie"r-a-pea'ti€,  not  the"r-a-peu'ti«. 

Therapeutist,  the"r-a-pen'tist,  not  thgr'a-pen-tist,  nor 
thSr-a-pea'tist. 

There,  there  (Web.);  same,  or  ther,  e  obscure  (Wore.) 

Thereafter,  theTe-aft'er,  not  thSre-att'er. 

Therefor,  there-for'. 

Therefore,  tliere'for,  or  there'for  (Web.);  same  trans- 
posed (Wore.). 

Therefrom,  there-frOm',  not  there'fro'm. 

"  Turn  not  aside  therefrom  to  the  right  hand  or  to  the  left." 
Therein,  there-In',  not  tliere'in. 

"Therein  is  my  Father  glorified." 

Thereof,  there-6V  (Wore.);  tliere-68',  or  there-6V 
(Web.). 

"  In  the  day  thou  eatest  thereof,  thou  shalt  surely  die." 
Thereupon,  there-up-Sn',  not  there'up-Qn. 

"  He  hopes  to  find  you  forward, 
And  thereupon  he  sends  you  this  good  news." 

Therewith,  the're-wlth'  (Wore. );  same,  or  there-wMA' 
(Web.). 

"I  have  learned  in  whatsoever  state  I  am,  therewith  to 
be  content." 

Thewed,  thnd,  not  thud. 
Thicken,  thick'n,  not  thlck'en. 
Thiers,  te-er',  not  te-ar'. 
Thime,  time,  not  thime. 

a,  6,   I,   5,   n,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   o,    u,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,   mien,  sir, 


WARHAN?S    PRACTICAL   ORTHOEPY. 

Thistle,  this'sl,  not  this'tle. 
Thither,  tlaiVer,  not  fhlth'er. 
Thong,  thSng,  not  thong. 
Thorax,  tho'rax,  not  thor'Sx. 
Thorn,  thorn  (Web.);  thorn  (Wore.). 
Thorny,  thorn'y,  not  thorn'y. 
Thoroughly,  thor'o-ljr,  not  th6r'u-ly. 
Thought,  thSught,  not  thought. 
Thousand,  thousand,  not  thou'san. 
Thralldom,  thrall'dom,  not  thraTdom. 
Thrash,  thrsish,  not  thresh. 
Thrashing,  thrash/ing,  not  threWing. 
Threaten,  threat'n,  not  threat'en. 
Three-legged,  three'legd,  not  thrgs'leg-ged. 

"  To  comb  your  noddle  with  a  three-legged  stool." 
Threshing,  thresh'ing,  not  thr2sh'ing. 

"  Tlirashing  is  the  proper  pronunciation,  but  the 
word  is  written  thrash  or  thresh  indifferently." — 
Webster. 

Threshold,  thresh/hold  (Wore.);  thresh/old  (Web.). 

Throng,  thrSng,  not  throng. 

Thyme,  tym,  not  thyme. 

Tiara,  ti-a'ra  (Web.);  same,  or  ti-a'ra  (Wore.). 

Ticklish,  ticklish,  not  tlck"l-ish. 

Tierce,  tier9e,  or  tie^e,  not  tlerge. 

Tiger,  ti'ger,  not  tag'er. 

Tighten,  tight'n,  not  tight'en. 

Tilde,  t'il'de  (Web.);  not  given  by  "Wore. 

son,    or,    dp.,    wolf,    wool,    moon,    bull,    urn,    riide, 
gent,      «an,      gem,      go,      i§,     e?ist,     thy,     o=ng. 


410  WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Timpano,  tim'pa-no,  not  tim-p2n'o. 
Tincture,  tinet'dre,  not  tinet'chur. 
Tingle,  tln'gle,  npt  tln'gle.     See  angular. 
Tinsel,  tin'sel,  not  tin'sl. 
Tiny,  tl'ny,  not  tln'y,  nor  tl'ny. 

"Webster  is  misquoted  by  Worcester  scores  of 
times  in  the  Unabridged.  In  the  case  of  this  word 
tiny,  Worcester  makes  it  appear  that  Webster  is  the 
only  orthoepist  who  marks  the  word  tln'y.  Web- 
ster does  not  so  mark  it. 

Tirade,  ti-rade'  (Web.);  ti-rade'(Worc.). 
Tithe,  tithe,  not  tithe. 
Tmesis,  me'sis. 
To,  to.,  or  to. 

"  T(5o,  when  emphasized  or  standing  alone,  but 
tdb,  when  not  emphatic." — Webster. 

Token,  tok'n,  not  tok'en. 
Tolerable,  t5l'er-a-ble,  not  t6l'er-ble. 
Tolu,  to-lu'  (Web.);  to-ln'  (Wore.);  not  tg'lu- 
Tomahawk,  tOm'a-hawk,  not  tdm'y-hawk. 
Tomato,  to-ma'to,  or  to-ma'to,  not  to-mS'to. 
Tongo,  t5n'go  ( Web. );t5n'gO( Wore.).  See  angular. 
Tongs,  t5ng§,  not  tong§. 
Tontine,  t5n-tine',  not  tSn'tme. 
Toothache,  tooth'a^he,  not  teeth'ache. 
Topographer,  to-pQg'ra-pher. 
Topographic,  tQp-o-graph'i«,  not  to-po-grSph'ie. 
Topographist,  to-p5g'ra-phlst,  not  tO-po-grSph'ist. 

a,   €,   I,   0,    n,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   0,   fl,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WABMAN'S   PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Topography,  to-p6g'ra-phy,  not  to-po-grSph'y. 
Torpor,  tor'por  (Web.);  tor'p6r  (Wore.). 

Webster  and  Worcester  varj&  very  much  in  the 
marking  of  unaccented  syllables,  and  throughout 
this  volume  we  have  not  marked  those  differences, 
unless  said  differences  were  very  decided.  As  a 
general  thing  Webster  is  very  slack  and  Worcester 
is  very  careful  in  the  marking  of  these  words.  For 
example,  in  the  words  tomato,  tornado,  torpedo, 
Webster  does  not  mark  the  final  o,  while  Worcester 
marks  it  long.  In  the  word  torpor  we  think,  how- 
ever, that  Worcester's  marking  of  the  second  syl- 
lable is  laborious  and  wholly  uncalled  for. 

Tortoise,  tor'tiz,  or  tor'tis  (Wore.);  tor'tis  (Web.); 

not  tor'tol§e. 

Torture,  t6rt'nre,  not  tort'chur.     See  n. 
Tory,  to'ry,  not  tdr'y. 
Toss,  t5ss,  not  t6ss. 
Tottering,  t6Yter-ing,  not  tst'ring. 
Toucan,  tou'«an  (Web.);  tou'eSn  (Wore.). 
Toughen,  tough'n,  not  tough'en. 
Tour  (a  journey),  tour,  not  tour. 
Tourist,  tour'ist. 
Tournament,  tour'na-ment,or  tour'na-me"nt  (Wore.); 

toftr'na-ment  (Web.). 
Toward,  to'ard,  not  to- ward'. 
Towards,  tO'ard§,  not  to-ward§'. 

"  Notwithstanding  our  poets  almost  universally 

s6n,    6r,    do,    wplf,    wdbl,    mdbn,    byll,    drn,    rude, 
«an,     gem,     go,     ig,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

accent  this  word  on  the  first  syllable,  and  the  poets 
are  pretty  generally  followed  by  good  speakers,  there 
are  some,  and  those  not  of  the  lowest  order,  who 
still  place  the  accent  on  the  second.  These  should 
be  reminded  that  as  inwards,  outwards,  lackivards, 
forwards,  and  every  other  word  of  the  same  form, 
have  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  there  is  not 
the  least  reason  for  pronouncing  towards  with  the 
accent  on  the  last." —  Walker. 

There  are  times,  however,  that  some  of  our  more 
modern  poets  have  placed  the  accent  on  the  second 
syllable.  This  is  the  case  in  the  following-  couplet, 
which  must  be  so  read  in  order  to  preserve  the 
metrical  accent: 

"  Who  looks  toward  the  beach 
But  looking  sees  it  not." 

Towel,  tow'el,  not  towl. 

Trachea,   tra'ehe-a    (Web);  tra'ehe-a,    or  tra-€hs'a 

(Wore.). 

Traduce,  tra-dupe',  not  tra-duqe'. 
Trafalgar,  tr£f-al-gar',  or  tra-faTgar. 
Tragedienne,    tra-gS-di-eV    (Wore.);    tra-gS'di-gn 

(Web.). 

Trait,  trait  (AVeb.);  trait,  or  tra  (Wore.). 
Tramontane,  tra-m5n'tane,  or  trSm'on-tane. 
Trance,  tran9e,  not  trSi^e. 
Tranquil,  trsln'kwil,  not  trSn'kwil.     See  angular. 
Tranquillity,  trSn-quil'li-ty,  not  trSn-quil'li-ty. 
Transact,  trSus-aet',  not  tra"n§-a€t'. 

a,   5,   I,   0,    O,   y,  long;   a,   6,   I,   5,   fi,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,   what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  413 

Transalpine,  trans-al'plne,  not  trans-al'plne. 
Transatlantic,  trans-at-lan'tie,  not  trang-at-lSn'tk. 
Transfer  (noun),  trSns'fer,  not  transfer. 
Transfer  (verb),  trans-fgr'. 
Transferable,  trans-fer'a-ble,  not  trans-fer'a-ble. 
Transferrence,  trSns-fer'rence,  not  trans-fgr'rence. 
Transferrer,  trans-fer'rer,  not  trans-fer'rer. 
Transferrible,  trans-fer'ri-ble,  not  trans-feT'ri-ble. 
Transferring,  trans-feT'ring,  not  trans-feYring. 
Transfiguration,  trans-flg-n-ra'tion,  not  tran§-fig- 

a-ra'tion. 
Transfusion,  trSns-fn'zhun,  not  trans-fn-shun.    See 

adhesion. 
Transfusive,  trSns-fn'sive,   not   tr3ns-fQ'§ive.     See 

effusive. 
Transgress,  trSns-gress',  not  tran§-gre"ss'. 

There  is  a  general  tendency  in  all  such  words  to 

give  the  s  of  trans  the  z  sound.     Trans  is  never 

tran§. 

Transit,  trSn'sit,  not  trSiis/it. 
Transition,  tran-sl§h'un,  not  tran-§lsh'un. 
Transitive,  tr£ns'i-tive,  not  trSn§'i-tive. 
Translate,  trans-late',  not  translate'. 
Translucent,  trans-Indent,  not  trans-ly'^ent.  See  Q. 
Transmigrate,  trans'mi-grate,  not  trans'-ml-grate. 
Transparent,  trans-par'ent,  not  trans-pSr'ent,  nor 

trans-pa'rent. 
Transpire,  trans-pire'. 

The  use  of  this  word  in  the  sense  of  to  happen, 

son,   fir,   do,   wglf,   wdbl,    moDn,    bull,   ftrn,   rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     u-ng. 


WARMAN  S    PRACTICAL    ORTHOEPY. 

is  very  common  among  our  newspaper  writers,  but 
its  use  is  censured  by  critics  of  both  countries. 
Only  when  speaking  of  that  which  has  been  revealed 
is  it  correct  to  say  that  it  transpired. 

"This  letter  goes  to  you  in  that  confidence  which  I 
always  shall,  and  know  that  I  safely  may,  place  in  you;  and 
you  will  not,  therefore,  let  one  word  of  it  transpire." — Ches- 
terfield. 

Transport  (verb),tr5us-pOrt'. 
Transport  (noun),  trans'pOrt. 
Trapeze,  tra-peze',  not  tra-peze'. 
Travail,  trSv'il  (Worc.);.traVail  (Web.). 
Travel,  trav'el,  not  traVl. 
Traveller,  traVel-ler,  not  traVler. 

The  editors  of  Worcester's  and  Webster's  have 
long  ago  agreed  to  disagree  on  the  orthography  of 
this  word  and  others  of  a  similar  nature. 

Traverse  (ad.,  adj.,  noun  and  verb),  traVerse,  not 
tra-vSrse'. 

"The  ridges  of  the  field  lay  traverse." 

"  Oak  .  .  .  may  be  better  trusted  in  cross  and  traverse 
work." 

"At  the  entrance  of  the  king 
The  first  traverse  was  drawn." 

"My  purpose  is  to  traverse  the  nature,  principles  and 
properties  of  this  detestable  vice,  ingratitude." 

Travesty,  traVes-ty,  not  traVers-ty. 
Treason,  trga'§n,  not  tre"a'§on. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   Q,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   0,    u,   y,    short; 
&ir,  a'rm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  415 

Treatise,   trea'tlsc     (Web.);    trSa'tise,    or   trSa'tise 

(Wore.). 

Treble,  trgb'l,  not  trlb'l. 
Tremendous,  tre-m6n'dous,  not  tre-mSn'jus. 
Tremor,  tre'inor  (Wore.);  same,  or  trSm'or  (Web.). 
Trespass,  tres'pass,  not  tres'pSss. 
Triad,  trfad,  not  trii'ad. 
Triangular,  tri-an'gu-lar,  not  tri-Sn'gu-lar. 
Tribunal,  tri-bn'nal,  not  tri'bn-nal. 
Tribune,  trib'une,  not  tri'bnne,  nor  tri-bane'. 

Perry  is  tlie  only  orthoepist  who  marks  this  word 
trl'btine. 

Tributary,  trlb'n-ta-ry,  not  trlb'ft-ta-ry. 

Trichina,  trl-ehi'na,  not  trl-chi'na,  nor  trteh'i-na. 

Tricot,  tri'-€0',  not  trle'o,  nor  tri'cO. 

Tricycle,  try'9y-«le,  not  try^y-ele. 

Triennial,  tn-6n'ni-al,  not  trl-gn'yal. 

Trinitarian,   trin-i-ta'ri-an,  not  trln'i-ta-ri-an,   nor 

trin-i-tar'i-an. 

Trio,  tri'o,  or  trl'o  (Web.);  tn'o  (Wore.). 
Tripartite,  trlp'ar-tite  (Wore.);  same,  or  tri-pa'rt'ite 

(Web.). 
Triphthong,  trip'thOng  (Wore.);  trlfthong,  or  trlp'- 

thong  (Web.). 

•'In  the  English  pronunciation  of  diphthong, 
triphthong,  aphihong  and  ophthalmic,  dropping  the 
h,  which  in  our  language  is  superfluous  as  a  mark 
of  aspiration  with  a  consonant,  we  pronounce  the 

son,    or,   dp.,    wplf,   wdbl,    moTm,   bull,   urn,    rude, 
c,ent,      -ean,      gem,      go,      i§,     e?ist,     thy,     n=n^;. 


416  WAKMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OETHOEPY. 

remaining  consonant  p  in   the  usual  manner." — 
Smart. 

Elsewhere  Smart  remarks  that  "p  with  h,  in  al- 
most all  cases,  is  pronounced  f."  He  makes  an 
exception,  however,  of  Stephen  and  nepheiv,  as  he 
marks  the  ph  in  these  words  as  having  the  sound  of 
v.  There  seems  to  be  a  general  inconsistency  in 
regard  to  ph.  In  the  .word  diphtheria  there  is  no 
disagreement,  but  all  agree  to  ph  having  the  sound 
of/. 

Tripod,  tri'pQd,  not  trip'od,  nor  tri'poid. 

Triton,  tri'tQn,  not  tri'ton. 

Triumph,  tri'umf,  not  tri'iimpf. 

Triune,  tri'nne,  not  tri-nne'. 

Trivial,  triv'i-al,  or  trlv'yal  (Wore.);  trlv'i-al  (Web.). 

Tri-weekly,  tri'wSek-ly,  not  trl-week'ly. 

<l  This  is  a  convenient  word,but  is  not  legitimately 
formed.  It  should,  according  to  its  formation, 
mean  once  in  three  weeks,  as  triennial  means  once 
in  three  years." — Webster. 

Troche,  tro'ehe  (Wore.);  tr0'-ehs( Web.);  not  troche. 
Trochee,  tro'ehee". 

The  writer  prefers  the  second  syllable  of  troche 
unmarked  as  Worcester  has  given  it,  that  it  may 
be  readily  distinguished  from  this  word  trochee. 

Trodden,  trOd'dn,  not  trOd'den. 
Troilus,  tro'i-lus,  not  troi'lus. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   n,   y,  long;   a,  6,  I,   5,   fi,   y,    short; 
Sir,  arm,  &sk,  all,  wh$t,   6re,  §rr,  prey,  m'ien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  417 

Trombone,  trSm'bOne(Web.);trSm-bO'ne,  or  trOm'- 

bone  (Wore.). 

Trophy,  tro'phy,  not  trQph'y. 
Troth,  trSth,  not  troth,  nor  tr6th. 
Troubadour,  trou'ba-dour,  not  trou'ba-dour. 
Trough,  trdugh  (Web.);  trough  (Wore.). 
Trousers,  trou'§er§,  not  trou'§e§. 
Trousseau,  troo-sO',  not  trSs'so. 
Trow,  trOw,  not  trou. 
Truant,  tru'ant,  not  tru'ant. 
Truce,  truce,  not  truce. 
Truculent,  tru'^u-lSnt,  not  trite'u-lent. 

The  u  of  the  second  syllable  is  long  u  unaccented, 
tru/en-lent. 

True,  true,  not  trde. 
Truffle,  tru'fl,  not  truffl. 
Truncheon,  trun'shun,  not  trfln'chun. 
Trundle,  trun'dle,  no*  trun'dul.     See  cuddle. 
Truths,  truths,  not  truths'. 

It  is  a  prevailing  fault,  especially  among  the 
clergy,  to  say  tru^s  and  youths,  etc. 

The  nine  words  which  the  author  has  arranged  in 
the  form  of  a  sentence  for  the  purpose  of  memoriz- 
ing, are  the  only  ones  in  the  language  requiring 
the  sonant  th  in  forming  the  plural: 

If  you  return  the  swords  to  their  shears  with- 
out uttering  any  oa/7i§,  you  will  find  wrea^g  in 
your  pa^/i§  as  you  take  the  c\oth§  that  are  on  the 

s6n,   6r,   dp.,   wolf,   wdbl,    moon,    byll,   urn,   rude, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


418  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OETHOEPY. 


and   place  them   for   the  ba^§,  where  the 
§  of  the  mo^§  will  not  destroy  them. 


Tube,  tube,  not  tube.     See  n. 

Tuberose,  tnbe'rO§e,  or  tn'ber-ose  (Web.);  tube'ro§e, 
or  tn'ber-o§e  (Wore.). 

There  is  no  doubt  that  Worcester  is  wrong  when, 
putting  the  word  in  three  syllables,  he  gives  the 
voice  sound  to  s.  The  word  comes  to  us  from  the 
Latin  adjective  tuberosus,  and,  as  such,  should  have 
the  sharp  sound  of  s.  We  have  given  the  prefer- 
ence to  the  word  in  two  syllables,  as  it  is  so  given 
by  Worcester  and  Webster.  Were  you  to  ask  a 
florist  for  a  tn'ber-Ose,  you  would  find  it  necessary 
to  give  him  an  object  lesson. 

Tuesday,  tnes/dy  (Web.);  tae§'da  (Wore.). 

Tuileries,  twe-le-re'. 

Tuition,  tu-lsh'un,  not  tii-lsh'un.     See  n. 

The  u  in  the  first  syllable  is  long  u  unaccented. 

Tulip,  ta'lip,  not  tu'lip.     See  n. 
Tumor,  tn'mor,  not  tu'mor.     See  u. 
Tumult,  ta'mult,  not  tu'mult.     See  G. 
Tumultuous,  tu-rnult'n-ous,  not  tu-mult'chu-us. 
Tune,  tone,  not  tune. 
Tunic,  tn'nie,  not  tu'ni«. 
Turgid,  tur'gid,  not  tur'gid. 

Turkois,  tur-kolg',  or  tur-koi'§'  (Web.);  same  trans- 
posed (Wore.). 

a,   6,   I,   0,   u,   y,  long;   a,  6,   I,   5,    «,   y,    short; 
&ir,  a'rm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  419 

Turmoil  (noun),  ttir'moil. 
Turmoil  (verb),  tftr-moir. 
Turpitude,  tur'pi-tnde,  not  tftr'pi-tude. 
Turquois,  tur-k6l§',  or  tur-kol's/  (Web.);  tur-quo'i§e', 

or  tur-qu&l§e'  (Wore.). 
Tutor,  tn'tor,  not  tu'tor. 
Twaddle,  twad'dle,  not  twSd'dle,  nor  twad'dle. 
Twopence,   two/penge   (Web.);   same,    or  tup'en9e 

(Wore.). 
Tympanitis,   tym-pa-ni'tis,  not  tym-pa-nftis.     See 

laryngitis. 

Tympanum,  tym'pa-num,  not  tym-pan'um. 
Typhus,  ty'phus,  not  ty'pus. 
Typographer,    ty-p5g'ra-pher,    or    ty-p5g'ra-pher 

(Web.);  ty-p5g'ra-pher  (Wore.). 
Typographic,     ty-po-graph'ie,     or     typ-o-graph'ie 

(Wore.);  same  transposed  (Web.). 
Typographical,  ty-po-grSph'ie-al,  or  typ-o-graph'- 

i«-al  (Wore.);  same  transposed  (Web.). 
Typography,  ty-p5g'ra-phy,orty-p5g'ra-phy  (Web.); 

ty-pGg'ra-pliy  (Wore.). 
Tyrannic,  ty-r^n'ni*,  not  tyr-Sn'nie. 
Tyrannical,  iy-r2n'ni€-al,  not  tyr-Sn'ni-e-al. 
Tyrannize,  tyr'au-nize,  not  ty'ran-ize. 
Tyranny,  tyYan-ny,  not  ty'ran-ny. 
Tyro,  ty'rO,  not  t j/r'o. 

Tyrol,  tyr'ol  (Web.);  same,  or  ty-rOl'  (Wore.). 
Tyrolese,  ty"r-ol-e§e'  (Web.);  t^r'ol-6§e  (Wore.);  not 

tyr-ol-Sse'. 

son,    Cr,    dcj,   wolf,    wdbl,    moDn,    byll,   ftrn,    ryde, 
gent,     «an,     ^em,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


4:20  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 


U. 


U.  We  wish  to  call  special  attention  to  this 
sound  of  u.  In  every  word  throughout  the  lan- 
guage where  long  n  occurs,  it  is  a  combination  of 
the  sounds  y  (consonant)  and  u-  When  the  u  is 
removed  from  under  the  accent,  it  is  not  so  plainly 
given,  yet  does  not  cease  to  be  y  and  u.  The  pre- 
vailing fault  is  to  substitute  cli  for  y  (the  initial 
sound  of  a),  or  j  for  y,  or  drop  the  y  altogether. 
The  following  examples  will  illustrate: 

Situate  —  sit-n-ate —  si-t-yu-ate,  not  sit-chu-ate. 

Educate  —  ed-n-cate  —  ed-yu-cate,  not  ed-ju-cate. 

Introduce  —  in-tro-duce  —  in-tro-dyuce,    not    in-tro- 
duce. 

The  u  immediately  after  r  is  never  long  u.  No; 
nor  is  it  ever  long  u  after  sh  or  ch.  There  is  a  gen- 
eral tendency  toward  making  it  so,  especially  in 
such  words  as  rude,  insure,  chute,  etc.  For  more 
explicit  directions  read  our  Critical  Survey. 

Ugh,  do,  (Web.);  (not  given  by  Wore.) 
Ulema,  u-ls'mH,  or  n-le'ma  (Worc.);u-le"ma  (Web.). 
Ultimate,  ul'ti-mate,  not  uTti-mut. 
Ultimatum,  ul-ti-ma'tum,  not  ul'ti-ma-tum. 
Ultimo,  ul'ti-mo  (Wore.);  ul'ti-mo  (Web.).     See  tor- 
por. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    n,   y,  long;   a,   5,   I,   6,   ti,   y,    short; 
air,   firm,  ask,  all,   what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,   mi'en,  sir 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Ultramontane,    ul-tra-mOn'tane,    not     ul-tra-mon- 

tane'. 

Ululation,  ul-n-la'tion,  not  u-lu-la'tion. 
Umbilicus,  um-bi-lf-eus,  not  um-bil'i~eus. 
Umbrageous,  um-bra'geous  (Web.);  um-bra'ge-oua 

(Wore.). 

Umbrella,  um-breTla,  not  um-ber-eTa. 
Umlaut,  um'lout  (Web.);  vm'laut  (Wore.). 
Unalienable,  un-al'yen-a-ble,  not  un-a'li-en-a-ble. 
Unanimity,  n-na-nim'i-ty,  not  a-nan'i-mi-ty. 
Unassuming,  iin-as-sam'ing,  not  un-as-sum'ing. 
Unbidden,  uii-bid'dn,  not  un-bld'den. 
Unbroken,  uu-brok'n,  not  un-brok'en. 
Unburden,  un-bur'dn,  not  un-bur'deu. 
Uncertain,  tiu-ger'tin,  not  un-gSrt'n. 
Unchristian,  un-€hrlst'yan,  not  un-ehrlst'chan. 
Uncivil,  un-^Iv'il,  not  un-^Iv'l. 
Unclasp,  iin-elasp',  not  un~el5sp'. 
Uncle,  un'^le,  not  fin'ele. 
Uncomely,  un-eome'ly,  not  un-€6me'ly. 
Un'congenial,  un-con-ge'ni-al,  not  un-con-gSn'yal. 
Unconquerable,  un-€5n'ker-a-ble,  not  un-e6nk'er-a- 

ble. 
Unconstitutional,  un-«6n-sti-tQ'tion-al,  not  un-con- 

sti-tu'tion-al. 

Uncorrigible,  un-eQr'ri-gi-ble,  not  un-e&r'rig-i-ble. 
Uncourteous,un-€oftr'te-oiis,orun-€Ourt'yus(Worc.); 

un-coftrt'e-ous  (Web.). 

s6n,    6r,    d«,    wplf,   wdbl,    m<5&n,    byll,   ftrn,    rude, 
pent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,     thy,     n«=ng. 


422  WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 


Uncouth,  uu-fiouth',  not  ii 
Unctuous,  unet'Q-ous,  not  une'chu-us. 
Undaunted,  iin-daunt'ed,  not  tln-daunt'ed,  nor  ttn- 

daunt'ed. 
Undercurrent,  fin'der-etir-rent  (Web.);  un-der-etir'- 

rcnt  (Wore.);  not  un-der~eftr'rent. 
Undergraduate,    un-der-grad'n-ate,     not     un-der- 

grad  ju-ate. 
Underhanded,un'der-haud-ed  (Web.);  un-der-hand'- 

ed  (Wore.). 
Underneath,  fin-der-nea2!7i'    (Wore.);  same,  or   ttn- 

der-nSath'  (Web.). 

Undersigned,  un-der-signed',  not  ttn'der-signed. 
Underwriter,  un'der-writ-er  (Web.);  un-der-writ'er 

(Wore.). 
Undesigning,  un-de-§ign'ing  (Web.);  un-de-slgn'ing 

(Wore.). 

Undiscerned,  tin-di§-z§rnd'.     See  sacrifice. 
Undue,  uii-dne',  not  un-due'. 
Undulate,  un'du-late  (verb);  un'du-late  (adj.). 

The  u  in  the  second  syllable  is  long  u  unaccented. 

Unduly,  iin-dn'ly,  not  un-du'ly.     See  o. 
Unenervated,  un-e-nSr'va-ted,  not  fin-en'er-va-ted. 
Unequable,  un-6'qua-ble,  not  un-ek'wa-ble. 
Unerring,  un-6rr'ing(Worc.);  iin-Srr'ing  (Web.). 
Uneven,  un-e'vn,  not  un-g'ven. 
Unexampled,  iin-eg-zam'pld  (Wore.);  iin-e?-am'pld 
(Web.). 

a,   6,   I,   0,   Q,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   5,   fl,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  g,ll,  what,   ^re,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  423 

Unexpected,  un-ex-p&et'ed,  not  un-ex-p6ct'ud. 

Unexplosive,  fin-ex-plo'sive,  not  tin-ex-plo"§ive.  See 
effusive. 

Unfallen,  un-fal'ln,  not  un-fal'len. 

Unfasten,  un-fas'n,  not  un-fas'ten. 

Unforbidden,  fin-for-bid'dn,  not  fin-for-bld'den. 

Unforgiven,  un-for-giv'n,  not  un-for-glv'en. 

Unforgotten,  un-for-go"t'tn,  not  tin-for-g5t'ten. 

Unforsaken,  un-for-sak'n,  not  un-for-sak'en. 

Unfortunate,  un-f6rt'Q-nate,  not  un-f6rt'chu-nate. . 

Unfrequented,  un-fre-kwent'ed,  not  un-frs'kwent- 
ed. 

Unfruitful,  un-fruit'fyl,  not  un-frijit'f&l.     See  faith- 
ful. 

Ungodly,  un-g6d'ly,  not  fln-g6d'ly. 

Unguent,  un'gwent,  not  iin'gwent. 

Unhandsome,  un-hiln'some,  not  un-hand'some. 

Unheard,  ian-hSard',  not  fin-heard'. 

Unhesitating,  un-hc^'i-ta-ting,  not  fin-hSs'i-ta-ting. 

Unhidden,  un-hid'dn,  not  un-hld'den. 

Uninterested,  un-m'ter-est-ed(Web.);  un-in'ter-est- 
ed  (Wore.). 

Although  Worcester  marks  the  vowel  of  -the  pe- 
nultimate, yet  the  mistake  should  not  be  made  of 
placing  the  primary  accent  on  that  syllable.  The 
same  applies  to  the  word  fin-In'ter-6st-ing.  It  is  a 
very  common  fault  to  say  un-in-ter-Sst'ed  and  un- 
in-ter-Sst'ing. 

Unison,  u'ni-s6n,  not  n'ni-§6n. 

s6n,    6r,    dp.,   wolf,   wdbl,    mdon,    byll,    urn,    rude, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


424  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Unitarian,  n-ni-ta'ri-an,  not  n-ni-tar'i-an. 

United,  n-nit'ed,  not  n-m'tud. 

Unkind,  un-kind',  not  un-ky!nd'.     See  sky. 

"  Rich  gifts  wax  poor  when  givers  are  unkind." 

Unkindness,  un-kmd'ness,  not  iin-kind'nuss. 
Unlearned  (adj.),  un-learn'ed,  not  un-learned'. 

"I  will  prove  these  verses  to  be  very  unlearned." 
Unloosen,  un-loos'n,  not  un-loos'en. 

"  The  words  unloose  and  unloosen  are  not  neces- 
sary, the  idea  being  expressed  by  loose  and  loosen." 
—  Webster. 

"Unloose  is  a  word  perhaps  barbarous  and  un- 
grammatical,  the  particle  prefixed  implying  nega- 
ation." — Johnson. 

"The  word  unloose  is  derived  directly  from  the 
A.  S.  unleasan,  as  loose  is  from  the  A.  S.  lesan. 
The  prefix  un,  in  this  case,  is  to  be  regarded  as 
merely  intensive." — Worcester. 

Unmaidenly,  un-maid'n-ly,  not  un-maid'en-ly. 
Unmask,  un-mask',  not  un-ma"sk'. 
Unmeasured,  un-mezh'urd,  not  un-ma'zhurd. 
Unnatural,  un-nat'n-ral,  not  un-nat'chii-ral.    See  o. 
Unnecessary,  un-ne9'es-sa-ry,  not  tin-ne^'es-sa-ry. 
Unobtrusive,  fin-ob-tru'sive,  not  iin-ob-tru'§ive.  See 

effusive. 
Unostentatious,  un-6s-ten-ta'tious,   not  fln-6s-ten- 

ta'tious. 

a,  s,  i,  o,  n,  y,  long ;  a,  S,  i,  o,  a,  y,  short ; 

air,   lirm,  ask,  all,   what,   £re,  Srr,  prey,   rrnen,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  425 

Unprecedented,  tin-preye-denfc-ed,  not    tin-pre^e- 

dent-ed. 

Unpresumptuous,  un-pre-§umt'n-oiis. 
Unqualified,  un-qual'i-fied,  not  un-qual'i-fied. 
Unquestionable,  un-quest'yun-a-ble,  not  un-qugst'- 

chun-a-ble. 

Unravel,  un-raVl,  not  un-r3v'el. 
Unreasonable,  un-re"a'§n-a-ble,  not  un-re"a'§on-a-ble. 
Unrecognizable,  iin-reVog-ni-za-ble,  not  tin-re-eo'g;'- 

nl-za-ble. 
Unrelinquished,    un-re-lln'kwisht,    not    un-re-lln'- 

kwisht. 

Unridden,  un-nd'dn,  not  fin-rid'den. 
Unrighteous,  un-n'chus.     See  righteous. 
Unruly,  un-ru'ly,  not  un-rn'ly. 
Unsaturable,  un-sat'o-ra-ble,  not  un-sat'chu-ra-ble. 
Unscathed,  un-seSthd',  or  fin-s€athd'. 
Unscrew,  un-s«ru',  not  un-sern'. 
Unscriptural,  un-s^rlpt'n-ral,  not  un-serlp'chu-ral. 
Unscrupulous,  un-S€ru'pu-loiis,  not  un-s^ru'pu-lofls. 

The  u  in  the  third  syllable  is  long  u  unaccented. 

Unseasonable,  un-sea'§n-a-ble,  not  fin-sea'§on-a-ble. 
Unshaken,  un-shak'n,  not  iin-shak'en. 
Unshaven,  un-shav'n,  not  un-shav'en.  v 

Unslackened,  un-slSck'nd,  not  tin-slSck'end. 
Unsmitten,  iin-smlt'tn,  not  un-smlt'ten. 
Unsociable,   un-so'sha-ble   (Web.);    un-so'she-a-ble 
(Wore.). 

s6n,   6r,   dQ,   wplf,   wdbl,    mdon,    byll,   ftrn,   rude, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,     thy,     n=ng. 


426  WAEMAN'S  PKACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Unspiritual,    un-splr'it-n-al,    not    un-splr'it-chg-al. 

See  o. 

Unspoken,  un-spok'n,  not  un-spok'en. 
Unsteady,  un-stSad'y,  not  un-stid'y. 
Unsubdued,  un-sub-dned',  not  tin-sub-dued'.  See  Q. 
Unsuitable,  un-snit'a-ble,  not  un-suit'a-ble. 
Unsurpassed,  un-sur-past',  not  un-sur-past'. 
Unsworn,  un-sworn',  not  un-sw6rn'. 
Unthought,  un-thought',  not  un-thSught'. 
Unthrashed,  un-thrasht'. 
Unthreshed,  un-thr6sht'. 
Untighten,  un-tight'n,  not  fin-tight'en. 
Untrodden,  un-trSd'dn,  not  un-tr6d'den. 
Untrue,  un-true',  not  un-trne'.     See  Q. 
Untune,  iin-tmie',  not  un-tune'.     See  n. 
Untutored,  iin-tu'tord,  not  iin-tu'tored. 
Unused,  iin-Q§d',  not  un-ust'. 
Unvanquished,  un-vSn'kwisht. 

The  above  is  Worcester's  marking,  and  is  incon- 
sistent with  his  marking  of  vanquished — vSn'kwisht. 
The  n  still  comes  under  the  accent  and  should  have 
the  sound  of  ng.  Webster  does  not  give  the  word 
vanquish  with  the  prefix. 

Unvaried,  un-va'rid,  not  un-veYid. 
Unwarranted,  un-war'rant-ed,  not  un-war'rant-ed. 
Unwary,  iin-wa'ry,  not  un'wa-ry. 
Unwashed,  un-washt',  not  un-washt'. 
Unworn,  tin-worn',  not  un-worn'. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    Q,   y,   long;    2,   6,    I,   o,    fi,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S   PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Unwritten,  un-wrlt'tn,  not  un-writ'ten. 

Upas,  a'pSs  (Wore.);  n'pas  (Web.). 

Uphill    (adj.),    ftp'hlll    (Web.);    same,    or    ftp-hill' 

(Wore.). 

Uphill  (noun),  up-hill'. 
Upmost,  iip'mOst,  not  up'must. 
Upon,  up-on",  not  up-6n'. 

Upper-ten,  up'per-ten  (Wore.);  up-per-tgn'  (Web.). 
Uprighteously,  up-ri'chus-ly.     See  righteous. 
Upshot,  up'shSt,  not  up-shoT. 

"We  account  it  frailty  that  three  score  years  and  ten 
make  the  upshot  of  a  man's  pleasurable  existence." 

Urania,  n-ra'ni-a,  not  u-ra"ni-a. 
Uranus,  a'ra-nus,  not  n-ran'us. 
Urbanity,  ur-ban'i-ty,  not  ur-ban'i-ty. 
Ureter,  a're-ter  (Wore.);  Q-rS'ter  (Web.). 

Webster  has  but  one  authority  with  him  on  his 
marking. 

Usage,  n'§age,  not  n'sage,  nor  a'sig.     See  image. 
Usance,  n'§an9e,  not  n'san^e. 
Usurer,  a'zhu-rer  (Web.);  a'zhu-rer  (Wore.). 
Usurious,  a-zhu'ri-ous  (Web.);  Q-zhd'ri-ous  (Wore.); 

marked  by  Web.  and  Wore.  §u,  respelled  zh. 
Usurp,  n-§urp',  not  o-surp'. 
Usury,  o'zhu-ry,  not  Q'shu-ry. 
Utopist,  n'to-plst(Worc.);  n-to'pist  (Web.). 
Uvula,  Q'vu-la. 
Uxorious,  uj-O'ri-ous  (Web.);ug-zO'ri-ofis  (Wore.). 

son,    6r,    dft,    wplf,    wdbl,    mc5on,    byll,    (irn,    Tude, 
9ent,     can,     gem,     go,      i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


428  WAEMAN'S  PEACTICAL  OBTHOEFT. 


V. 

V  is  the  voice  of  /.  The  tendency  with  nearly 
every  one  in  the  production  of  consonants  is  to 
relax  the  shut  position  too  quickly,  i.  e.  as  soon  as 
the  vowel  is  made.  Speak  the  word  give.  Keep 
the  lips  closed  till  you  feel  that  the  voice  has  gone 
beyond  the  shut  position.  Endeavor  to  send  every 
element  beyond  the  position  where  it  is  formed,  and 
clearness,  distinctness,  and  lack  of  throatiness,  will 
be  the  result. 

Vaccina,  vSe-c.i'na,  not  vae-9'i'na. 

Vaccinate,  va«'9i-nate,  not  vaq'qi-nate. 

Vaccination,  vS€-c,i-na'tion,  not  va^-cj-na'tion. 

Vaccine,  va€'9ine,  or  vae'pine. 

Vacher,  vSsh-a'  (Wore.);  vSsh-a'  (Web.). 

Vacuity,  va-en'i-ty,  not  vaVn-i-ty. 

Vagabond,  vag'a-b5nd,  not  va"g'a-bond. 

Vagary,  va-ga'ry,  not  va'ga-ry. 

"  They  changed  their  minds, 
Flew  off,  and  into  strange  vagaries  fell 
As  they  would  dance." 

Vagrant,  va'grant,  not  vSg'rant. 
Valaisan,  va-laig'an,  not  va-lais'an. 
Valedictorian,  vSl-e-dic-to'ri-an,  not  val-e-die-t&r'i- 

an. 

Valencia,  )  va-lSn'shl-a,  not  va-len'sha,  nor  va-l6n'- 
Valentia,  j      9i-a. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   Q,   y,   long;   3,   6,   I,   6,   fi,   y,    short; 
4ir,  arm,  ask,  (ill,   what,   ere,  e"rr,  prey,  mi'en,  sir, 


WARMAN*S   PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  429 

Valenciennes,  va-len-qi-en^Web.);  val-en'  (Wore.). 
Valentine,  vaTen-tine,  not  vaTen-tlne. 
Valet,  vaTet  (Wore.),  same,  or  vaTa  (Web.). 
Valetudinarian,  val-e-tn-di-na'ri-an. 
Valiant,  vaTyant,  not  vaTi-ant,  nor  val'yant. 
Valise,  va-h'se'  (Web.);  va-li'§e',  or  va-h'se'  (Wore.). 
Valparaiso,     val-pa-rai'so    (Wore.);      val-pa'-rai'so" 

(Web.). 

Vamos,    |  va-mOse',  or  vii'mOse  (Wore.);  same  trans- 
Vamose,  f      posed  (Web.);  not  va-mose'. 
Vanquish,  vSn'kwish,  not  vjln'kwish. 
Vantage,  van'tage  (Web.);  van'tage  (Wore.). 
Vaporize,  vslp'or-lze,  not  va'por-lze. 
Vaquero,  va-ka'ro.  (Wore.);  va-ka'ro  (Web.). 

"  Behold  the  vaquero  !    Hovr  dashing  and  bold 
In  his  broad  sombrero." 

Variance,  va'ri-ance,  not  ver'i-ance. 
Variation,  vii-ri-a'tion,  not  ver-i-a'tion. 
Variegate,  va'ri-e-gate,  not  va'ri-gate. 
Variegated,  va'ri-e-gat-ed,  not  va'ri-gat-ed. 
Varioloid,  va'ri-o-loid  (Wore.);  same,  or  v3r'i-o-loid 

(Web.);  not  ver-i-lold'. 
Variorum,  va-ri-o'rum,  not  va-rt'o-rum. 
Various,  va'ri-ous,  not  ver'i-ons. 
Vary,  va'ry,  not-  veYy. 
Vase,  vase  (Web.);  va§e,  or  vase  (Wore.);  not  vS§e, 

nor  va§e. 
Vase  is  sensible,  va§e    is    fashionable,   va§e    is 

affected,  and  va§e  is  vulgar. 

son,    6r,    dft,   wglf,   wdbl,    moDn,    byll,   ftrn,    rude, 
9ent,     ean,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


4:30  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OBTHOEFT, 

Vast,  vast,  not  vast. 

Vaudeville,  vod'vil,  not  vau'de-vllle. 

Vaunt,  vaunt  (Web.);  vaunt,  or  vaunt  (Wore.). 

Veda,  ve'da,  or  ve-da'  (Wore.);  ve'da,  or vS'da  (Web.). 

Vegetarian,  vSg-e-ta'ri-an,  not  veg-e-tar'i-an. 

Vehemence,  ve'he-men9e,  not  ve-he"'mence. 

Vehement,  ve'he-ment,  not  ve-he"'ment. 

Velvet,  veTvet,  not  veTvut,  nor  vel'vit. 

Vendue,  ven-dne',  not  ven'dne,  nor  vgn-due'. 

Venerable,  ven'er-a-ble,  not  v6n'er-ble. 

Venereal,  ve-ne're-al,  not  ven-e-rg'al. 

Venezuela,   v6n-e-zwS'la  (Web.);   vSn-e-zwe'la,    or 

v6n-e-zwe'la'  (Wore.). 

Vengeful,  venge'ful,  not  venge'ful.     See  faithful. 
Venial,  vS'ni-al,  not  vgn'yal. 
Venison,  ven'i-§n,  or  vgn'§n  (Web.);  same  transposed 

(Wore.). 
Ventriloquism,  ven-trll'o-qul§m,  not  ven-trll'o-qui§- 

um. 

Venture,  vent'nre,  not  vgnt'chur.     See  Q. 
Venturesome,  vSnt'ore-some,  not  v6n'chur-s6me. 
Venturous,  vSnt'ar-oiis,  not  ve"n'chu-rofis.    See  Q. 
Venue,  ven'ae,  not  ve'nue. 
Veracious,  ve-ra'shfis,  not  ve-rash'us. 
Vera  Cruz,  ve'-ra-€ruz', or  ve'ra-er\is'  (Wore.);  va'ra- 

€ruth  (Web.). 

Veranda,  ve-ran'da,  not  ve-ra'n'da,  nor  ve-rSn'dy. 
Verbatim,  ver-ba'tim,  not  ver-bat'im. 
Verbena,  ver-bg'na,  not  ver-b6n'ya. 

a,  e,  i,  o,  Q,  y,  long;  a,  6,  i,  o,  a,  y,  short; 
fiir,  a'rm,  ask,  all,  whait,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  431 

Verbose,  ver-bose',  not  ver-bO§e'. 

Verbosity,  ver-b6s'ity,  not  ver-bos'i-ty. 

Verdigris,  vSr'dl-gri's,  not  ver'di-grls,  nor  gri'§. 

Verdi,  ver'dl,  not  vgr'di. 

Verdure,  vSrd'ttre,  not  vSr'jure.     See  Q. 

Verily,  ver'i-ly,  not  ver'ly. 

Vermicelli,  ve"r-me-cheTll,  or  ve"r-im-9eTlI    (Web.); 

vSr-mi-cheTe  (Wore.). 
Vermilion,  ver-mil'yun,  not  ver-mll'i-on. 
Vernet,  ver-ne/  (Web.);  ver'ne  (Wore.). 
Veronica,  ve-rQn'i-«a,,  not  ve-ro'ni-ea. 
Versatile,  vgr'sa-tlle,  not  v6r'sa-tile. 
Version,  vSr'shun,  not  vSr'zhun.     See  adhesion. 
Vertigo,  vgr'ti-go  (Web.);    vSr'ti-gO,    ver-tl'gO,    or 

ver-ti'gO  (Wore.). 
Vesicatory,    ve-sle'a-to-ry     (Wore.);    vgs'i-ea-to-ry 

(Web.). 

Vespucci  Amerigo,  a-ma-re'g0-v8s-poot'chs. 
Vespucius  Americus,  a-mgr'i-eus-ves-pa'cius. 
Vessel,  ves'sel,  not  v6s'l. 
Vesture,  vest/are,  not  ves-chur. 
Vesuvian,  ve-sG'vi-an,  not  ve-svi'vi-an.     See  n. 
Veteran,  vet'er-an,  not  vgt'ran. 
Veterinary,  vSt'er-i-na-ry,  not  v8t'ri-na-ry.   - 
Vial,  vi'al,  not  vial. 
Viand,  vi'and,  not  vfand. 
Vibrative,  vi'bra-tlve,  not  vi-bra'tlve. 
Vicar,  vi«'ar,  not  vi'ear. 

s6n,    6r,    da,   wolf,   wdbl,    mdon,    by  11,    ftrn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


432 


Vicarious,  vi-ea'ri-otis,  not  vl-ear'i-ous. 

Worcester   marks    the   i    of    the    first   syllable 
obscure. 

Vice-president,     vlqe-pres/i-dent,    not    vlQe'preg-i- 
deut. 

Vice  versa,  vi'ge-ver'sa,  not  vice've"r'sa. 

Vicinage,  vig'i-nage,  not  vi-cin'age. 

Vicinal,  vlg'i-nal  (Web.);  same,  or  vi-ql'nal  (Wore.). 

Vicinity,  vi-gin'i-ty,  not  vi-cln'i-ty. 

Vicissitude,  vi-gis'si-tnde,  not  vf-gis'si-tude. 

Victim,  vic'tim,  not  vte'tum. 

Victorious,  vie-to'ri-ous,  not  vi^-tor'i-ous. 

Victory,  vte'to-ry,  not  vl«'try. 

Victuals,  vit'lz,  not  vlt'ulz. 

Viduity,  vl-dn'i-ty,  not  vid'n-i-ty,  nor  vi-du'i-ty. 

Vienna,  vi-Sn'na:  vi-en'na  (U.  S.). 

Viennese,  vl-en-nes_e'  (Web.);  vi-en-ne§e'  (Wore.). 

Vigil,  vid'jil  (Wore.);  vlg'il  (Web.);  not  vlg'ul. 

Vignette,  vin-y6t',  or  vln'ygt    (Web.);  same  trans- 
posed (Wore.). 

Vigoroso,  vlg-o-rO'sO,  not  vig-o-rQs'o. 

Vigorous,  vig'or-oiis,  not  vig'rus. 

Village,  vll'lage,  not  vil-lige.     See  image. 

Villain,  vil'lin  (Wore.);  vil'lain  (Web.). 

Vindicative,  vln'di-ea-tive  (Web);  same,  or  vin-dle'- 
a-tive  (Wore.). 

Vindicatory,  vln'di-€a-to-ry,  not  vin-dte'a-to-ry. 

Vineyard,  vlne'ySrd,  not  vlne'ya'rd. 

Webster  does  not  mark  the  unaccented  syllable. 

ft,    5,    i,    o,  n,   y,   long;  a,   g,    i,    5,   fi,   y,    short; 
fiir,   arm,  ask,  gll,  what,  ^re,    grr,    prey,  mien,  sir, 


WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  CETE;CEPY.  438 

Viol,  vi'ol,  not  viol. 

Viola  ("Twelfth  Night"),  vl'o-la,  not  vi-o'la. 

Viola  (music),  vi-5'la  (Wore.);  vl'o-la  (Web.). 

Violence,  vi'o-le^e,  not  vl'o-lunge. 

Violent,  vi'o-lent,  not  vi'o-lunt. 

Violet,  vi'o-let,  not  vi'let. 

Violin,  vi-o-lln',  not  vi'o-lln. 

Violoncello,  vI-o-lon-cheTlo,  or  ve-o-lon-geTlo. 

Virago,  vl-ra'go  (Web.);  same,  or  vi-ra'gO  (Wore.}. 

Virent,  vi'rent,  not  vlr'ent. 

Virginia,  vir-gin'i-a,  not  vir-gln'ya. 

Virile,  vi'rile,  or  vlr'ile. 

Virtually,  virt'n-al-ly,  not  vlr'chu-al-ly.     See  n. 

Virtue,  vlrt'ne,  not  vir'chu.     See  n. 

Virtuoso,  vlr-tu-0'so  (Web.);  vTr-tn-o'sO  (Wore.). 

Virtuous,  vlrt'fl-ous,  not  vir'chii-ous.     See  a. 

Virulence,  vlr'u-lSnce,  not  vtr'u-le'nce. 

Virulent,  vir'u-lent,  not  vlr'u-l6nt. 

Vis-a-vis,  vi§-a-vf  (Web.);  vl§'a-vi"  (Wore.). 

Viscount,  vi'€ount,  not  vis'«ount. 

Visible,  vls/i-ble,  not  vi§'u-ble. 

Visionary,  vi§h'un-a-ry,  not  vl§h'un-a-ry. 

Visor,  vi§'or,  not  vi'§or. 

Visual,  vi§h'u-al,  not  vls'n-al. 

Worcester  in  the  school  dictionary  shows  that  the 
u  obscure  in  the  Unabridged  is  long  u,  while  Webster 
marks  this  word  vls/fl-al,  but  respells  it  vl§h'u-al. 

Vitriol,  vlt'ri-ol,  not  vlt'rol. 

r  5n,    6r,    do,   wplf,   wool,    mdon,    byll,   urn,    rude, 
gent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     ejist,     thy,     n-ng. 


WAEMAN'S  PRA.CTIOAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Vituperate,  vi-tn'per-ate   (Web.);  ve-tn'per-ate,   or 

vi-to'per-ate  (Wore.). 
Vivace,  ve-vs'cha. 
Vivacious,  ve-va'shus,  or  vi-va'shus  (Wore.);  vi-va'- 

shus  (Web.);  not vi-vSsh'us. 
Vivacity,  ve-vilq'i-ty,  or  vi-va9'i-ty  (Wore.);  vi-vac'- 

i-ty  (Web.). 

The  e  in  ve  is  simply  short  i  obscure,  and  is 
always  so  marked  by  Worcester  in  respelling  unac- 
cented syllables  containing  that  vowel. 

Vive,  vi've  (Web.);  vl've  (Wore.). 

Vivificate,  vi-vlf  i~eate,  not  vlv'i-fi-eate,  nor  vl-vlv'- 

i-e£te. 

Vixen,  vlk'sn,  not  vlks'en. 
Vizier,  vlz'yer,  or  vl-zie"r'  (Web. ) ;  vlz'yer,  or  vlz'yer 

(Wore.). 

Vocable,  v5'€a-ble,  not  v6Va-ble. 
Vocabulary,  vo-€5b'a-la-ry,  not  vo-eab'u-la-ry. 
Vocative,  v&e'a-tlve,  not  vo'^-a-tlve. 
Vociferous,  vo-qif  er-ous,   not  vo-glv'er-ofis. 
Vocule,  voVflle  (Web.);  vo'enle  (Wore.). 
Volatile,  voTa-tile,  not  v5l'a-tile. 
Volcanic,  vol-eSn'ie,  not  vol-^a'nie. 
Volcano,  vol-€a'nO,  not  vol-eSn'o. 

Webster  does  not  mark  the  o  of  the  last  syllable. 

Volta,  vSl'ta  (Web.);  voTtS  (Wore.);  plural  vSl'te. 
Volti,  vSl'tr.     VOl'tl  sa'bi-to,  turn  over  quickly. 

a,   C,   I,   0,   Q,   y,   long;   a,   6,   I,   6,   u,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  err,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL.  OKTHOBPY.  435 

Volume,    v5l-Qme    (Web.);     vSl'yum,     u     obscure 

(Wore.). 

Voluminous,  vo-la'mi-nous,w0£  vo-lu/mi-noiis.  See  n. 
Voluntary,  v6Tun-ta-ry,  not  v5l'un-ta-ry. 
Voluptuary,    vo-lupt'a-a-ry,     not    vo-lfip'chu-a-ry. 

See  n. 

Voluptuous,  vo-lfipt'n-oiis,  not  vo-lup'chu-ous. 
Volute,  vo-lute',  not  vo-Iute'. 
Voracious,  vo-ra'shfis,  not  vo-rSsh'us. 
Vouchsafe,  vouch-safe',  not  vouch/safe. 

"  Vouchsafe,  illustrious  Ormond,  to  behold 
What  power  the  charms  of  beauty  had  of  old." 

Vowel,  vow'el,  not  vow'ul,  nor  vowl. 
Voyage,  voy'age,  not  voy'ig.     See  image. 
Vulcanian,  vul-ea'ni-an,  not  vul-«an'yan. 
Vulture,  vult'are  (Web.);  vult'yur,  obscure  u  (Wore.). 

W. 

W  is  never  a  vowel.  Neither  is  it  a  semi-vowel. 
No  consonant  is  a  semi-vowel,  phonetically  speak- 
ing. W  is  not  oo.  It  has  a  much  closer  position 
of  the  lips  than  do.  See  our  Critical  Survey  in 
regard  to  "semi-vowels,  mutes,"  etc. 

Wabble,  wab'ble,  not  wab'ble. 
Wad,  wad,  not  w&d. 
Waddle,  wad'dle,  not  wad'dle. 
Wady,  wa'dy  (Wore.);  wad'y  (Web.). 
Waffle,  waffle,  not  waffle. 


s6n,    6r,    dQ,   wglf,   wdbl,    md&n,    byll,    urn, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e^ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


436  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OKTHOEPY. 

Waft,  waft,  not  waft,  nor  wa.ft. 
Wafture,  waft'ure. 

Wagner,  wag'ner,  or  vSg'ner  (Web.).   Not  given  by 
Worcester. 

W  in  German  has  the  sound  of  v  in  English.  It 
will  do  for  a  German  to  say  vSg'ner,  but  it  is  a 
question  whether  it  is  not  in  better  taste  for  one  of 
our  own  countrymen  to  say  Wagner. 

Wagon,    ) 

Waggon,  [wagon,  no*  wag  n. 

Wagoner,  wSg'on-er,  not  wag'ner. 

Wahabee, 

Wahaby, 

Wainscot,  wain'seot,  not  w6n's«ot. 

Waistcoat,  waist'-eoat,  colloquially  weYkut  (Web.); 

was'-eOt,  or  weYeot  (Wore.). 
Waken,  wa'kn,  not  wa'ken. 
Wallachian,  wal-la'ehi-an,  not  wal-lft'chi-an. 
Wallet,  wal'let,  not  wal'let. 
Wallop,  wal'lop,  not  wal'lop. 
Wallow,  wal'low,  not  wal'ler. 
Walnut,  wal'nut  (Wore.);  wal'nut  (Web.). 

Webster  marks  the  a  to  be  pronounced  as  short 
o,  but  in  respelling  it  gives  an  unmarked  o;  old  edi- 
tions say  wawl'nut. 

Walrus,  wal'rus  (Wore.);  wal'rus  (Web.). 
Wampum,  wam'pum  (Web.);  wam'pum  (Wore.). 
Wan,  wan,  not  wan,  nor  wSn. 

a,   e,  I,   0,   n,   y,  long;   a,  6,  I,   0,   0,   y,    short; 
air.   arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,   mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  437 

Wand,  wand,  not  wand. 

Wander,  wan'der,  not  wan'der. 

Want,  want  (Web.);  want,  or  want  (Wore.). 

Wa'n't,  waVt,  used  colloquially  for  was  not.  (Web.). 

Warden,  ward'n,  not  ward'en. 

Warily,  wa'ri-ly  (Web.);  war'i-ly,  or  wa'ri-ly  (Wore.). 

Warrant,  war'rant,  not  war'rant. 

Warrantee,  war-ran-tee'. 

Warranty,  war'ran-ty. 

Warrior,    war'yur   (Wore.);    war'yur,    or   war'rl-ur 

(Web.). 

Wary,  wa'ry  (Web.);  war'y,  or  wa'ry  (Wore.). 
Was,  wa§,  not  wtig. 
Wash,  wash,  not  wash. 
Wasp,  wasp,  not  wasp. 
Wassail,  was'sil,  not  w^s'sil. 
Watch,  watch,  not  watch. 
Water,  wa'ter,  not  wa'ter. 

Waterloo,  wa-ter-loo'  (Web.  ;  wa'ter-l(5o  (Wore.). 
Watermelon,  wa'ter-mel-ou,  not  wa'ter-m6l-on. 

The  same  sound  of  a  is  given  to  the  whole  list  of 
compound  words  in  which  the  word  ivater  occurs. 

Waxen,  wSk'sn,  not  wttx'en. 

Waylay,  waylay  (Web.);  same,  or  way-lay'  (Wore.). 

Weaken,  wgak'n,  not  wsak'en. 

Weapon,  wgap'pn   (Wore.);   wgap'on   (Web.);   not 

we'pn. 
Weary,  we"a'ry,  not  wir'y. 


s6n,   6r,   dp,   w<?lf,   wdbl,    m6t>n,    byll,   ftrn,   rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,    n-ug. 


438  WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL,  ORTHOEPY. 

Weasand,  wea'§nd  (Wore.):  wea'gand  (Web.). 
Weasel,  wea'§l,  not  we"a'§el. 
Weazen,  wea'zn,  not  wea'zen. 
Weber  von,  we'ber,  or  va'ber  (Wore.);  fon-va'ber 
(Web.).     In  German  von  is  pronounced  ffin. 

The  macron  over  the  e  is  undoubtedly  a  typo- 
graphical error,  as  it  should  be  a  breve.  The  letter 
v,  in  German,  has  the  sound  of  /,  unless  the  word 
is  derived  from  a  foreign  language.  See  Wagner. 

Wednesday,  weng'dy"  (Web.);  wen§'da  (Wore.). 
Weevil,  wee'vl,  not  wee'vil.     See  basin. 
Weird,  weird,  not  weird. 
Well,  well,  not  wall,  nor  well. 
Well-being,  well'be-ing,  not  well-being. 
Well-bred,  well'bred,  not  well-bred'. 
Well-known,    well-known'     (Wore.);    well'known 

(Web.). 
Well-meaning,  well-meaning  (Wore.);  well'mean- 

ing  (Web.). 

Well-read,  well -read'  (Wore.);  well'read  (Web.). 
Well-spoken,     well-spo'kn     (Wore.);     well'spok-n 

(Web.). 
Well-wisher,    well-wlsh'er    (Wore.);     well'wlsh-er 

(Web.). 

We  have  given  but  a  few  of  these  compound 
words  to  show  the  general  difference  in  marking; 
the  uniformity  of  the  disagreement. 

Were,  were,  not  wer,  nor  ware. 

a,   g,   I,   0,   u,   y,  long;   a,   8,   I,   0,   fi,   y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  430 

Wesleyan,  weYley-an,   not  we"s/ley-an. 

Westward,  wgst'ward,  not  w8st'ard. 

Whack,  whack,  not  wSck. 

Whale,  whale,  not  wale. 

Whapper,  whap'per,  not  wap'per. 

Wharf,  wharf,  not  warf. 

What,  what,  not  wat. 

Wheat,  wheat,  not  wSat. 

When,  when,  not  w8n. 

Where,  where,  not  were. 

Wherefore,  whSre'fOre,  not   whSr'for,  nor  where'- 

fore. 
Whereof,   wh£re-6f  (Wore.);  same,   or    whe're-oV 

(Web.). 

Whereon,  where-6n',  not  where-6n'. 
Wherewith,  where-  with'  (Wore.);  same,  or  where- 

wlth'  (Web.). 

Wherewithal  (adv.),  whgre-wi^/i-al'. 
Wherewithal  (noun),  wh^re'wi^-al  (Wore.);  where- 

wi^7i-al'  (Web.). 

"  I  would  gladly  go,  but  I  have  not  the  wherewithal." 

Whether,  whS^A'er,  not  we^'er. 

Whetstone,  whgt'stone,  not  we"t'stOne. 

Whey,  whey,  not  wey. 

Which,  which,  not  wlch. 

Whig,  whig,  not  wig. 

While,  while,  not  wile. 

Whilom,  whi'lom,  not  whll'om. 


s6n,   6r,    dp.,   wglf,   wc5bl,    m(3on,    byll,   &rn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Whimsical,  whim'§i-eal,  not  whim'si-«al. 

Whip,  whip,  not  wlp. 

Whisk,  whisk,  not  wlsk. 

Whisper,  whis'per,  not  wls'per. 

Whist,  whist,  not  wist. 

Whistler,  whls'ler,  not  whlst'ler. 

White,  white,  not  wite. 

Whiten,  whit'n,  not  whit'en. 

Whither,  whiter,  not  wl^'er. 

Whitsunday,    whit'sun-day     (Wore.) ;     whlt'sn-da 

(Web.). 

Whole,  hole,  not  httl. 
Wholesale,  hole'sale,  not  hfll'sale. 
Wholly,  hol'ly  (Wore.);  hol'y  (Web.). 
Whoop,  hoop,  not  whoop. 
Whooping-cough,  hoop'ing-etfugh  (Wore.);  h<5op'- 

ing-eough  (Web.). 

Whopper,  whSp'per.     Same  as  whapper. 
Whorl,  whurl  (Wore.);  same,  or  whorl  (Web.). 
Whortleberry,  whtirt'l-ber-ry. 
Why,  why,  not  wy. 

Wicked,  wlck'ed,  not  wlck'ud,  nor  wick'id. 
Widen,  wid'n,  not  wid'en. 
Widow,  wld'Ow,  not  wid'er,  nor  wld'ow-la-dy. 

We  never  hear  any  one  speak  of  a  widower-man. 

Wife's  (possessive),  wife's,  not  wives. 
Willammette,     wil-a'met     (Web.);     wil-lSm'mette 
(Wore.). 

a,  6,  I,   0,   Q,  y,  long;   a,  S,   I,  0,   fi,  y,    short; 
air,  arm,  ask,  all,  whg,t,  ere,  Srr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  441 

Wigwam,  wig' warn  (Web.);  wig' warn  (Wore.). 
Wildcats,  wlld'Oats,  not  wild-Oats'. 
Wind,  wind  (Web.);  wind,  or  wind  (Wore.). 

' '  In  poetry  and  among  singers  this  word  is  often 
pronounced  wind. " —  Webster. 

"  These  two  modes  of  pronunciation  have  been 
long  contending  for  superiority,  till  at  last  the 
former  (wind)  seems  to  have  gained  a  complete  vic- 
tory, except  in  the  territories  of  rhyme.  Mr.  Xares 
says  it  has  certainly  the  short  sound  in  common 
usage,  but  that  all  our  best  poets  rhyme  it  with 
mind,  kind,  etc. ;  and  Mr.  Smith  observes  that  it  is 
now  the  polite  pronunciation,  though  against  anal- 
ogy."—  Walker. 

"And  the  landscape  sped  away  behind 
Like  an  ocean  flying  before  the  wind." 

We  leave  the  reader  to  take  his  choice,  trusting 
he  will  use  his  judgment  in  so  doing,  as  in  all  other 
allowable  pronunciations. 

Window,  wln'dow,  not  wln'der. 

This  word  was  formerly  spelt  windore. 

Windpipe,  wlnd'pipe   (Web.);  same,   or  wind'plpe 
(Wore.). 

The  latter  pronunciation  is  antiquated,  and  has 
but  slight  authority. 

Windrow,  wlnd'row  (Wore.);  wm'rOw  (Web.). 
Windward,  wind'ward,  not  wln'ard. 

t6n,   6r,   do,   wolf,   wdbl,    moon,    bull,   urn,   rude, 
«an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     a«=ng. 


442  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Winged,  wlng'ed,  or  wingd.     See  blessed. 

The  e  is  suppressed  when  the  word  is  used  as  a 
verb  or  participle,  but  is  sounded  when  used  as  an 
adjective. 

"  In  the  main  battle,  which  on  either  side 
Shall  be  well  winged  with  our  chief est  horse." 

"  Thy  winged  messengers." 

Webster  says  that  "  in  all  cases,  where  the  e  should 
properly  be  sounded,  its  omission  is  a  mark  of  great 
vulgarity." 

Wiseacre,  wige'a-ere  (Web.);  wi§e'a--ere  (Wore.). 

Witchcraft,  witchcraft,  not  witch'crSft. 

Witchhazel,  witch'ha-zl,  not  witch'ha-zel. 

With,  \vlth,  not  with. 

Withe,  withe,  not  withe. 

Withhold,  wlM-hold',  not  with-hold'. 

Withholden,  wlM-hold'n,  not  with-hold'en. 

Within,  wi/A-in',  not  with-ln'. 

Without,  vfith-out',  not  with-out'. 

Withstand,  wi^A-stand',  not  with-stand'. 

Wolsey,  wol'§ey,  not  wgl'sey. 

Women,  wim'en,  not  wlm'un. 

Wonder,  won'der,  not  wOn'der. 

Wont  (verb  and  noun),  wont,  not  wQnt. 

"  Tis  not  his  wont  to  be  the  hindmost  man." 

Won't,  won't  (Web.);  wont,  or  wont  (Wore.). 
Wooden,  wood'n,  not  wdbd'en. 

a,  e,  I,  o,   n,   y,  long;   a,  3,  I,  5,   fi,  y,   short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  {ill,  whg-t,   ere,  §rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


•WARMAN'S  niAcncAr.  OKTHOKFY.  -443 

Woodland,  wdbd'lSnd  (Web.);  wdbd'land  (Wore.). 

Woolen,  ) 

Woollen,  f  wdbl'en>  not  wdbl'n- 

Worcester  (Joseph  Emerson),  wdbs'ter,  not  w<5bs'ter. 

Worcester  (city),  wdbs'ter  (Wore.);  wdbs'ter  (Web.). 

World,  wurld,  not  wur'uld. 

Worry,  wor'ry,  not  wur'ry. 

Worse,  wurse,  not  wus. 

Worsted,  wors'ted  (Wore.);  woos'ted  (Web.). 

Worth,  wurth,  not  wuth. 

Wound,  wound,  or  wound. 

There  has  always  been  much  contention  among 
orthoepists  on  this  word.  Smart  prefers  the  first 
marking  (wdbnd),  considering  wound  "the  old- 
fashioned  pronunciation."  Walker,  on  the  other 
hand,  says  wdond  is  "  a  capricious  novelty." 

Woond  is  the  pronunciation  adopted  by  the  stage, 
but  Walker  claims  that  the  stage  is  under  the  same 
condemnation  as  Swift  has  placed  the  newspapers, 
i.  e.  ever  readj  to  adopt  new  and  fantastical  modes 
of  pronunciation,  as  are  the  newspapers  to  seize 
hold  of  and  make  known  some  new  and  fantastical 
word.  The  writer  is  strongly  in  favor  of  woond  as 
being  more  euphonious;  and  yet  euphony  is  largely 
a  matter  of  education.  Fdond  and  sdond  would 
not  seem  more  euphonious  to  us  than  found  and 
sound,  because  we  have  never  been  accustomed  to 
using  them.  Webster  says  that  woond  has  rapidly 
gained  ground,  and  is  the  more  fashionable. 

son,    6r,    dp.,    wolf,   wool,    moon,    byll,    ftrn,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n=ng. 


4:44  WARMAN'S  PKACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Wounded,  wound'ed,  or  wound'ed. 

Woven,  wov'n,  not  wo'ven. 

Wrangle,  wrSa'gle,  not  wran'gle. 

Wrath,  wrath  (Web.);  same,  or  wrath  (Wore.);  not 

wrath. 
Wrathful,    wrath'ful   (Web.);    same,   or    wrath'ful 

(Wore.);  not  wrath'ful. 

Wrathy,  wrath'y  (Web.);  same,  or  wrath'y  (Wore.). 
Wreath  (noun),  wreath,  not  wreath. 
Wreathe  (verb),  wrea^Ae,  not  wreathe. 
Wreaths  (plural,  noun),  wre"a^§,  not  wrSaths.    See 

truths. 

Wrestle,  wres'l,  not  wr&s'tle,  nor  raVl. 
Wristband,  wrlst'band,  not  wri§'band. 
Written,  wrlt'tn,  not  wrlt'ten. 
Wrong,  wrSng,  not  wrong. 
Wroth,  wroth  (Web.);  same,  or  wrQth  (Wore.). 
Wrought,  wrought,  not  wrSught. 

X. 

• 

Xhas  the  sound  of  k,  ks,gz,  and  z.  In  the  word 
excel  the  a;  is  only  k  —  ek-qel;  in  extra,  the  x  is  ks 
—  eks-tra;  in  exalt  the  x  is  gz.  See  the  words  com- 
plexion and  luxurious  in  our  Critical  Survey.  X 
at  the  beginning  of  words  has  the  sound  of  z. 

Xanthorhea,  za"n-tho-rhe"'a,  not  zan-tho'rhe-a. 
Xanthoriza,  zSn-tho-rt'za,  not  zan-tho-rf  za. 
Xavier,  z2v'i-er,  not  zi!v'ye"r. 

a,   6,   I,    0,    Q,    y,   long;    a,   6,    I,   0,    fi,   y,    shoA ; 
Sir,  arm,  ask,  all,  what,   ere,  §rr,  prey,  mien,  sir, 


WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY.  445 

Xenelasia,  zen-e-la'zhi-a,  not  zgn-e-la'sha. 
Xerasia,  ze-ra'zhe-a,  not  ze-ra'sha. 
Xerodes,  ze-ro'de§,  not  ze'ro-jdes.. 
Xerophagy,  ze-r5ph'a-gy,  not  ze-rQph'a-gy. 
Xylographer,  zy-lo"g'ra-fer,  not  zy'lo-gr^ph-er. 
Xylographic,  zy-lo-graph'i^,  not  zy-l5g'ra-phi«. 
Xylography,  zy-l5g'ra-phy,  not  zy'lo-graph-y. 
Xyloidine,  zy-16id'ine  (Wore.);  xy-loicl'ln  (Web.). 
Xylophone,  zy'lo-phone,  not  zyl'o-phOne. 
Xyster,  zys'ter,  not  zys'ter. 

Y. 

Y  as  a  consonant  is  not  long  e,  as  many  of  our 
orthoepists  have  endeavored  to  teach.  Those  who 
teach  that  y  consonant  is  equivalent  to  e,  also  teach 
that  w  consonant  is  equivalent  to  oo.  They  are 
wrong  in  both  cases.  Head  our  Critical  Survey  in 
regard  to  these  elements. 

Yacht,  vat,  not  yat. 

Yankee,  ya"n'kee,  not  ySn'kee. 

Yarage,  yar'age,  not  ya'r'age. 

Yarrish,  ylir'rish,  not  ySr'rish. 

Yclad,  c-€lad'. 

Yclept,  i-elept'  (Web.);  e-el6pt'  (Wore.). 

Ydrad,  e-drSd'. 

Yea,  ya,  or  ye. 

Yearling,  yearling,  not  yearling. 

Yeast,  yeast,  not  east. 

s6n,   6r,    dg,   wplf,   wdbl,    mODn,    byll,   dm,    rude, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ng. 


446  WAEMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY. 

Yelk,  yelk.     See  yolk. 

Yellow,  yeTlow,  not  yaTlow,  nor  yeTler. 

Yes,  ySs,  not  yis. 

Yesterday,  yes'ter-day  (Web.);  ySs'ter-day,  or  yeV- 

ter-day  (Wore.). 
Yew,  ytj,  not  yeu. 
Yolk,  yolk,  or  yok  (Web.);  yok  (Wore.). 

Yelk  is  a  better  pronunciation  of  the  word  than 
yolk,  or  yok,  as  it  is  more  in  accordance  with  the 
etymology.  "Yelk  is  the  proper  word;  yolk  is  a 
corruption." —  Web. 

Yonder,  yon'der,  not  yen'der,  nor  yiin'der. 

Yonker,  yonk'er,  not  yOnk'er. 

Yore,  yore,  not  y6re. 

Yosemite,  yo-s6m'i-te,  not  yo'se-mite. 

You,  yu,  when  emphatic. 

When  tmemphatic  the  u  is  merely  obscure,  or 
slightly  touched;  but  in  no  case,  nor  under  any  cir- 
cumstances, does  yu  become  ye. 

Your,  your,  when  emphatic;  otherwise  the  u  is  ob- 
scure. 

Youthful,  youth'ful,  not  youth'ful.     See  faithful. 
Youths,  youths,  not  you^§.     See  truths. 
Ypsilanti,  jfp-si-lan'tl,  not  ylp-si-lSn'tl. 
Yttria,  yt'tri-a,  not  ylt'tri-a. 
Yule-block,  yule'blOck,  not  yu'le-blQck. 
Yule-log,  yule'lSg,  not  yu'le-16g. 
Yule-tide,  yule'tide,  not  yii'le-tide. 

a,   6,   I,   0,   a,   y,  long;   a,   e,   I,   0,   fi,   y,    short; 
&ir,  arm,  ask,  all,  whg,t,   6re,  6rr,  prey,  mien,  air, 


WABMAN'S  PRACTICAL  ORTHOEPY  447 


Z. 


Z  and  5  are  made  with  the  same  position  of  the 
tongue,  z  being  the  voiced  s. 

Zany,  za'ny,  not  z2n'y, 

"  Then  write  that  I  may  follow,  and  so  be 
Thy  echo,  thy  'debtor,  thy  fool,  thy  zany."', 

Zealot,  zgal'ot,  not  ze'lot. 
Zealous,  zgal'ous,  not  zgal'ous. 

Zebra,  ze'bra  (Web.);  zg'bra,  a  obscure  (Wore.);  not 
zS'bra. 

Throughout  the  unabridged  Webster  marks  the 
final  unaccented  a  as  intermediate,  while  Worcester 
marks  it  obscure.  We  have  given  the  preference 
to  Webster,  as  said  marking  leads  to  a  clearer  pro- 
nunciation. 

Zenith,  ze'nith,  not  zeVith. 

"  I  never  once  called  in  doubt  the  pronunciation 
of  this  word  till  I  was  told  that  mathematicians 
generally  make  the  first  syllable  short." — Walker. 

There  are  four  orthoepists  who  give  the  short 
sound  of  e,  among  whom  is  Smart. 

Zeus,  zeds,  not  ze"'us. 

Zodiacal,  zo-di'ae-al,  not  zO'di-Se-al. 

s6n,   6r,    dQ,   wplf,   wot>l,    m<5on,    byil,   urn,   rgde, 
9ent,     «an,     gem,     go,     i§,     e$ist,     thy,     n-ug. 


448  WARMAN'S  PRACTICAL  OETHOEPY. 

Zonar,  zo'nar,  not  zOn'ar. 

Zonnar,  zOn'nar,  «o£  zO'nar. 

Zoography,  zo-5g'ra-phy,  «otf  zo-6g'ra-phy. 

Zoological,  zO-o-lOg'ie-al,  not  zg-o-lS^'i^-al. 

Zoologist,  zo-5l'o-glst,  not  ZQ-5l'o-gIst. 

Zoology,  zo-ol'o-gy,  not  zo-ol'o-gy. 

Zoomorphism,  zo-o-m6rph'i§m,  not  zQ-o-mOrph'i§m. 

Zoonomy,  zo-on'o-my,  not  zo-on'o-my. 

Zoophoric,  zO-o-phor'i-e,  not  zo-5ph'o-ri«. 

Zootomy,  zo-5t'o-my,  not  zQ-6t'o-my. 

Zoster,  zSs'ter,  not  zos'ter. 

Zouave,  zg-a've' (Wore.);  zwav,  or  zg-Sve'  (Web.); not 


THE    END. 


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